Works Cited
American Eras. Vol. 8. Farmington Hills: Gale, 1997. N. History Resource Center: U.S. Web. 25
Feb. 2010. I used this source to make my biography on John Roebling. The source
explained John Roebling's vision for the Brooklyn Bridge. I also used this source as
evidence of the cultural effect that the Brooklyn Bridge had. In the source a famous song
is quoted called “Highway in the Air” that was based on the Brooklyn Bridge
Billington, David P., and Robert Mark. The Cathedral and The Bridge: Structure and Symbol.
Vol. 25. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1984. JSTOR. Web. 25 Feb. 2010. This
secondary source helped me understand that although the Brooklyn Bridge was a
industrial work, it was a cultural symbol of beauty.
“Brooklyn Museum.” Brooklyn Museum. Brooklyn Museum, 2004. Web. 25 Feb. 2010.
<http:///www.brooklynmuseum.org/>. I used this website as both a secondary and
primary source. The Brooklyn Museum provided me with a abundance of paintings,
drawings, and cultural evidence of the impact of the Brooklyn Bridge.
Burdge, Brooke. “The Influence of Transportation on the Decline of South Street Seaport.”
Fordham University. Fordham University, n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2010.
<http://www.fordham.edu>. This website provided me with detailed information of the
horrible transportation methods of crossing the East River before the Brooklyn Bridge
was constructed. I used this source as evidence that the Brooklyn Bridge both improved
transportation and safety.
Carlton, Will. The Wedding of the Towns. 1883. Brooklyn Bridge Web Page. Web. 25 Feb. 2010.
<http://www.endex.com/gf/buildings/bbridge/bbridgenews/Independent830524/
wedding%20ind830524.htm>. This was an enthusiastic poem about the happiness that
was experienced when Brooklyn and Manhattan were united by the Brooklyn Bridge. I
used the poem to show how the Brooklyn Bridge affected the culture at the time.
Feuerstein, Gary. “Brooklyn Bridge Web Page.” Brooklyn Bridge Web Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 25
Feb. 2010. <http:/www.endex.com/gf/buildings/bbridge/bbridge.html>. This website
provided me with a wide variety of vital information about the Brooklyn Bridge. It is
both a secondary and primary source. It described in detail the innovative design and
gave me diagrams of the construction to use for my website. In addition, it provided
many statistics and records, including the fatalities during its construction. The website
also had poetry and galleries of photos to use to show the cultural significance of the
bridge.
“Friends of the Brooklyn Bridge.” Friends of the Brooklyn Bridge. Dumbo Improvement
District, n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2010. <http:/www.mybrooklynbridge.com/history.php>. This
website helped me describe the economic and cultural impact. It had rare photos of the
opening ceremony of the Brooklyn Bridge. This site is both a secondary and primary
source. The website also gave statistics of the population growth in Brooklyn after the
Brooklyn Bridge opened. In addition, it made me aware of the significance of the bridge
today as it states the bridge has been was used both to evacuate New York in times of
crisis, such as 9/11.
“John A. Roebling’s Son’s History Archive.” John A. Roebling’s Son’s History Archive. New
Jersey Council for the Humanities, n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2010. <http:/
www.inventionfactory.com/history/index.html>. This website provided history on the
Roebling family. This website is both a secondary and primary source. It helped me
describe in great detail John Roebling’s invention of a machine to twist steel wire into
cable. I found it was this machine that made the strong cable of the Brooklyn Bridge
possible. The website also provided great pictures of Roebling’s factories and the
beginning stages of the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge. Furthermore, I used a rare
video from the site showing what crossing the Brooklyn Bridge looked like in the 1960s.
McCullough, David. The Great Bridge. Illus. Lisa Chovnick. New York: Simon Schuster, 1972.
Print. This book provided an elaborate description of the building of the Brooklyn
Bridge. The book was really helpful in allowing me to understand how the caissons on
the bridge were built. The information in this book allowed me to describe in detail the
innovation of the Brooklyn Bridge.
Mcgrath, Kimberly A. World of Invention. Detroit: Gale, 2006. N. pag. Science Reference
Center. Web. 25 Feb. 2010. I used this article to get background research on John
Roebling and the beginning stages of the Brooklyn Bridge Idea. I learned that the
Brooklyn Bridge proposal was not granted permission to build right away and took 11
years to pass.
Sinatra, Frank. Brooklyn Bridge. MP3 file. I used this song written by Frank Sinatra about the
Brooklyn Bridge to express the cultural significance of the bridge.
Trachtenberg, Alan. Brooklyn Bridge and The Mastery of Nature. Amherst: Massachusetts
Review, Inc., 1963. JSTOR. Web. 25 Feb. 2010. <http:/www.jstor.org/pss/25087022>.
This book describes the national symbol the Brooklyn Bridge has come to represent. The
bridge represented the past and the present of Americans as it used both the land and the
machine to function. This book gave me insight into the bigger picture of what the
Brooklyn Bridge represented for Americans. It was not just a bridge to cross, but also a
icon for the Americans new industrial way of life.
Boat Crossing Under Brooklyn Bridge. N.d. NY Daily News. Web. 3 Mar. 2010.
<http://www.nydailynews.com>. I used this picture to show how tall and efficient the
Brooklyn Bridge’s design is. The height of the bridge allows large ships to freely
maneuver under the bridge.
Brooklyn Bridge. Advertisement. Brooklyn Daily Eagle [Brooklyn] 23 June 1896: n. pag.
Brooklyn Public Library. Web. 25 Feb. 2010. <http:/eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/>.
This newspaper provided me with a advertisement for train rides across the Brooklyn
Bridge. I used this advertisement to show the growing commercial success of the
Brooklyn Bridge
Brooklyn Bridge Cables. N.d. Flickr. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. <http://www.flickr.com>. I used this
picture on my innovation page because it captured the intricacy of the steel cable design
of the bridge.
Brooklyn Bridge Firework Show. N.d. Life. Life. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. <http://www.Life.com>.
This source is a beautiful picture showing a firework show over the Brooklyn Bridge.
The picture is very patriotic which shows that the Brooklyn Bridge was a symbol of
American pride.
Brooklyn Bridge In Moon Light. N.d. Tabla Rasa Gallery. Web. 26 Feb. 2010.
<http://www.tablarasagallery.com>. This picture captures both the beauty of the bridge
and the length of the bridge. I used it as the header for my website to make my web pages
visually inspiring.
Brooklyn Bridge On 9/11. N.d. Free Plug. Web. 3 Mar. 2010.
<http://www.freeplug.blogspot.com>. This picture shows people evacuating New York
during 9/11 by using the Brooklyn Bridge. I used the picture to express how the Brooklyn
Bridge is a safety utility.
Brooklyn Bridge Picture. N.d. Granite Grok. Web. 26 Feb. 2010.
<http://www.granitegrok.com>. I used this standard picture of the Brooklyn Bridge to
show a traditional view of the Brooklyn Bridge.
Brooklyn Bridge with Sunset In Background. N.d. Brooklyn Art Project. Web. 26 Feb. 2010.
<http://www.brooklynartproject.com>. This is a picture of the Brooklyn Bridge with a
sunset in the background. I used this picture because it is visually appealing and captures
the beauty of the Brooklyn Bridge.
Burns, Ken. Brooklyn Bridge. PBS, 1981. Discovery Education . Web. 3 Mar. 2010.
<http://www.discoveryeducation.com>. This video came from Ken Burn’s famous film
about the Brooklyn Bridge. I took a section from this movie that showed various
television clip s where the Brooklyn Bridge is mentioned. I used this video to show the
cultural impact that the Brooklyn Bridge had on America.
Haw, Richard. Personal interview. 14 May 2010. Richard Haw provided me with an abundance
of information about the Brooklyn Bridge that I was unable to attain from any other
source. He wrote two books about the bridge called The Brooklyn Bridge: A Cultural
History and Art of the Brooklyn Bridge: A Visual History. His knowledge about the
bridge helped me understand what the modern impact of the bridge has been on our
society today. In addition, he informed me on any recent changes that the bridge has gone
through. Also, he gave me a great sense of how the bridge is different from when it was
first created.
Innovative Picture of Brooklyn Bridge . N.d. Photo Village. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. <http://www.stiger.photovillage.org>. I used this picture to show a innovative look at the Brooklyn
Bridge. The picture highlights the suspension technology and steel cables of the bridge.
New Yorkers Walking Down Brooklyn Bridge. N.d. The Weblicist of Manhattan . Web. 3 Mar.
2010. <http://www.theweblicist.com>. This picture shows masses of people walking
across the Brooklyn Bridge. I used this to show the economic significance of the bridge
in enabling people to commute between Brooklyn and New York City
Photo of Brooklyn Bridge with fireworks. N.d. Giovanna Garcia. Web. 26 Feb. 2010.
<http://www.imperfectaction,com>. This is a photo of the Brooklyn Bridge at night with
fireworks in the background. I used this photo in order to show the patriotic symbol that
the Brooklyn Bridge has come to resemble in New York.
Photo of Emily Roebling. N.d. Rensselaer. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. <http://www.rpi.edu>. Picture of
Emily Roebling that I used for my biography on the Roebling family.
Photo of Washington Roebling. N.d. Rensselaer. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. <http://www.rpi.edu>. This
is a photo of Washington Roebling that I used for my biography on the Roebling family.
Picture of Richard Haw. N.d. John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Web. 17 May 2010.
<http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~english/haw.htm>. A picture of Richard Haw. I used this
picture for the interview I did with him.
Picture of Richard Haw’s Book. N.d. Rutgers University Press. Web. 17 May 2010.
<http://rutgerspress.rutgers.edu/acatalog/The_Brooklyn_Bridge_paperback.html>. This is
a picture of the cover of Richard Haw’s book. I used this picture for the interview I did
with Richard Haw.
Reis, Jim. Brooklyn Bridge View From West. N.d. Brooklyn Bridge Web Page. Web. 25 Feb.
2010.<http:/http://www.endex.com/gf/buildings/bbridge/bbgallery/Jim%20Reis/
bbgalleryJimReisad>. I used this picture to portray the changes the bridge has undergone
since its creation. The picture shows a distinct appearance of the Brooklyn Bridge that is
much different from the modern look of the bridge today.
Stella, Joseph. Brooklyn Bridge. N.d. Flickr. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. <http://www.flickr.com>. I
used this painting of the Brooklyn Bridge by Joseph Stella to show the cultural impact
that the Brooklyn has to this day. This painting is very modernized, yet it is based on a
structure which has been around for years.
The Brooklyn Bridge 1883. Youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2010. <http:/www.youtube.com/
watch?v=r9N8zNwZOI8>. This video gives a visually inspiring brief description of the
innovative design of the Brooklyn Bridge. It shows historic pictures as well as more
recent photos.
The Brooklyn Bridge After Temporary Footpath Was Laid. 1883. “The Longest Span In The
World.” Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly July 1883: n. pag. Web. 25 Feb. 2010. <http:/
http://www.endex.com/gf/buildings/bbridge/bbridgenews/leslies1883july/
flpm.071883.htm>. I used this picture to show the steps taken to build the Brooklyn
Bridge and the very first footpath that was laid across the Brooklyn Bridge.
“The Brooklyn Bridge.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine May 1883: n. pag. Web. 25 Feb.
2010.<http:/www.endex.com/gf/buildings/bbridge/bbridgenews/harpers1883/
harpers1883.htm>. This article made me able to further explain the great change the
Brooklyn Bridge had on transportation. The article describes that before the Brooklyn
Bridge, people would have to take ferry across the East River to get to Manhattan. Many
times this would be dangerous due to severe weather and traveling could take more than a
day.
“The Great Suspension Bridge Between New York and Brooklyn.” Scientific American
Supplement (Nov. 1876): n. pag. Web. 25 Feb. 2010. <http://www.endex.com/gf/
buildings/bbridge/bbridgenews/SciAm11251876/bbSA11251876.htm>. This journal
provided details on the cables used to suspend the bridge. The process of making the
cables is describes. I used this journal to describe the innovative design of the Brooklyn
Bridge, as these steel cables had never been used before.
“The Great Suspension Bridge.” Scientific American (Nov. 1870): n. pag. Web. 25 Feb. 2010.
<http:/http://www.endex.com/gf/buildings/bbridge/bbridgenews/SciAm11121870/
bbsa11121870.htm>. This journal described the difficult process of constructing the
caissons as the foundation of the bridge. It also provided me with great sketches of the
bridge workers as they do dangerous tasks inside the caissons.
“The Progress and Status of The Bridge- Brooklyn’s Hopeful Future.” Brooklyn Daily Eagle
[Brooklyn] 5 June 1878: n. pag. Brooklyn Public Library. Web. 25 Feb. 2010. <http:/
http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Default/Skins/BEagle/
Client.asp?Skin=BEagle&AW=1265836275812&AppName=2&GZ=T>. This article
described the economic benefits of the bridge. I learned that one of Roebling’s goals in
creating the bridge was to turn it into a enterprise. The article also describes the new
innovative plans to build a railway on the Brooklyn Bridge.
Traffic of Brooklyn Bridge. N.d. Streets Blog Organization. Web. 3 Mar. 2010.
<http://www.streetsblog.org>. This picture shows the mass traffic and cars going across
the Brooklyn Bridge, I used it to show how important the Brooklyn Bridge is for
transportation.
“Two Great Cities United.” The New York Times [New York] 24 May 1883: The New York
Times. Web. 25 Feb. 2010. <http:/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/
big/0524.html#article>. I used this newspaper article to describe in great detail the
celebration of the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge. I learned from this article about the
elaborate ceremony that was held. In addition, this ceremony represented the long
awaited union of Brooklyn and Manhattan.
Warhol, Andy. Brooklyn Bridge. N.d. Hamilton-Selway Fine Art. Web. 26 Feb. 2010.
<http://www.hamiltonselway.com>. I used this picture by Andy Warhol of the Brooklyn
Bridge to show the cultural impact that the Brooklyn Bridge has had on art over the
years. Although the Brooklyn Bridge is a industrial bridge, many artists find it beautiful
and inspiring. Therefore, this picture shows how the Brooklyn Bridge is different from
just any bridge.
Washington Observing Construction of Brooklyn Bridge. Scott Berkun. Web. 3 Mar.
2010. <http://www.scottberkun.com>. This picture depicts Washington Roebling
in his older years when he had to step down as head of construction and observed
the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge from his bedroom window. I used this
picture for my biography page on the Roebling family.