Chapter 26: World War I
Names
Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) [German]
Kaiser William II (r. 1888-1918) [German]
Leo von Caprivi (1831-1899) [German]
Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz (1849-1930) [German]
Gavrilo Princip (1894-1918) [Serbian]
Archduke Francis Ferdinand (1863-1918) [Austrian]
Leopold von Berchtold (1863-1942) [Austrian]
Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg (1856-1921) [German]
Alfred von Schlieffen (1833-1913) [German]
Helmuth von Moltke (1848-1916) [German]
Erich von Falkenhayn (1861-1922) [German]
Erich Ludendorff (1865-1937) [German]
Paul von Hindenburg (1847-1934) [German]
Henri Pétain (1856-1951) [French]
Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) [American]
Prelude to War
The New Imperialism
Spheres of Influence
The Scramble for Africa
The Three Emperor’s League (1873)
(between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia)
Pan-Slavism
Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
Treaty of San Stefano (1878)
The Congress of Berlin (1878)
The Dual Alliance (1879)
(treaty between Germany and Austria)
Renewal of The Three Emperor’s League (1881)
(between Germany, Austria, and Russia)
The Triple Alliance (1882)
(between Germany, Austria, and Italy)
The Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885-1886)
The Reinsurance Treaty (1887)
(between Germany and Russia)
The Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)
(between France and Russia)
The Fashoda Crisis (1898)
The Boer War (1899-1902)
The Entente Cordiale (1904)
(between Great Britain and France)
The First Moroccan Crisis (1905)
The Algeciras Conference (1906)
The Triple Entente (1907)
(between Great Britain, France, and Russia)
The Bosnian Crisis (1908-1909)
The Second Moroccan Crisis (1911)
The Italo-Turkish War (1911-1912)
The First Balkan War (1912-1913)
The Second Balkan War (1913)
The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (June 28, 1914)
“The Blank Check”
July 28, 1914: Austria declares war on Serbia
The Great War
Central Powers
(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey)
Allied Powers
(France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, USA, and others)
Schlieffen Plan
The Western Front
Battle of the Marne (September 5, 1914 to September 9, 1914)
The Race to the Sea
Trench Warfare
Treaty of London (April 26, 1915) *Italy joins the allies
Battle of Verdun (February 21, 1916 to December 18, 1916)
Battle of the Somme (July 1, 1916 to November 18, 1916)
The Eastern Front
Battle of Tannenberg (August 25, 1914 to August 31, 1914)
The Russian Revolution (begins February 1917)
Other Important Events
Sinking of the Lusitania (May 7, 1915)
Battle of Jutland (May 31, 1916 to June 1, 1916)
Zimmerman Telegram (March 2, 1917)
USA enters World War I (April 6, 1917)
Technological Advances
Machine Gun
Submarine (U-Boat)
Airplane
Zeppelin
Poison Gas
Tanks
Flame Throwers
The Peace of Paris
Names
Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) [United States of America]
David Lloyd George (1863-1945) [Great Britain]
Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929 [France]
Vittorio Orlando (1860-1952) [Italy]
Terms
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
“peace without victors”
League of Nations
Mandates
Reparations
Clause 231 (The “war guilt clause”)
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. End to secret treaties
2. Freedom of the seas
3. Free trade
4. Arms reduction
5. Settlement of colonial claims
6. Evacuation of Russia
7. Restoration of Belgium
8. Return of Alsace and Lorraine
9. Adjustment of Italy’s borders along ethnic lines
10. Autonomy for nationalities within Austria-Hungary
11. Evacuation and restoration of the Balkans
12. Autonomy for the non-Turkish parts of the Turkish empire
13. Independent Poland with an outlet to the sea
14. Establishment of a League of Nations
THE TREATIES
Treaty of Versailles (peace with Germany)
Treaty of St. Germain (peace with Austria)
Treaty of Trianon (peace with Hungary)
Treaty of Neuilly (peace with Bulgaria)
Treaty of Sèvres (peace with Turkey)
IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
1. Germany ceded territories to the allies (Alsace and Lorraine to France,
Schleswig to Denmark, West Prussia to Poland) and German colonies
overseas were distributed to the allies.
2. Germany was blamed for starting the war—the “war guilt” clause
3. The German army and navy were severely limited.
4. The Rhineland was to be demilitarized and occupied.
5. Germany was forced to pay indemnities for the civilian damages caused by
the war.