Chapter 6- Body and Behavior
The Nervous System
 Controls emotions, thinking, movements, and
behavior
 Two Parts
• Central Nervous System (CNS)- _______ and
spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- smaller
nerves that reach ___________________
 All parts are protected by sheathing and vertebrae
(injury could lead to paralysis)
Neurons
 Long, thin, cells of nerve tissue _____________________ to and from the
brain
 Transmission occurs when neurons are stimulated past _______________
and _____________
• All-or-none principle- neurons fire at full length only
Basic Neuron Parts
 Cell Body- Contains the ______ and
produces energy
 Dendrites- receive impulses or
___________ from other neurons
and send to cell body
 Axon- long fiber that carries impulses
away from the _______ towards
the ________ of the next neuron
 Myelin Sheath- protects the _____
 Axon Terminals- opposite dendrite of
_________, release neurotransmitter
The Neuron Connection
 Synapse- the space between the ______________ of one neuron and the
____________________________
 A neuron transmits its impulses or message to another neuron across the
synapse by releasing chemicals called ___________________.
 Can either:
 Excite the next neuron
 Stop it from transmitting (inhibit)
 Only allow flow ________________
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitter
Function
Problems Associated
with an Excess or a
Deficit
Acetylcholine
Motor Movement
Lack of acetylcholine
is associated with
_______________
Dopamine
Motor Movement and Lack of dopamine is
Alertness
associated with
________________,
an overabundance is
associated with
______________
Endorphins
Pain control
Involved in
_____________
Serotonin
Mood control
Lack of serotonin is
associated with
_______________
 Norepinephrine- involved with memory and learning
 Endorphins- inhibit pain- “________________”
 Too much or too little is linked to ________________
• Undersupply of acetylcholine (memory and movement)- Alzheimer's
• Oversupply of dopamine (learning, emotional arousal)- Schizophrenia
• Undersupply of dopamine- Parkinson’s disease
• Undersupply of norepinephrine and serotonin- depression
Neuron Activity
 Intensity of activity in each neuron depends on how many other neurons are
_________________
 Each individual neuron is either ON or OFF depending on whether most of
the neurons acting on it are either exciting or inhibiting
 Afferent neurons- relay messages from the sense organs ______________
 Efferent neurons- relay messages from brain to _________________
 Interneurons- carry impulses ______________________
Voluntary and Involuntary Activities
 Parts of the Peripheral Nervous Nervous System
 Somatic Nervous System (SNS)- __________________
 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)- __________________
• Sympathetic- _________________________ or
strenuous activity
 Increases HR and BP, suspends digestion
• Parasympathetic- ____________________ and enhances recovery
from strenuous activity
 Reduces HR and BP
The Three Brains: Hindbrain
 Includes the
 Cerebellum- posture, ___________, voluntary
movements
 Medulla- breathing, heart rate, ___________
 Pons- bridge between spinal cord and brain, also
______________
The Three Brains: Midbrain
 Integrates sensory information and _________________
 Brain stem= medulla +pons +midbrain
 Reticular Activating System- _____________________
The Lobes of the Brain
 The cerebrum is two hemispheres connected by a band of
fibers called the _________________
 Divided into lobes
• Occipital- __________
• Parietal- senses from all over the body
• Temporal- ________, memory, speaking
• Frontal- ______________, planning
Left and Right Hemispheres
 Properties of the two sides have been simplified
 Complement and _____________________
 Each side is connected to one half of the body in a
_________________
 ___________- speech, math, logic, understanding
 ___________- visual, spatial ability (puzzles), creativity, music
Split Brain Operations
 When people are prone to ___________, separating the brain hemispheres
will make them more severe
 Side effects: seem normal
 … but, if a man whose brain has been split holds a ball in his right hand, he
will be able to say it is a ball, but in his left hand, he will not be able to say
what it is.
 Information cannot cross to the speech center _________________
Studying The Brain
 Recording:
• Inserting ____________ (wires) into the brainrecord activity
• EEG- can record activity of
_______________________
 Rhythmic pattern that depends on whether a
person is awake, drowsy, or asleep
 Stimulation- causing ____________________
• Use during brain surgery to ________________________
 By applying an electric current to the temporal lobe, can trigger
memory sequences
 One woman believed that a radio was being played in he
operating room
** Pain relief without drugs
 Lesions- cutting or destroying __________________________
• Difference in behaviors
• Removing part of the ______________ made them less fearful and
violent- aggression
 Far more complex than people thought at first
 Accidents- Phineas Gage
• Railroad foreman who had a 13 pound, three foot
long iron bar go through his skull (1848)
• Survived, but suffered _______________- was
short tempered and said inappropriate things
• In 1994, realized that damage had been done to
the ____________, which censors
_____________________
CT Scans: An _____________________
PET Scans: A __________________________________________________
MRI: A noninvasive _____________________________________
The Endocrine System
 A chemical communication system that uses ____________ to send
chemical messages ___________________
• Produced in the endocrine glands
• Site specific
•
•
Released ________________ into the bloodstream
Affect growth, metabolic processes, determine gender, secreting
during stress, influence mood and drives
The Pituitary Gland
 Center of control of the
_________________ that secretes a large
number of hormones
 Monitored by the ________________
The Thyroid Gland
 Produces _____________- stimulates
chemical reactions important for all tissues
• Too little- lethargic
• Too much- __________
Sex Glands
 Testes and ovaries
 Produces
____________________________________
Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters
 The same chemical (norepinephrine) can be used as both
• Neurotransmitter- released ________________ it will excite or
inhibit
• Hormone- released ___________ and diffused without the body