Types of Chemical Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
– Single
– Double
– Triple
-- Polar
-- Non-Polar
Once again…
AN OVERVIEW
of the 3 main types of bond:
while keeping in mind:
• Ionic Bonds
• Metallic Bonds
• Other “Bonds”
– Inter-Molecular Forces
Ionic Bonds
An ionic bond is the attraction between
a metal cation and a non-metal anion
Metallic Bonding
Atoms are unhappy  if their outer
energy level is not full!!
Atoms only bond with other atoms in
order to fill their outer energy level.
Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond exists when two electrons
are shared by non-metallic atoms.
Ionic bonds
Metal + Non-metal
• Difference in electronegativity is high; so high
that non-metal atoms will strip away valence
electrons from the metal atoms, forming ions.
Takes place in a
“SEA” OF MOBILE VALENCE
ELECTRONS
These bonds are formed due to an attraction
between opposite charges (+,-);
there is no sharing of electrons.
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Ionic Bonds
Ionic Bonds
17+
11+
Sodium
Chlorine
17+
11+
Sodium Ion (+1)
Na now has 11p+ and
10e-. It now carries a
charge of +1.
Ionic Bonding: How it Works
Chloride Ion (-1)
Cl now has 17p+ and
18e-. It now carries a
charge of -1
Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds:
i) Metal + Non Metal
ii) Ions Form (via electron transfer)
•
•
iii) Opposites attract
Name the cation
Name the anion
2 Questions:
Why don’t we need any prefixes?
How do you name a cation or an anion?
Naming Cations
• Cation- if the charge is always the same
(i.e. Groups 1, 2 or 13) just write the name of
the metal.
Examples:
Sodium
Aluminum
Magnesium
• Transition metals can have more than one type
of charge, so we need Roman Numeral in
parentheses to indicate the charge.
Examples:
Copper (II)
Titanium (IV)
Iron (III)
+1
Some element always form
the same old ions…
+2
+3
-3 -2 -1
2
•
•
•
•
Na +1
Al +3
Fe +2
Pb +2
Name these
Write Formulas for these
•
•
•
•
Potassium ion
Magnesium ion
Chromium (IV) ion
Mercury (II) ion
Name these
•
•
•
•
Cl-1
N-3
Br-1
S-2
Write Formulas for these
•
•
•
•
Sulfide ion
Iodide ion
Phosphide ion
Sulfide ion
And practice with predicting formulae:
SrBr2
______
Strontium Bromide
TiO2
______
Titanium (IV) Oxide
CoS
______
Cobalt (II) Sulfide
Li3N
______
Lithium Nitride
AlCl3
______
Aluminum Chloride
Naming Anions
• Non-metals are predictable; each nonmetal element can only form one anion.
• Change the element ending to – ide
• Fluorine (F) becomes Fluoride (F1-)
• Oxygen (O) becomes Oxide (O2-)
Now for practice naming the compounds:
KI
Potassium Iodide
__________________________
TiCl
Titanium (I) Chloride
__________________________
MnBr2
Manganese (II) Bromide
__________________________
Al2O3
Aluminum Oxide
__________________________
Ions are charged atoms…
…or charged groups of atoms.
Polyatomic ion: A covalently
bonded group of atoms with a net
charge.
1- Anions:
Acetate
C2H3O2 -1
Hydroxide
Nitrate
NO3-1
Permanganate MnO4-1
Nitrite
NO2-1
Cyanide
OH-1
CN-1
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More polyatomic ions
2- Anions:
SO4-2
Sulfite
SO3-2
Carbonate CO3-2
Chromate CrO4-2
Dichromate Cr2O7-2
Sulfate
3- Anions:
Phosphate PO4-3
Phosphite PO3-3
Ammonium NH4+1
Magnesium Hydroxide
__________________________
Sodium Acetate
NaC2H3O2 __________________________
CuSO4
KOH
1+ Cations:
Now for practice naming these compounds:
Mg(OH)2
Ionic Compounds containing
polyatomic ions have ionic and
covalent bonds:
Copper (II) Sulfate
__________________________
Calcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2 __________________________
K+
Ionic bond
(:O H)-
And practice with predicting these formulae:
CaCO3
______
Calcium Carbonate
NaOH
______
Sodium Hydroxide
KMnO4
______
Potassium Permanganate
Pb(NO3)2
______
Lead (II) Nitrate
MgSO3
______
Magnesium Sulfite
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