Study Guide prepared by
Catherine Bush
Barter Playwright-in-Residence
The Three Musketeers
Adapted by Catherine Bush from the novel by Alexandre Dumas
*Especially for Grades 7-12
Barter Theatre Main Stage – Fall, 2015
(NOTE: standards listed below are for reading The Three Musketeers, seeing a
performance of the play, and completing the study guide.)
Virginia SOLs
English – 7.1, 7.4, 7.5, 7.7, 7.9, 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.7, 8.9, 9.1, 9.3, 9.4, 9.6, 9.8, 10.3, 10.4, 10.6,
10.8, 11.3, 11.6, 11.8, 12.1, 12.3, 12.4, 12.6
Theatre Arts – 7.6, 7.18, 7.20, 8.5, 8.12, 8.18, 8.22, TI.10, TI.11, TI.13, TI.17, TII.6, TII.9,
TII.12, TII.15, TII.17, TIII.11, TIII.12, TIV.12, TIV.13
Tennessee/North Carolina Common Core Standards
English Language Arts – Reading Literature: 7.1, 7.3, 7.4, 7.7, 7.9, 7.10, 8.1, 8.4, 8.7, 8.10,
9-10.1, 9-10.4, 9-10.6, 9-10.10, 11-12.1, 11-12.4, 11-12.7, 11-12.10
English Language Arts – Writing: 7.1, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8.1, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9-10.1, 9-10.7, 9-10.8, 910.9, 11-12.1, 11-12.7, 11-12.8, 11-12.9
Tennessee State Standards
Theatre 6-8 – 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2
Theatre 9-12 – 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2
North Carolina Essential Standards
Theatre Arts – 7.A.1. 7.AE.1, 7.CU.1, 8.A.1, 8.AE.1, 8.CU.1, 8.CU.2, B.C.1, B.C.2, B.A.1,
B.AE.1, B.CU.1, B.CU.2, I.A.1, I.AE.1, I.CU.2, P.C.1, P.A.1, P.AE.1, A.C.2, A.A.1, A.AE.1
Setting
Various locations in France and England in the year 1628.
Characters
D’Artagnan – a young man yearning to be a musketeer
The Three Musketeers
Athos –cynical
Porthos – a vain dandy
Aramis –priest-like
Monsieur de Tréville – Captain of the King’s Musketeers
Planchet – Tréville’s servant
Cardinal Richelieu - second most powerful man in France
Rochefort – Richelieu’s spy
Milady (Lady de Winter) – Richelieu’s spy
Kitty – Milady’s servant
Louis – King of France
Anne of Austria – Louis’ wife, the Queen
Constance Bonacieux – the Queen’s maid
Monsieur Bonacieux – her father
Lord Buckingham – the English Prime Minister
Braddock – Buckingham’s butler
Mystery Woman – Athos’s wife
Abbess – the head of the Carmelite Convent
Criminal – a convicted thief
Felton – Buckingham’s assassin
The Mob
Tavern Patrons
Richelieu’s Guards
Patrons of the Golden Lily Inn
Guests at the Palace Ball
Richelieu’s Spies
Soldiers
Vocabulary Words
contrary
boorish
fleur-de-lis
henchman
coy
wanton
province
subjective
delectable
discretion
rendezvous
desist
parry
supersede
commission
prestige
fraught
sanctity
sacrilege
incessant
bludgeon
disconsolate
vogue
gist
exemplary
retribution
fanatic
presume
lackey
talisman
Synopsis
D’Artagnan, a poor but noble young man
from Gascony, leaves his home to make his
fortune in Paris. In his pocket he carries a
letter of introduction to his father’s friend,
Monsieur de Treville, captain of the King’s
Musketeers. Upon his arrival, D’Artagnan
encounters a man wearing an eyepatch who
insults him. D’Artagnan challenges this oneeyed man to a duel and is rendered
unconscious. When he wakes, he finds that
his letter of introduction has been stolen.
Undeterred, D’Artagnan makes his way to
the musketeers’ headquarters, where he finds
Monsieur de Treville chastising Athos,
Porthos, and Aramis for dueling in public the
night before. After the Three Musketeers leave, D’Artagnan introduces himself to
de Treville, who informs D’Artagnan that the one-eyed man who stole his letter of
introduction was Rochefort, one of Cardinal Richelieu’s spies. De Treville also
tells D’Artagnan that all he can offer him is a place in the King’s guards, where he
will be given the opportunity to earn his position as a musketeer. Thrilled with this
chance, D’Artagnan runs excitedly from the room and into the street, where the
Three Musketeers are walking. D’Artagnan
collides with Athos, reinjuring Athos’s wounded
shoulder. Athos is furious and challenges
D’Artagnan, but D’Artagnan refuses to fight
Athos until his shoulder is healed. D’Artagnan
then offers Athos a potion that will heal his
wound. Skeptical, Athos takes it and recovers
instantly. Grateful, he introduces D’Artagnan to
Aramis and Porthos. D’Artagnan and Athos are
about to duel when the Cardinal’s guards happen
upon them and threaten them with arrest.
D’Artagnan joins forces with the Three
Musketeers to defeat the Cardinal’s men. The
Three Musketeers immediately take D’Artagnan
into their inner circle.
Synopsis (cont.)
Upon Monsieur de Tréville’s recommendation, D’Artagnan seeks lodging in the
home of Monsieur Bonacieux. As he and Bonacieux are negotiating the lease, they
are interrupted by Monsieur Bonacieux’s daughter, Constance, who is employed as
the Queen’s linen maid. Constance is carrying a note from the Queen that she
needs delivered to No. 75 Rue de la Harpe. Because she is being followed by the
Cardinal’s spies, she asks her father to deliver it, but
he refuses. D’Artagnan volunteers for the mission.
We discover that the note is being delivered to Lord
Buckingham, England’s Prime Minister, who has
secretly journeyed to Paris in order to rendezvous
with Queen Anne, with whom he has fallen in love.
However, when Queen Anne meets with
Buckingham, she rebuffs all his advances. Though
she loves him, she will never break her vows.
Heartbroken, Buckingham agrees to return to
England. Before he leaves, Anne gives him a parting
gift: a diamond set that was given to her by her husband.
Hoping to discredit the Queen, Richelieu is dismayed to discover that Buckingham
has slipped through his fingers unharmed. But when he learns about the Queen’s
parting gift, Richelieu devises a plan; he will convince the King to throw a ball and
insist that the Queen where the diamond set. When she is unable to do so, the King
will be forced to acknowledge his wife’s unfaithfulness. To ensure his plan will
work, Richelieu employs the services of Lady de Winter, his spy in London, who
manages to steal two of the diamonds in the set while visiting Buckingham. When
Queen Anne learns about the upcoming ball, she writes a letter to Buckingham in
London requesting the return of the diamonds. Constance gives the letter to
D’Artagnan who, with the Three Musketeers in tow, starts off at once for England.
While waiting for a ship on the French coast, the four friends are ambushed at an
inn. Athos, Porthos and Aramis hold off Richelieu’s men, D’Artagnan slips away
and makes the crossing. In London, he delivers the note to Buckingham, who then
discovers that two of the diamonds are missing. He quickly orders duplicates made
and sends the restored set back to Paris with D’Artagnan. When Richelieu sees the
Queen arrive at the ball wearing the full set, he is humiliated. He starts to leave the
ball when he spies D’Artagnan and Constance in conversation. Eavesdropping, he
learns of a rendezvous they have planned for the next night. Knowing that
Constance was involved in the diamonds’ return, Richelieu plots his revenge.
Synopsis (cont.)
The next night, while waiting to meet Constance, a drunken Athos tells
D’Artagnan of the woman to whom he was once married. Out riding one day, his
young bride had an accident and was rendered unconscious. While tending to her,
Athos discovered that she had been branded with the fleur-de-lis – the sign of a
convicted murderer. Heartbroken and betrayed, Athos carried out her execution
and hanged her. At the end of the story, Athos passes out from drink, and while
Aramis and Porthos put him to bed, D’Artagnan leaves to meet Constance. He
arrives at their rendezvous only to discover that Constance has been kidnapped by
Rochefort and taken to the Bastille. D’Artagnan pledges to rescue her.
The next day, D’Artagnan learns from Monsieur de Treville that Constance has
been removed from the Bastille and taken to a new location. Determined to find
clues to her whereabouts, D’Artagnan enlists the service of Monsieur de Treville’s
servant, Planchet. Planchets lover Kitty is Lady de Winter’s maid; now that Milady
has returned to Paris, D’Artagnan is certain she is involved in Constance’s
disappearance. Donning a disguise – and with Kitty’s help – D’Artagnan slips into
Milady’s room and begins searching for clues.
When Milady discovers him, she thinks at first
he is Rochefort, with whom she has been
having an affair. She gifts D’Artagnan with a
pendent and kisses him. When she realizes that
he is not Rochefort, she attacks him with a
knife. They fight, and he tears her dress,
revealing a branded fleur-de-lis on her
shoulder. Furious at having her secret made
known, Milady attacks with renewed fury and
D’Artagnan barely escapes with his life.
Milady goes to see Richelieu and demands that he give her a carte blanche to kill
D’Artagnan. Richelieu agrees, but first Milady must return to England and arrange
the assasination of Lord Buckingham. Milady does so, then returns to the
Carmelite convent in Bethune to await further instructions. Meanwhile,
D’Artagnan, having recovered from his wounds, meets up with the Three
Musketeers and tells them what has occurred. Athos recognizes the pendent as a
family heirloom he had given his wife long ago. That, along with D’Artagnan’s
description of Milady, convinces him that his wife somehow survived the hanging
and is now their enemy. Just then Planchet arrives with the news that Constance
has been resued from prison by the Queen and is hiding in a convent near Bethune,
disguised as a nun. D’Artagnan and the Three Musketeers rush off to rescue her.
Synopsis (cont.)
But they are too late. Milady has discovered Constance’s true identity and forces
Constance to drink poison. Milady escapes just as D’Artagnan and his friends
arrive. As Constance dies in D’Artagnan’s arms, Athos vows to find Milady and
exact revenge. He tracks her to an inn on the French coast and kills her. Before he
leaves, Athos takes the carte blanche Richelieu gave to Milady an in turn gives it to
D’Artagnan. Heartbroken, D’Artagnan returns home to break the news of
Constance’s death to Monsieur Bonacieux. Upon his arrival, he discovers
Bonacieux has been killed and Rochefort waiting for him. The two men duel and
D’Artagnan slays his enemy. Cardinal Richelieu appears and orders D’Artagnan’s
arrest, but has to renig when D’Artagnan shows him the carte blanche, granting the
bearer permission to do what he has done and signed by Richelieu himself. Foiled,
Richelieu allows D’Artagnan to go free. D’Artagnan returns to the musketeers
headquarters where Monsieur de Treville makes him a full musketeer. At the
plays’s end, D’Artagnan and his three friends start off a new adventure – all for
one, and one for all!
Biography of the Author – Alexandre Dumas
Alexandre Dumas was born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie
on July 24, 1802, in Villers-Cotterêts, France. The Dumas
family name was adopted from Alexandre’s grandmother,
an enslaved Haitian woman. Alexandre’s father took the
name Dumas when he enlisted in Napoleon’s army, where
he rose to the rank of general at the age of 31, the highest
rank of any black man in a European army. After his
father’s death in 1806, Alexandre attended school for a
while before dropping out to take a job assisting a local
notary.
In 1822, Dumas moved to Paris. He began writing plays,
both comedies and dramas. He was also a prolific writer of
essays, short stories and novels, achieving widespread success with The Count of Monte
Cristo and The Three Musketeers, initially published as serials. These novels made
Dumas a household name in France and a popular author throughout much of Europe.
With the money he earned, Dumas built the Château de Monte Cristo and spent much of
his time writing and entertaining there before debt overtook him, forcing him to sell the
property. He fled to Belgium in 1851, and later to Russia, to evade creditors.
Dumas had a son, also named Alexandre, who followed in his literary footsteps. Dumas
died on December 5, 1870. He was buried in the cemetery of Villers-Cotterêts. In 2002,
his body was moved to the Panthéon in Paris, where Dumas rests among such other
French literary greats as Émile Zola, Victor Hugo and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Biography of the Playwright– Catherine Bush
Catherine Bush has been Barter Theatre’s playwright-inresidence since 2007. Her produced plays include: The
Other Side of the Mountain, The Quiltmaker, Comin’ Up A
Storm, Wooden Snowflakes, Tradin’ Paint, Where Trouble
Sleeps, Walking Across Egypt, I’ll Never Be Hungry Again
(book & lyrics), The Frankenstein Summer, unhINGEd, The
Executioner’s Sons, The Controversial Rescue of Fatty the
Pig, and Just a Kiss, which was a finalist for the 2007
Steinberg Award presented by the American Theatre Critics
Association. Plays for Young Audiences: Cry Wolf!,
Sleeping Beauty, Rapunzel, The Scarlet Letter, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The
Legend of Sleepy Hollow, All I Want for Christmas is My Two Front Teeth, My
Imaginary Pirate, The Call of the Wild, The Princess and the Pea, Aesop’s Fables, The
Red Badge of Courage. Frosty, Rudolph, Santa Claus is Coming to Town, Mother Goose:
The Musical, ‘Twas the Night Before Christmas, Jingle All the Way, and Old Turtle and
the Broken Truth.
A Brief History
Barter Theatre was founded during the Great Depression by Robert Porterfield, an enterprising young
actor. He and his fellow actors found themselves out of work and hungry in New York City. Porterfield
contrasted that to the abundance of food, but lack of live theatre, around his home region in Southwest
Virginia. He returned to Washington County with an extraordinary proposition: bartering produce from
the farms and gardens of the area to gain admission to see a play.
Barter Theatre opened its doors on June 10, 1933 proclaiming, “With vegetables you cannot sell, you can
buy a good laugh.” The price of admission was 40 cents or the equivalent in produce, the concept of
trading “ham for Hamlet” caught on quickly. At the end of the first season, the Barter Company cleared
$4.35 in cash, two barrels of jelly and enjoyed a collective weight gain of over 300 pounds.
Playwrights including Noel Coward, Tennessee Williams and Thornton Wilder accepted Virginia ham as
payment for royalties. An exception was George Bernard Shaw, a vegetarian, who bartered the rights to
his plays for spinach.
Today, Barter Theatre has a reputation as a theatre where many actors performed before going on to
achieve fame and fortune. The most recognized of these alumni include Gregory Peck, Patricia Neal,
Ernest Borgnine, Hume Cronyn, Ned Beatty, Gary Collins, Larry Linville and Frances Fisher. The list
also included James Burrows, creator of Cheers, Barry Corbin, and the late Jim Varney
Robert Porterfield passed away in 1971. His successor, Rex Partington, had been at Barter in the 1950s as
an actor and in the 1970s as stage manager. Rex returned as chief administrator from 1972 until his
retirement in 1992. In March 2006, he passed away.
Richard Rose was named the producing artistic director in October 1992. In that time, attendance has
grown from 42,000 annual patrons to more than 163,000 annual patrons. Significant capital
improvements have also been made. Including maintenance to both theatres, and in 2006, the addition of
The Barter Café at Stage II and dramatic improvements to Porterfield Square.
Barter represents three distinct venues of live theatre: Barter Theatre Main Stage, Barter Theatre Stage II
and The Barter Players. Barter Theatre, with over 500 seats, features traditional theatre in a luxurious
setting. Barter Stage II, across the street from Barter Main Stage and beyond Porterfield Square, offers
seating for 167 around a thrust stage in an intimate setting and is perfect for more adventurous
productions. The Barter Players is a talented ensemble of actors, producing plays for young audiences
throughout the year.
History is always in the making at Barter Theatre, building on legends of the past; Barter looks
forward to the challenge of growth in the future.
From the Page to the Stage!
How does a book become a stage play? Here are some of the elements that
went into Barter Theatre’s production of The Three Musketeers…
2. Director/Actors
1. Script
It all starts here. A playwright (in this case,
Catherine Bush) turns the prose of literature
into dialogue and dramatic action. This is
called “adapting”. Sound easy?
Try it yourself!
Pick a scene from your favorite story and
adapt it into a scene for the stage. Try not to
use the narrative voice – focus instead on
creating “dialogue” between the characters.
4. Costumes/Wigs
The costume designer is responsible
for creating a different look for each
character while maintaining the
overall aesthetic of the production.
Each actor’s costume must be
tailored to fit and be built to take the
wear-and-tear of 8 shows a week!
Also, in a show where the actor is
required to play more than one
character, the design must
incorporate a method to facilitate
“quick changes”. The wig designer
is responsible for designing,
building and styling the wigs that
will appear in the show. Like the
costumes, wigs are necessary to help
distinguish characters.
Try it yourself!
Design a costume/wig for the
character in your scene. Make sure
your costume includes a mechanism
to make “quick changes possible.
The director and actors begin the
rehearsal process. The director
“blocks” the play, which means he
tells the actors where to move and
stand and sit. The actors work on
learning their lines, finding their
character’s motivation and
creating the world of the play. The
length of a rehearsal process for a
Barter Theatre production ranges
from 100 – 120 hours spread out
over 4-6 weeks, depending on the
play.
3. Set Design
The set designer designs a set
that will not only serve the
aesthetic needs of the production
by creating beautiful visuals that
represent the various locations
in the story (i.e. the streets of
Paris, the ballroom in the
Louvre Palace, D’Artagnan’s
room) but also function as a safe
environment upon which the
actors will move (or be moved).
A good set design will also
allow the action to flow from
one scene to another smoothly,
5. Props
with seamless transitions.
A breakaway chair! The Cardinal’s ring!
Try it yourself!
Milady’s vial of poison! These are a few
Using the scene you adapted,
examples of the props designed and built by
design a set that will both
Barter’s props department for this
visually serve the story and
production. A prop is defined as an object
function effectively for the
used on stage by actors for use in the plot or
actors.
story line of a theatrical production.
Try it yourself!
Design and build the props you will need for
your scene.
6. Lights/Sound
Lights not only illuminate the actors and pull focus to various spots
on the stage but, together with sound, help create a mood. Lights
and sound can also, along with the set, help establish location. The
sound of horses hooves, the glow of moonlight, and voila! We are
on a dark road in France in the year 1628!
Try it yourself!
Put together a soundtrack for your scene that establishes place and
mood. Feel free to use recorded music/sound effects or perform it
live!
7. Stage Manager/Crew
The Stage Manager attends all the rehearsals and once the show goes into
production, is “in charge”, calling all the sound and light cues and
maintaining the integrity of the piece during its run. The SM is aided in
these endeavors by the Crew, the unsung heroes who work backstage
moving sets, changing wardrobe, placing props – whatever is necessary for
the show to go on!
Word Search
Find the following words in the puzzle below:
D’Artagnan, Athos, Richelieu, en garde, Aramis, Porthos, sword,
fleur-de-lis, Paris, duel, Three Musketeers, Planchet, diamond set,
Lady de Winter, Rochefort, Lord Buckingham, King Louis, Bastille,
Constance, Queen Anne, Alexandre Dumas, Barter Theatre, Felton
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True and False
Write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False.
1. ____ Monsieur de Treville is the captain of the King’s Musketeers.
2. ____ The headquarters of the King’s Musketeers was at No. 75 Rue de la Harpe.
3. ____ D’Artagnan came to Paris hoping to join the King’s Guards.
4. ____ The Three Musketeers are Athos, Porthos and Aramis.
5. ____ Milady (Lady de Winter) was once married to Athos.
6. ____ Monsieur Bonacieux is Rochefort’s landlord.
7. ____ Rochefort is a spy for Cardinal Richelieu.
8. ____ Porthos fall is in love with Constance Bonacieux.
9. ____ Aramis hopes to someday leave the musketeers and become a priest.
10. ____ The Three Musketeers was written by Alexandre Dumas.
11. ____ Kitty gets into a fight with D’Artagnan and stabs him.
12. ____ Constance Bonacieux is sent to England to assassinate Lord Buckingham.
13. ____ Lady de Winter is branded with the fleur-de-lis.
14. ____ Cardinal Richelieu gives Milady written permission to do as she wishes.
15. ____ At the end of the story, D’Artagnan is finally made a musketeer.
Matching
Match the person in the 1st column with the corresponding description in the 2nd.
1. D’Artagnan
2. Buckingham
3. Rochefort
4. Aramis
5. Milady
6. Porthos
7. Constance
8. Richelieu
9.. Athos
a. branded with the fleur-de-lis
b. the Queen’s linen maid
c. the Cardinal of France
d. Prime Minister of England
e. married to Milady
f. wants to be a priest
g. a native of the province of Gascony
h. a bit of a dandy
i. Richelieu’s henchman
Questions/Activities
1. Read The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas then attend a
performance of Barter’s production. How are they similar? How are they
different?
Write a paper that compares and contrasts
the book with Barter’s production!
2. In this story, Milady has been branded with a
fleur-de-lis, marking her as a criminal. Using the
internet, research the historical significance of
the fleur-de-lis. What did it symbolize
originally? How has the meaning changed over
the years? What does it symbolize now? Present
your findings to the class.
3. D’Artagnan is a native of
Gascony, a province in
France. Using the internet,
research the history and
culture of Gascony. Where
is it located? What language
(dialect) is spoken there?
What is the basis for its
economy? What sort of
architecture exists? How has
Gascony changed from the
1620’s when D’Artagnan lived there? Present your findings to the
class.
“All for one and one for all!”
4. Although The Three Musketeers is a work of fiction, five of the major
characters actually existed and played a major role in French history:
King Louis XIII, Anne of Austria (his Queen), Cardinal Richelieu, Lord
Buckingham, and Monsieur de Treville.
King Louis XIII
Anne of Austria
The Duke of Buckingham
Cardinal Richelieu
Monsieur de Treville
Pick one of these characters and research their lives. How do they
compare to their characters as portrayed by Alexandre Dumas? How do
their relationships to each other compare? How does knowledge of the
history surrounding this time period make the play more accessible?
Discuss how the various subjects studied in school often overlap.
5. Using pictures from magazines or
newspapers, construct a collage
representing one of the characters from
The Three Musketeers. Display the
collages around the room and see if the
other students are able to match the
collage to the character.
Write it!
Select your favorite character from the play, pick an important
day in their life that influences this play then write a journal entry
about that day as that character. For example, you might pick the
character of Milady and write about the day you stole the
diamonds from Buckingham, or you might pick the character of
Constance and write about the day you met D’Artagnan. Be as
specific as possible and write as that character would.
Write a critique of Barter Theatre’s production of The Three
Musketeers. Be sure to include what you liked, didn’t like
and what you would have done differently.
6. Where is the city of Calais located in
France? How far away is it from Paris?
Using the Internet, plot a course
from Calais to Paris and research the
various modes of transportation one
would use to get there (assume you
don’t have a car). How does this
compare to the transportation options
available to the Three Musketeers in
1628? Discuss.
Comedy vs. Tragedy
comedy: a dramatic work that is light and often humorous or
satirical in tone and that usually contains a happy resolution of
the thematic conflict.
tragedy: A drama or literary work in which the main character
is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a
consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to
cope with unfavorable circumstances.
Given these definitions, would you categorize The Three
Musketeers as a comedy or a tragedy? Cite three samples from
the play to support your position. Does a character’s point-ofview influence your findings? Discuss.
En Garde!
The Three Musketeers is famous for the amount of
swordplay used in telling the story. The actors in Barter’s
Resident Company underwent 40 hours of fight training with
Fight Director Rod Kinter in preparation for this show.
In doing so, they were taught fight terminology that
corresponded with some basic moves. Look up some of the
following terms to see what they mean:
advance
attack
en garde feint
engagement
guard
parry
lunge point in line
recover
riposte
Next, look up the following types of weapons – how are
they different?
sword
foil
rapier
epee
dagger
broadsword
cutlass
Extra Credit - PERSUADE ME!
As Milady de Winter, write a paper persuading
Athos to spare your life.
Suggested Further Reading
Other books by Alexandre Dumas:
Twenty Years After
The Man in the Iron Mask
The Count of Monte Cristo
Marguerite de Valois
La Reine Margot
Books written about Alexandre Dumas
The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real
Count of Monte Cristo by Tom Reiss
Alexandre Dumas: The King of Romance by F. W. J. Hemmings
Alexandre Dumas: Genius of Life by Claude Schopp and J. Koch