Citing legal documents
Whether writing an essay, case comment or dissertation, you must always make reference to (‘cite’) every
source of information you use. Cardiff Law School requires you to use the Oxford Standard for Citation of
Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) when formatting your citations. OSCOLA is detailed in full at
http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/publications/oscola.php. An interactive guide is available for CLAWS students on
Learning Central and at https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/oscola/tutorial.
Footnotes
Whenever you paraphrase or quote a source or
use the ideas of another person, you need to cite.
Insert a footnote marker after the full stop at the
end of the sentence or after the word or phrase to
which it relates.
At the bottom of the page, insert the footnote
number and give the full citation.
Number your footnotes continuously through your
document, starting at 1.
In Word 2007, you can create a footnote from the
References tab. In the Footnotes group click on
Insert Footnote.
The decision in Mullin v Richards1 followed the Australian case
of McHale v Watson2 and confirmed in English law the test of
the standard of care required of child defendants.3
Books
M Lunney and K Oliphant, Tort Law: Text and
Materials (4th edn, OUP 2010) 37.
The edition should be included only where the
book is in its second edition or beyond. If citing
information from a specific page, add the page
number directly after the reference, as shown
above.
Where there are more than three authors, note
the first author followed by 'and others'.
Use commas only to prevent words running
together, for example between multiple authors.
Chapter in an edited book
At the bottom of the page, give a full reference to
the documents cited:
1. Mullin v Richards [1998] 1 WLR 1304 (CA).
2. McHale v Watson (1966) 115 CLR 199.
3. D Wenham, ‘Negligent Children’ [1998] (4) Web JCLI.
If you need to cite a particular work more than
once, you can refer back to a previous footnote.
To identify where in the text you found the
information, you can add a page number (or
paragraph number in square brackets) to the
citation:
7. Mullin (n 1) 1308.
Avoid Latin terms such as op cit, supra and et al.
PA Thomas and A Rees, 'Law Students - Getting In
and Getting On' in PA Thomas (ed), Discriminating
Lawyers (Cavendish 2000).
You do not need to give the pages of the chapter.
You only need to note the page number if you are
citing information from a specific page or pages.
Journal articles
J Young, 'The Constitutional Limits of Judicial
Activism: Judicial Conduct of International
Relations and Child Abduction' (2003) 66 MLR
823.
Only note the first page of the article. Where
citing or quoting a particular piece of information,
add a comma after the first page of the article and
note the page where the information is to be
found, for example (2003) 66 MLR 823, 826.
Give the publication date in square brackets if the
date is needed to identify the correct volume, for
example [1995] PL 599. Usually you will use
round brackets, as most journals number their
volumes consecutively.
Case Law
Use italics when referring to the name of the case.
Only include the issue number if every issue of
the journal starts at page 1. If this is the case write
the issue number in brackets next to the volume
number e.g. 23(2).
Articles from e-journals
Where a neutral citation is available, add it
immediately after the names of the parties and
before the law report citation (if there is one).
There is no need to note the court as this is
indicated by the neutral citation.
If the journal article is also available in paper
format, you can cite it as you would a print journal
article.
For journals that are only published electronically,
you will need to add the website address and the
most recent date of access, in the same format as
for web pages, as noted below.
Websites
Legislation
To cite information from a website that is in a form
not covered by other guidance in OSCOLA, use
the following format:
Children and Adoption Act 2006, s 9.
R Moorhead, ‘Solicitors First’ (Lawyer Watch, 25
March 2011)
<http://lawyerwatch.wordpress.com/2011/03/25/so
licitors-first> accessed 13 April 2011.
Where an Act is cited in full, as above, in the text
of your work, you do not need to create a
footnote.
Quotations
If no personal author is identifiable, insert the
organisation responsible for the web page
instead. If no person or organisation can be
identified as being responsible for the website,
begin your citation with the title of the web page.
If you are quoting no more than three lines of text,
mark your quote with single quotation marks. For
longer quotes, create a separate paragraph,
indented both to the left and right. Do not use
quotation marks. In either case, you must add a
citation in a footnote.
Government Publications
You do not need to include publisher information.
For further information or assistance contact the
Law Library
Law Commission, Evidence of Bad Character in
Criminal Proceedings (Law Com No 273, 2001)
para 2.89.
Tel: 029 2087 4971
Email: LawLiby@Cardiff.ac.uk
LAW-023-Q-3 / July 2011 / LG
Also available in alternative formats