The Human Cerebellum:
Gross Anatomy & Microscopic Anatomy
The Human Cerebellum:
Central Pathways
Gross Anatomy & Microscopic Anatomy
Cerebellar Cortex
Anatomical and Evolutionary Aspects
Circuitry and Neurochemistry
Conservation of Circuitry From fish to man
Cerebellar Functions
Anatomical and Functional Subdivisions
Clinical Correlates on the Human Cerebellum
Anatomical Organization
Naiphinich Kotchabhakdi Ph.D.
Cerebellar cortex & deep nuclei
Neuro-Behavioural Biology Center,
Institute of Science and Technology for Research and Development,
Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170 Thailand
Email: scnkc@mahidol.ac.th
Website: http://neuroscience.mahidol.ac.th
Classical & Comparative terminology
Larsell’s nomenclature (Olof Larsell,1947)
Comparative Neurobiology
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
Myelencephalon
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Cerebellum
Arbor vitae (tree of life)
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The Human Cerebellum:
Anatomical and Functional Subdivisions
Anatomical Organization
Classical & Comparative terminology
Larsell’s nomenclature (Olof Larsell,1947)
Functional Subdivisions
Archicerebellum (Vestibulo-cerebellum)
Paleocerebellum (Spino-cerebelllum)
Neocerebellum (Ponto-cerebellum)
The Human Cerebellum:
Functional Subdivisions
Archicerebellum (Vestibulo-cerebellum)
Flocculo-Nodular Lobe, Lingual Lobule, Fastigial N.
Equilibrium, Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR)
Paleocerebellum (Spino-cerebelllum)
Anterior lobe, Declive, Uvula, Paraflocculus
Interpositus Nucleus (Globose & Emboliform Nuclei)
Postural Control, muscle tone
Neocerebellum (Ponto-cerebellum)
Posterior lobe, cerebellar Hemisphere, Dentate N.
Coordination of phasic movements, patterns and
skilled movements
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The Human Cerebellum:
Cerebellar Cortex:
Deep Cerebellar Nuclei:
Fastigial (Medial) Nucleus
Interpositus (Middle) Nucleus
Globose Nucleus
Emboliform Nucleus
Dentate (Lateral) Nucleus
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The Human Cerebellum:
Central Pathways
Cerebellar Afferent systems
Cerebellar efferent systems
Intracerebellar Association fibers
The Human Cerebellum:
The Human Cerebellum:
Cerebellar Afferent systems:
Extra-cerebellar Sources:
Vestibular System:
Primary Vestibulo-cerebellar fibers
Secondary Vestibulo-cerebellar fibers
Spinal Cord:
Ventral spino-cerebellar tract
Dorsal Spino-cerebellar tract
Cuneo-cerebellar tract
Spino-olivo-cerebellar tract
Spino-reticulo-cerebellar tract
Trigemino-cerebellar Tract
Tecto-cerebellar tract
Arcuato-cerebellar tract
Cerebellar Afferent systems:
Through brainstem relay nuclei:
Vestibular Nuclei--- Secondary Vestibulo-cerebellar system
Inferior Olive--- Olivo-cerebellar System (Climbing fibers)
Reticular Nuclei --- Reticulo-cerebellar systems
Pontine Nuclei---Ponto-cerebellar system (Mossy fibers)
Perihypoglossal Nuclei---Perihypoglossal-Cerebellar system
Locus ceruleus---- Norepinephrine to cerebellum
Raphe Nuclei----Serotoninergic fibers to cerebellum
Cranial Motor Nerve Nuclei (III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII) ?
Central Cervical Nucleus. Parabracial Nucleus
Nucleus of Tractus Soritarius
Cerebellar peduncles
Restoform Body (Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle)
Brachium Pontis (Middle Cerebellar Peduncle)
Brachium Conjunctivum (Superior Cerebellar Peduncle)
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The Human Cerebellum:
Cerebellar Efferent systems:
Cerebellar Cortico-Nuclear Projection Systems:
Flocculo-Nodular Lobe-----Vestibular Nuclei
Vermis----Fastigial Nucleus
Intermediate Zone ----Interpositus Nucleus
Cerebellar Hemisphere ---- Dentate Nucleus
Cerebellar Nuclear Efferent Systems:
Fastigial Nucleus
Fastgio-Vestibular System
Fastigio-bulbar System
Fastigio-Spinal System
Uncinate Bundle of Russell
Interpositus Nucleus (Globose & Emboliform)
Dentate Nucleus
Dentato-rubro-thalamic, Dentato-thalamic tracts
to VL Nucleus of thalamus and Area #4 Motor cortex
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The Human Cerebellum:
Microscopic Anatomy
Cerebellar Cortex
Circuitry and Neurochemistry
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The Human Cerebellum:
Cerebellar Cortex layers:
Molecular Layer
Purkinje Cell Layer
Granular Cell Layer
(White Matter)
Cell Types:
Purkinje Cells ----Inhibitory (GABA)
Granule Cells ----Excitatory (Glutamate)
Stellate Cells ---- Inhibitory (GABA, Tuarine?)
Golgi Cells ----Inhibitory (GABA, Glycine)
Basket Cells---- Inhibitory (GABA)
Afferent terminations:
Mossy Fiber Systems----Excitatory (Glutamate, few Ach)
Climbing Fiber Systems---- Excitatory (Glutamate/Aspartate)
NE fibers from Locus Ceruleus
Serotoninergic Fibers from Raphe Nuclei
Efferent System from Cerebellar Cortex:
Axon of Purkinje cells ----Inhibitory (GABA)
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Glutamate
Glutamate/
Aspartate
GABA, or
GABA+Glycine
(Golgi cells)
GLUTAMATE
(few ACh)
GABA
ASTROCYTES ARE
IMPORTANT FOR
HOMEOSTATIC
PROCESSES AT THE
SYNAPSE: THEY
..TAKE UP GLU
..PROVIDE GLN
Glutamate
(few GABA)
..PROVIDE LACTATE
..TAKE UP WATER
AND POTASSIUM
TAURINE
H2N-CH2-CH2-SO3
Noradrenalin
(Locus coerelus)
CBN
Serotonin
(Raphe)
Purkinje cells
Granule cells
Localization of Taurine
TAURINE
GABA
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CEREBELLAR
PURKINJE CELL
Cerebellar Circuitry
ML
PF
10 ms
Complex Spike
Cortex PL
Go
GC
GL
WM
CN
CF
MF
Inferior
Olive
Purkinje cell
discharge
100 mV
2 ms +
simple spike (SS) 30-100 hz
complex spike (CS) 1.5 hz
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The Human Cerebellum:
Cerebellar Functions (Classical Functions):
Co-ordination of Movements
Stabilizing of Vestibulo-ocular Reflex (VOR)
Patterned Skilled Movements
Coordination of Eye Movements
Vermis Lobule VI----Saccadic Eye Movements
Flocculus---- Visual Tracking
Equilibrium, Gait and Postural Controls
Controls of Autonomic Functions (Cardiovascular)
Immune Functions (?)
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NAMING FACES
RIGHT HAND
LEFT HAND
MOVING
FINGERS
IMAGINING
MOVEMENT
MEMORIZING SPATIAL LOCATIONS
fMRI
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The Human Cerebellum:
Clinical Correlates on the Human Cerebellum:
Flocculo-Nodular Lobe:
Disturbed Equilibrium or Balance
Tendency to fall on the side of the lesion
Extensor hypotonia
“Reeling or Drunken” Gait or Posture
Deviation Nystagmus
1. Eye in mid-line Position:
fine nystagmus, quick phase toward lesion side
2. Eye fixed 10 – 30 degree away from the lesion side:
No nystagmus
3. Eye fixed beyond 30 degree away from the lesion side
nystagmus with quick phase away from lesion side
4. Eye shift beyond midline toward the lesion side
gross nystagnus, quick phase toward lesion side
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The Human Cerebellum:
Clinical Correlates on the Human Cerebellum:
Anterior Lobe & Vermis:
Hypotonia (Reduced muscle tone)
Hyporeflexia
Ataxia (Incoordination of Movements)
Asynergia, Dysynergia (lack of synergy)
Intention or Action Tremor (Atelokinesia)
Asthenia (Weakness of muscular strength)
Rebounded Phenomenon
Cerebellar Hemisphere & Dentate Nucleus:
Dysmetria (Pass pointing)
Dysdiadochokinesia or Adiadochokinesia
(can not perform rapid alternating movements)
Disturbed Voluntary Skilled movements
Disturbed Speech (Drunken Speech)
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Dysmetria of thought
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