JANUARY & FEBRUARY 2008
BASIC MILITARY REQUIREMENTS (Part Two)
STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTERS 9 THROUGH 14
Chapter 9 - Customs & Courtesies
Chapter 9 covers customs and courtesies, such as hand salutes, passing
honors, gun salutes and colors.
• A custom is a way of acting that has continued consistently over such a
long period of time that it has become like law.
• Many of the US Navy customs came from the British Navy.
Hand Salutes
• The Most common form of a salute is a hand salute.
• Left handed saluting in the Navy is permitted if your right hand/arm is
injured.
• Carry all objects in your left hand.
• Start you hand salute approx. six paces from an officer. Hold your salute
until you salute is returned or until you are about six paces past the
officer. Always accompany your salute with a respectful greeting, ie “Good
Morning Commander Brockway”, or “Good Afternoon, Ma’am.”
• Enlisted personnel salute all officers. Officers salute their seniors.
Everyone salutes the National Ensign.
• You do not have to salute when uncovered inside, when part of a work
detail, when under actual or simulated battle conditions, or when guarding
prisoners.
Honors
• Honors are salutes rendered to individuals of merit, to high ranking
individuals, to ships, and to nations.
• Types of honors:
1. Passing Honors-ship to ship
2. Ship Honors- to officials or officers as they board and depart a Navy
ship.
3. Gun Salutes- are rendered to high-ranking individuals, to nations, and to
celebrate national holidays.
Passing Honors
• Passing honors are rendered when ships or boats pass close aboard. Close
Aboard is
600 Yards for ships
400 Yards for boats
• Signals for actions for passing honors are as follows:
-One blast: attention to starboard
-Two blasts: attention to port
-One blast: hand salute
-Two blasts: end salute
-Three blasts: carry on
• Side honors consist of parading side boys. Side boys can be paraded between
0800 and sunset, except on Sunday. Normally, side boys will not be called
away during meal hours, general drills, and all hands evolutions. The number
of side boys will vary from two to eight (always and even number) depending
on the rank of the individual being saluted.
Gun Salutes
• Gun salutes are used to honor individuals, nations, and certain national
holidays.
• Gun salutes always consist of odd numbers, ranging from 5 for vice consul
to 21 for President & for rules of a foreign nation. The gun is normally
fired at 5 second intervals.
• Gun salutes also mark special holidays:
1. President’s Day
2. Memorial Day
3. Independence Day
• A standard 21 Gun Salute is fired at one minutes intervals, commencing at
1200 and ending at 1220
•Rifle Salutes: There are three rifle salutes:
1. Present Arms
2. At Order Arms
3. At Right Shoulder Arms
• Ceremonies are formal acts performed on public occasions
Colors
• The Navy hoists the flag at 0800 and lowers at sunset. This is known as
morning and evening colors. All Navy shore commands and ships not underway
performs the ceremony of colors every day.
• Before colors are called there is a 5 minute preparative pennant hoisted.
• Remember that the ensign is rasied smartly but lowered ceremoniously
• Navy ships not underway fly the union jack on the jackstaff. The union jack
is also flown from a yardarm to denote that a general court-martial is in
session.
• Ships underway do not hold morning or evening colors. The ensign is usually
flown night and day. Underway the union jack is not flown from the jackstaff.
• Just as a ship gets underway the ensign is shifted from its position on the
stern to its at sea position at the main mast. This is called shifting the
colors.
• Commission or Command pennants are flown at half mast when the ship’s
commanding officer dies.
National Anthem
• Indoors: If the flag is not displayed when the anthem is played inside a
building, you stand at attention facing the source of the music. If you are
in uniform and covered, render a hand salute, if you are uncovered, stand at
attention. If you are in civilian clothes, render the hand over the heart
salute.
If the flag is displayed when the anthem is played, you face the flag and
stand at attention. If in uniform and covered, render the hand salute. If in
civilian clothes or uncovered, you place your right hand over your heart.
•Outdoors: Personnel in boats do not salute during the playing of the Anthem.
Only the boat officer or coxsawin(if there is no boat officer) stands and
salutes, all other personnel remain seated at attention.
• The music played to honor the president is “Hail to the Chief.”
Military Etiquette
• Aboard the ship the CO is addressed as captain regardless of rank
• Juniors always enter a car first (seated leftmost) and exit last. When
walking, Juniors always walk on left side of Seniors.
• The basic rule of etiquette for entering airplanes, boats, and vehicles is
Seniors in last and out first. In general, Seniors on a boat take the seats
farthest aft.
•Boarding a Vessel: When boarding a ship in which the National Ensign is
flying you should:
1. Stop on reaching the upper platform.
2. Face the national ensign and salute
3. Salute the ODD
• As you salute, you say to the ODD, “I request permission to come aboard”.
When you leave a ship the order is reversed. First you salute the ODD and
say, “I request permission to leave the ship, Sir/Ma’am”. After receiving
permission you face and salute the national ensign.
Chapter 10 - Uniforms and Formations
This chapter covers uniform, awards, hash marks, rank insignia, grooming
standards, and formations.
• The purpose of the uniform policy is to ensure naval personnel have
attractive, distinctive, and practical uniforms.
• The US Navy Uniform Regulations NAVPERS 15665 provides the basic naval
uniform policy.
Uniforms and Formations
• Neckerchief is 36 inches square and made of black silk or acetate. It is
tied in a square knot.
• Government-issue dress blue jumpers and trousers are made of wool serge.
• The dress white jumpers and trousers are made of a polyester material
called certified Navy twill.
• Dungarees (utilities) and winter working blues are considered to be the
working uniform.
• Large medals worn with either blue or white jumper is called full dress.
• Marking Enlisted Clothing: Use your name and social security number with a
½ inch stencil. You may use a stencil up to one inch.
• Transfer of Clothing: cannot be done without the commanding officer's
authorization. When transfers are authorized the clothing will be stamped
with a red "DC" stamp.
• Note: Review pages 10-20,10-21, and 10-22 BMR for rank structure for
officers.
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Military uniform articles that can be worn with civilian clothing:
raincoat (without insignia)
belts (with civilian buckles)
knit watch cap
command/Navy ball cap (w/o insignia)
gloves
handbag
blue/khaki windbreaker
shoes
sweater (cardigan/blue)
socks/hosiery
V-neck sweater
underwear
• Active duty personnel are required to have four fire retardant dungaree
shirts and slacks in their seabag.
• All nonrated personnel should have seabag inspections at regular intervals
to ensure that each person has a full seabag. Also, before a nonrated person
is transferred to another duty station a seabag inspection is made.
•When stenciling or marking clothing/articles, the Navy uniform regulations
state in the instructions where the word, right or left, will appear. The
references to right or left are consistant with the owner's right or left
while wearing the garment.
Rates/Insignias
• Rating is the job or occupation i.e BM, IT, DC, OS
• Rate is the paygrade of the person i.e. 3rd class, 2nd class
• Rank is used to identify officer's pay grade.
• E-3 and below who have qualified in a particular rating will wear the
speciality mark of that rating. This is called a striker mark. The striker
mark is worn immediately above the group rate mark.
• Service stripes (hash marks): One stripe for each full four years of duty
in any of the armed forces, in any combination, ie., 2 years Army and two
years Navy count as four years for one stripe. With 12 years of good conduct,
scarlet service stripes are worn on blue uniforms, blue hash marks on white
uniforms.
• (MCPON) Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy is the most senior enlisted
person in the Navy. He/She wears 3 gold stars in line above the eagle and a
gold star that replaces the specialty (rating ) mark.
• CM/C Command Master Chief wears 2 silver stars above the eagle and a silver
star that replaces the specialty (rating) mark.
Taking the E-7 Exam?
E-7 Navy is Chief Petty Officer
E-7 Marines is Gunnery Sergeant
E-7 Army is Sergeant First Class
E-7 Airforce is Master Sergeant
Taking the E-6 Exam?
E-6 Navy is 1st Class Petty Officer
E-6 Marines is Staff Sergeant
E-6 Army is Staff Sergeant
E-6 Air Force is Tec Sergeant
Taking the E-5 Exam?
E-5 Navy is Petty Officer 2nd class
E-5 Marines is Sergeant
E-5 Army is Sergeant
E-5 Airforce is Staff Sergeant
Taking the E-4 Exam?
E-4 Navy is Petty Officer 3rd Class
E-4 Marines is Corporal
E-4 Army is Corporal or Specialist
E-4 Airforce is Sergeant or Senior Airman
Awards
• There are 7 broad categories of awards.
1. Military decorations: given for specific personal act of gallantry or
meritorious service, i.e. Purple Heart, Navy Cross, Medal of Honor
2. Unit awards: presented to an operating unit only to members of that unit
that participated in the cited action, i.e., Navy “E”.
3. Nonmilitary decorations: decorations are awarded for various actions by an
individual, i.e, Gold and Life Saving Medals, Presidential Medal of Freedom
4. Campaign and Service awards: given to personnel who have participated in
designated wars, campaigns or fulfilled creditable, specific service
requirements. i.e., POW medal, Good Conduct, Antarctica Service Medal.
5. Foreign decorations and non-U.S. service awards: the awards that may be
worn are listed in the U.S. Navy Uniform Regs. NAVPERS 156650.
6. Marksmanship Awards: awards for pistol or rifle on a qualifying course.
7. Awards of Military societies and other organizations: are awarded from
military societies and other organizations. i.e., Regular Army and Navy
Union, Naval Reserve Association and the Moreell Medal
• Ribbons are worn ¼ inch above the left breast pocket. Each row may have no
more than 3 ribbons. Persons possessing 4 or more ribbons can wear a minimum
of 3 of the most senior ribbons.
• The Purple Heart is the oldest military decoration in the world that it
still in use. It is the first, and of course the oldest US Military
decoration. Founded by George Washington in 1782 (seven years before he was
president), it was initially created as the Badge of Military Merit for
enlisted and non-commissioned officers who served in the Revolutionary War.
Only three people were recorded to have been awarded the original Purple
Heart. It was discontinued untill 1932 (George Washington's 200th birthday).
Under president FDR, The Purple Heart was changed to be awarded to members of
the US Armed Forces wounded or killed in action..
• Dog Tags: approximately 2 inches by 1 1/8 inches, with a 25 inch necklace.
First line: Name
Second line: Name (con't if needed)
Third line: SSN, the letters "USN", blood type and Rh factor.
Forth line: Religious preference
• Identification Cards: You must carry the card at all times. The Navy ID
card meets all the requirements of article 17 of the Geneva Convention
pertaining to the treatment of prisoners of war.
Grooming Standards
Male Standards
• Hair may not be any longer the 4 inches and must be groomed so that it does
not touch the ears or collar. Hair above the neck and ears will be tapered to
¾ inches
• While in uniform men may wear one wristwatch, bracelet, one ring (per
hand), one necklace or choker (may not be exposed). Men may not wear earrings
while in uniform or in civilian clothes while on a military instillation or
while attending a military function.
• Fingernails may not extend past the meat (end) of the fingers.
Female Standards
• Hairstyles must be neat and present a groomed appearance. Braided
hairstyles must be conservative and conform to the guidelines stated in
NAVPERS 15665. Some guidelines include:
Pony tails, pigtails, protruding braids are not authorized.
Multiple braids are authorized when uniform in dimension and small in
diameter (approx. ¼ in.)
• Hair Length: when in uniform, the hair may touch but not fall below a
horizontal line level with the lower edge of the back of the collar. With
jumper uniforms, hair may extend a maximum of 1 ½ inch below the top of the
jumper collar. No portion of the bulk of the hair as measured from the scalp
will not exceed approx. 2 inches.
• Barrettes/Combs/Clips can only be a maximum of two (small). Must be similar
to hair color.
• Fingernails- (female) may not exceed ¼ inch from the tip of finger.
• Earrings – (female) One pair may be worn while in uniform and must be 6 mm
silver for E-6 and below, E-7 and above wear gold.
• Necklace may wear one necklace or choker but it cannot be visible.
• The heels on women's shoes will be no higher than 2 5/8 inches nor less
than 5/8 inch.
Drills and Formation
• Distance: A space of 40 inches between the chest of one person to the back
of the person ahead of them.
• Pace: The length of a full step (30 inches for men and 24 inches for women)
• At Ease: You can relax but keep your right foot in place. Do not talk.
• Rest: You can relax, keep right foot in place, and you may talk. This is
the only command that allows you to talk.
• Fall Out: This is not a dismissal. Upon this command you can leave your
position in ranks, but must stay near your position to resume ranks.
• About Face is a two count movement.
• To Close Ranks: On command the front ranks stand fast. The 2nd ranks move
up one pace. The 3rd rank moves two paces, the 4th rank moves three paces.
• Dismissed: This command is used to secure a formation.
Chapter 11 - Small Arms
Chapter Eleven covers rifles and pistols, also shooting Positions and firing
techniques.
• Small Arms means any firearm of .60 caliber, 15 mm, or smaller.
• Every firearm used by navy personnel has at least one type of built in
safety device.
• Almost every accidental shooting is due to negligence or carelessness.
• Use common sense when handling any type of firearms.
• Use hearing protective devices when using firearms, such as circumaural
type (Mickey Mouse ears).
• Also you must wear eye protection as well. The Navy has several types os
safety glasses and goggles that provide adequate protection.
• M-14 Rifle fires either semiautomatic or automatic at the rate of 750
rounds per minute. It is chambered for the 7.62 mm NATO cartridge and it
accommodates a 20 round magazine and M76 grenade launcher as well as the M-6
bayonet. The rifle weighs about 9lbs empty and about 11lbs fully loaded.
• M16 A-1/A-2 Rifle – Magazine fed, gas operated shoulder weapon. Chambered
for 5-56. The magazine has a capacity of 20 or 30 rounds. Has a muzzle
velocity of 3,000 feet per second.
• The selection lever has 3 positions safe, semi, and auto. Note: Semi fires
a 3 round short burst.
• The most important factors for you to remember about a rifle are sight
alignment and achieving a correct aiming point. Together the make up the
sight picture.
• Keeping your eye the same distance from the peep sight is called spot weld
or anchor.
• The .38 caliber revolver is a cylinder-loading, single or double action.
The cylinder holds six rounds.
• The .45 caliber service pistol is intended for close combat. The .45
caliber is a semiautomatic, recoil-operated, magazine-fed hand weapon. The
clip holds 7 rounds. It has a maximum effective range of 50 yards.
• Note the .38 and .45 caliber hand guns have been replaced with the M-9. I
would study the M-9, because the M-9 started to be phased in back in 1985. M9 has single or double action. It is a semiautomatic hand weapon. The 9mm
magazine can hold 15 rounds.
• The 9mm is equipped with three types of safety features. The ambidextrous
slide safety, the firing pin block, and the half cock notch.
• Shoot Positions A standard qualification course uses three standard
positions: standing, kneeling, and sitting.
• Trigger Control : use the acronym BRASS
B-Breath: do not hold breath for more than 10 seconds
R-Relax: stay relaxed
A-Aim: proper sight alignment
S-Slack: some triggers have slack
S-Squeeze: smoothly, gradually, and straight to rear.
• Most poor shooting is usually caused by jerking the trigger and flinching
when firing. The single most important factor in marksmanship is trigger
control.
• The advantage of shot guns over pistols/revolvers is the sight alignment is
not so critical.
• Shotguns are being used by the Navy in security guard work. They are the
weapons of choice for short-range work.
Chapter 12 - Damage Control
• Damage control is the responsibility of all hands
• Damage control organization consists of two main parts:
1. Administrative Organization
2. Battle Organization
• Damage control petty officers (DCPO) will ensure that all emergency
equipment, fittings, and compartment check-off lists are maintained and/or
are working properly.
• The engineer officer is responsible for maintaining properly trained
DCPO’s, repair parties, and repair locker personnel.
• The Damage Control Assistant (the DCA), under the engineer officer, will
coordinate and train repair party personnel. The DCA is responsible for
administration and training all personnel. The DCA maintains records of all
DC and PQS qualifications.
• The ship’s bills, records and schedules for maintenance, written doctrine,
and procedures relating to damage control are all part of the administrative
organization of damage control.
• The CO must ensure that the ship’s officers and crew are trained and
continually exercised in all aspects of survivability. The CO is ultimately
responsible for the entire ship.
• The Executive Officer (XO) keeps the CO informed of the ship’s readiness.
As the team leader, the XO is the senior person assigned to the damage
control training team (DCTT).
• The DCTT is responsible for all shipboard drills and exercises in the area
of damage control.
• DCPO’s normally serve for a period of 6 months. They must first complete
the requires PQS based on TYCOM instructions. Each work center has a DCPO.
• Gas Free Engineer (GFE) (Chief petty officer or above) determines if its
safe for personnel to enter closed or poorly ventilated spaces. Ie., tanks,
chainlockers, etc.
• Fire Marshal helps the DCA train personnel in damage control as well as
prevent fire. All ships designate a fire marshal. The fire marshal conducts
daily inspections throughout the ship, looking for fire hazards.
• The battle phase starts when the ship has received actual damage. The
battle organization is responsible for restoring the ship back to as normal
operation as possible.
• The DCA is responsible for the control of damage, control of stability,
list, medical casualty response, fire fighting, restoring from damage CBR
countermeasures. The battle station for the DCA is Damage Control Central
(DCC).
• Damage Control Central (DCC) or Central Control Station (CCS) on newer
ships, is to collect and compare reports from repair lockers.
• Normally each ship has at least 3 repair lockers. 2,3 and 5 (see below).
The makeup of each repair party and repair locker depends on the type of ship
and the area they serve:
Repair 1- main deck repair
Repair 2- forward repair
Repair 3- Aft repair
Repair 4- Amidships repair
Repair 5- Propulsion (engine)
Repair 6- Ordnance
Repair 7- Gallery deck & island structure
Repair 8- Electronic casualty control
• In-Port Emergency Team (IEF) are made of duty section personnel. IET
members are emergency team member qualified and respond to respond to any of
casualty.
• Rescue and Assistance (In Port/At Sea) All ships are required to have
rescue and assistance detail in port and at sea. Their primary missions are
to assist other units in distress, both ashore and at sea. All personnel
assigned to the rescue and assistance detail must, as a minimum, R&A
personnel must be quality as an emergency team member and in first aid.
• General Quarters (GQ) is an all hands evolution. It is the highest state of
readiness of the ship. We responding to GQ, all hands adjust their clothing
to battle dress and proceed to their GQ stations.
• Battle Dress is when you tuck the bottom of your pants into your boots or
socks, long sleeves will be pulled down and buttoned, top button on shirt
buttoned, and flash hood and gloves donned. All exposed skin should be
covered.
• The pre-established route to get to your General Quarters Station is move
forward and up the ladders on the starboard side and move aft and down the
ladders on the port side.
• Most cases of spontaneous combustion involve the process of rapid
oxidation.
• DC gear can be found in various repair lockers throughout the ship. The
equipment and materials required for making battle damage repairs vary
according to the nature of the damage. You must know how to use a variety of
equipment and materials. Damage control equipment should be stowed in its
designated location and be readily accessible. DC equipment must not be used
for any purpose other than damage control.
• The DCA battle station will be in Damage Control Central (DCC).
• Communications are vital to the damage control organization. The major
shipboard DC communications are as follows:
The general system (1MC) is integrated with an alarm signal system. This
alarm system will override the microphone control and is intended to notify
the ship’s crew of imminent danger. These are in order of priority, as
follows:
1. collision
2. chemical attack
3. General (GQ)
4. Flight crash
The emergency damage control communication system is the X4OJ. It is used
when all other circuits fail. The X4OJ can be a portable (“salt and pepper
line”) or it can be a permanently installed (risers) components.
• If all methods of communications fail you can use messengers. They are used
to deliver written messages between repair lockers, DCC, the bridge, or other
locations. Messengers may also have to deliver oral messages without error.
• Material conditions of readiness refer to the ship’s watertight integrity.
Watertight integrity is maintained by keeping watertight doors, hatches,
scuttles, and valves closed. This will limit the spread of smoke, gases,
fire, and flooding. Each watertight closure/fitting will have an
identification classification plate (or label) affixed to the closure or
fitting.
* Please note that I will only cover the basic classifications. If you are
not familiar with material conditions of readiness, you will need to review
pages 12-10 through 12-14.
• X-Ray provides the least protection and provides the greatest ease of
access throughout the ship. Condition X-Ray is set during working hours in
port. All fittings marked with an X or circle X are closed when condition XRay is set.
• Yoke provides a greater degree of watertight integrity than X-ray. Yoke is
normally set at sea and in port during wartime. All fittings marked with X’s,
Y’s, circle X, and circle Y are closed when condition Yoke is set.
• Zebra provides the greatest degree of protection. It is the maximum state
of readiness. Condition Zebra is set under the following situations:
1. When GQ is sounded.
2. Entering or leaving port in wartime
3. To localize damage
4. Whenever the CO deems necessary.
• All fittings marked with an X, Y, Z, and all circle X, Y, Z as well as Dog
Zebra are closed when condition Zebra is set.
• Dog Zebra fittings are secured when condition Zebra is set, and daily at
sea, whenever the ship is at nighttime steaming. Darken ship fittings and
closures are closed to prevent light inside the ship from showing outside.
Dog Zebra is set just before dusk at sea.
• Circle William are ventilation closures set prior to a CBR attack.
• William are vital fittings such as sea suctions, ventilation fittings, fire
pumps, and other vital equipment. These fittings are always open, unless they
have to be secured to control damage or repair equipment.
• Each compartment on a ship has a CCOL (compartment check off list). See
page 12-12 for an example CCOL. The CCOL will have a list of all the fittings
and closures in that space. The DCPO will maintain the CCOL in their assigned
spaces. The CCOL list is posted in each space near each entrance.
• The normal setting of a material condition should be logged in the Damage
Control Closure Log daily by each division or repair party. Any closures or
fittings that are not secured must be logged in the DC Closure Log.
• The inoperative fittings on a ship must also be logged in the inoperative
fittings and closure log. This log becomes a tracking tool for future
repairs.
• Emergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD) are used to escape from a fire
(see page 12-14 figure 12-3 for illustration) The EEBD lasts 15 minutes.
• You should be able to don an EEBD in less than 30 seconds.
• Supplemental emergency egress device (SEED) is used for personnel working
in engineering spaces. The SEED is worn on the belt for easy access. The SEED
is used to get to the EEBD (see page 12-15, figure 12-14) The SEED has no eye
or nose protection and has a short operational time.
• The A-4 OBA is currently the primary tool used by fire fighting teams for
respiratory protection.
• OBA timers should be set to 60 back to 30.
• The self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) are being phased in
throughout the Navy. The units’ main components consist of a harness, high
pressure bottle, pressure regulator, full face mask, and the high and low
pressure hoses as shown on page 12-17 figure 12-16.
• The fire triangle can be simplified into the relationship between three
components:
- Fuel
- Heat
- Oxygen
To have a fire in any combustible substance, each of these components must be
present.
• The fire tetrahedron is the fourth requirement needed to maintain
combustion. This is the uninhibited chain reaction needed for flames to
exist.
• Heat is transferred by three different methods:
- Conduction: direct physical contact (touching)
- Convection: transfer of heat, gasses, or liquids.
- Radiation: is the transfer of heat from a source across an intervening
space. (ie, a campfire gives a radiation heat.)
• There are classes of fire class materials:
Material……………………………….........................Method of extinguishing
Alpha: Wood, cloth, paper……………………………....Water:straight/fog pattern
Bravo: Flammable liquids, fuel, oil……………………..........AFFF (Halon/PKP)
Charlie: Energized electrical fires………………….……...........CO2, Halon
Delta: Combustible metals,ie magnesium/titanium.....Water; fog pattern
• P-100 is a diesel-engine driven portable pump unit. It is designed for fire
fighting and dewatering. See page 12-25 figs. 12-13 and 12-14
Chapter 13 – CBR Defense
Chapter 13 covers CBR in depth.
• The primary purpose of biological and chemical attacks is the mass
casualties of personnel, livestock, or crops.
• US national policy prohibits our being the first nation to use chemical
agents against an attacking nation.
• The US will not use biological agents under any circumstances.
• Chemical Warfare (CW) agents can kill or disable personnel by affecting the
blood, nerves, eyes, skin, lungs, or stomach.
• Biological warfare (BW) operation agents include microorganisms, fungi,
toxins, and microtoxins to cause diseases that will kill or produce other
casualties.
• To be most effective, biological weapons are normally delivered by aerosol.
• Chemical agents can be placed in projectiles or missiles.
• Nuclear weapons can be launched in almost any manner by land, sea, or air
units.
• Broadly speaking, there are two types of antipersonnel agents: casualty and
incapacitating.
• Check page 13-2, table 13-1 for characteristics of selected CW agents.
• Sarin and VX are types of nerve agents.
• Some of the symptoms of nerve poisoning are: stomach cramps, sudden
headache, nausea, wheezing, and convulsions.
• Casualty CW agents can cause death or severely incapacitate personnel for
long periods of time.
• Incapacitating CW agents temporarily disable personnel but do not create
permanent injury.
• (2-PAM CI) atropine and pralidoxime chloride are self injections used as
the antidote for a nerve agent.
• Blister agents act on the eyes, mucous membranes, lungs, and skin.
• Blister agents include mustard vapors and mustard liquids.
• Muster agents burn and blister the skin, especially moist areas such as the
neck, genitals, groin, armpits, bends of knees and elbows. Muster agents also
damage the respiratory tract when inhaled.
• Personnel who are suspected of contamination from muster agents in the eyes
must seek overhead shelter and flush their eyes with potable (drinkable)
water.
• Blood agents inhibit the action of an enzyme responsible for transferring
oxygen from the blood to the cells of the body.
• High concentrations of blood agents cause labored breathing within a few
seconds, violent convulsions, followed by cessation (stoppage) of breathing.
• See page 13-5 for a chart of symptoms for blood agent exposure.
• Choking agents in low concentration effect the respiratory system to the
point that the lungs fill with fluid.
• See page 13-15 for symptoms for tear agents and vomiting agents.
• Riot control agents (RCAs) are classified as either tear agents or vomiting
agents.
• RCAs cause temporary misery and harassment.
• Biological warfare(BW) is the intentional use of living organisms, toxins,
and microtoxins to disable or destroy people and domestic animals, damage
crops, or deteriorate supplies.
• Animals, insects, and rodents can be used as carriers to spread BW agents.
• Some BW agents include anthrax, typhoid fever, cholera, plaugue, tularemia,
botulinum toxin, and inluenza.
• Early stages of biological disease include the general symptoms of fever,
malaise, and inflammation.
• See page 13-7 for characteristics for selected BW agents.
• Nuclear warfare: There are four types of nuclear blast.
• High altitude blast takes place above 100,000 feet.
• Air blast is when the fireball is below 1000,000 feet but doesn’t touch the
earth’s surface.
• Surface Blast is when the fireball touches the earth’s surface.
• Subsurface (underwater) burst: A fireball is formed (smaller fireball than
a surface blast), and this explosion creates a large bubble (cavity) that
rises to the surface where it expels steam, gas, and debris into the air.
• There are two types of nuclear radiation: initial and residual.
• Nuclear weapons produce explosions of great force. Their effects are
divided into three categories:
- Blast waves or shockwaves
- incendiary
- radiation
• The intense flash of light from a nuclear blast can cause flash blindness.
Normally this is only temporary, usually the eyes can recover in about 15
minutes in daytime and 45 minutes at night.
• Nuclear radiation hazards consist of four types.
- Alfa: little skin-penetrating power.
- Beta: can present a hazard if the particles enter the skin.
- Gamma: Rays are pure energy, very difficult to stop. They can easily
penetrate the body.
- Neutrons: have the greatest penetrating power.
• Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) can cause considerable damage to tactical
systems, including electrical and electronic systems, sonar, radar, and
communications.
• Transient Radiation effects on electronics (TREE) occurs in electronics
systems as a result of exposure to gamma or neutron radiation.
• Survey teams go through the ship to determine the extent and location of
any contamination after a CW, BW, or nuclear attack. A survey team consists
of a minimum of three people: a monitor, a recorder, and a messenger. The
monitor is in charge of the party.
• CBR contamination markers is a standard system and is used to mark areas
contaminated by CW, BW, or nuclear agents. Look at figure 13-16 page 13-15.
This page shows CBR contamination markers. The markers are triangular in
shape. They re 11 ½ inches with 8 inch sides. Each type of contamination is
readily identified by the color of the marker. Also, they are labeled:
GAS-Yellow-Red Letters
BIO-Blue-Red Letters
ATOM-White-Black Letters
• Dose rate is expressed in roentgens (gamma ray measurement only)
• The DT 60/PD is a nonself-reading gamma radiation device. Its range is 0600 roentgens.
NOTE: You need a CP-95 to actually read a DT 60. You can see a DT-60/PD page
13-16 figure 13-8.
• For a CW attack a M256A1 is a special detection kit that uses vapor sample
detection and the M8 & M9 liquid chemical agent paper. Also draeger tubes are
used to detect the presence of phosgene gas.
• The MCU-2/P Protective Mask is the most important piece of protective
equipment against a CBR attack.
• The mask serves two functions: 1. It filters the air, removing particles of
dust that could be contaminated.
2. It purifies the air of many poisonous gases.
• The MCU-2/P mask is available in three sizes.
• To determine the correct size measure the length of your face. (tip of chin
to nasal root depression.
• The MCU- 2/P mask uses a single filter canister, designated C2.
• Canisters are good for one attack of blood agent, after which the must be
replaced. Canisters are good for 30 days following exposure to other chemical
agents, as long as the 60 day limit after removal of the packaging seal is
not exceeded.
• You should be able to don you mask within 10 seconds.
•
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Some features of the MCU-2/P:
two voice emitters
a drinking tube
flexible lens
one canister can go on either side
• The mask can be worn over approved mask-compatible glasses.
• Basically, any clothing or coverall that covers the body can provide a
degree of protection from CBR contaminants.
• Chemical-protective overgarment (CPO suit) consists of two pieces, a smock
and trousers.
• The CPO suit has a shelf life of 5 years if left unopened.
• Once removed from its protective envelope, it has a shelf life of 14 days
in a nonchemical environment.
• Once exposed to chemical contamination, the CPO suit provides 6 hours of
continuous protection, after which it should be discarded.
• Wet-weather clothing is often described as impermeable or rubberized
clothing.
• Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) is a means of established levels
of readiness. MOPP is a flexible system of protection against chemical agents
and is used in chemical warfare defense to help accomplish a mission.
• There are four levels of MOPP, from Level 1, the least protection to Level
4, the most protection.
- MOPP Level-1: protective equipment and medical supply items are issued. Set
readiness Condition III and material condition Yoke, if not already set.
- MOPP Level- 2: Protective mask and carrier are worn on the person. Set
Zebra (modified)
- MOPP Level- 3: Install new filter canisters on protective masks. Don CPO
suits, set GQ, set zebra. Activate countermeasures, wash down system
intermittently.
- MOPP Level- 4: Don mask, protective gloves, set CIRCLE WILLIAM, activate
countermeasures, wash down system .
• Decontamination teams usually consist of six people. The monitor will be in
charge.
• To decontaminate means eliminating the sources of infection. The most
effective way is to use a chemical disinfectant.
• M291 Decontamination Kit is used to decontaminate skin and selected
personnel equipment contaminated with chemical agents. The kit contains six
sealed foil packets, enough for three complete skin applications.
• The disadvantage an enemy has when using BW agents is that BW agents
degrade rapidly when exposed to the environment conditions such as
ultraviolet light, radiation, heat, dryness, or humidity.
• Never eat food, drink, or smoke after a CBR attack.
• Weapons of mass destruction are weapons that can destroy large areas or
kill and disable large segments of the population.
Chapter 14 - First Aid
This chapter covers basic first aid, personal hygiene, and sexually
transmitted diseases.
•
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The objectives of first aid are:
save life
prevent further injury
limit infection
•
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In administering first aid, you have three primary tasks:
maintain breathing
stop bleeding/maintain circulation
prevent or treat for shock.
• To be effective, CPR has to be started within 4 minutes of the onset of
cardiac arrest.
• In CPR, one rescuer performs 15 compressions to 2 ventilations (breaths){15
to 2}
• Rescue breathing is perormed when you have a pulse but the subject is not
breathing. Ventilations should be 12 to 15 per minute or one breath every
five seconds.
• Mouth to nose is effective when the victim has extensive facial or dental
injuries or is very young.
• Two rescuer CPR is 5 compressions to 1 ventilation. {5 to 1}.
• For hand placement for cardiac compressions keep the heel of hand above the
tip of the sternum.
• Chest should compress 1 1/2 to 2 inches when doing cardiac compressions.
• Airway blockage: The first indication is the victim's inability to speak.
• The first action you take is to clear the mouth of any food particles or
foreign objects.
• Refer to page 14-7 for further procedures.
• The average adult body contains 5 quarts of blood (4.75 liters). One pint
of blood can usually be lost without harmful effects. However, the loss of 2
pints (0.95 liters) will usually cause shock.
• Treating for Shock:
- Symptoms are that the pulse is weak but rapid. Breathing is likely to be
shallow, rapid, and irregular. Eyes are usually dialated.
- Remember, seriously injured persons are liekly to develop serious shock,
and shock can cause death.
- Start treatment as soon as possible. Keep victim warm enough for comfort
and lying down. Keep victim calm and assure that expert medical help will
soon be there. Raise feet about 12 inches.
• Capillary: Blood from capillaries is usually brick red in color and the
blood oozes out slowly.
• Vein: Blood from veins is usually dark red and the blood will escape in a
steady, even flow.
• Artery: Artery cuts near the surface will gush out in spurts that are
synchronized with the heartbeat. Deep artery cuts will be a steady stream and
is usually bright red in color.
• The best way to control serious bleeding:
1. direct pressure
2. pressure points
3. constricting band (tourniquet) as last resort. Once applied it should only
be released by medical personnel. Never cover a restricting band, mark the
victim's forehead with a "T" and note the time the band was applied, or use a
medical tag attached to the wrist.
• Burns
1st – the mildest (ie. Mild sunburn)
2nd – leaves a blister
3rd – the worst, skin is destroyed.
If the burn is less than 20% immerse in cold water. More than 20%, apply
sterile dry bandage. When treating burns you should never apply petrolatum
gauze, break blisters, apply butter, lard, or vaseline.
• Know the difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke.
Heat exhaustion:
1. moist and clammy skin, ashen gray
2. pupils dilated
3. normal or subnormal temperature.
It is commonly caused by working or exercising in hot spaces. First aid:
loosen clothing, get victim to cool area.
Heat Stroke (the most serious):
1. dry hot skin
2. pupils constricted
3. very high body temperature
heat stroke has a 20% mortality rate. First aid: reduce body temperature
immediately.
• Fractures:
Closed fracture: the bone is broken but the skin remains intact. (most common
fracture)
Open fracture: The broken bone will protrude from the skin.
• Sprains: Is an injury to the ligament and soft tissues the support a joint.
• Strain: is caused by forcible over stretching or tearing of a muscle or
tendon.
•First aid for either sprains or strains is ice pack for 24 to 48 hours, and
keep affected area elevated. Apply moist/heat after ice treatment is complete
(15 to 30 min.)
• Suicide: Most suicide victims in the Navy are enlisted males between 17-24
in the paygrades E-1 to E-6.
• Sexually transmitted diseases:
• If syphilis is untreated the disease can cause mental illness, blindness,
heart disease, or even death.
• If Gonorrhea goes untreated it can cause you to become sterile (male or
female).
• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome was first reported in the United States
in mid 1981. It is the number one priority of the US Public Health Service.
AIDS can be spread by sexual contact, needle sharing, blood to blood contact,
and less commonly, transfusions.