Napoleon Bonaparte
 Rise of Napoleon
 24 years old is made a general by the Committee of Public Safety
 At 26, he becomes commander of French armies in Italy
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Gains fame for victories in Italy
 France wants him to invade Britain
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He knows that invasion will fail, so he invades Egypt instead
Invasion of Egypt also fails
 Consul and Emperor
 1799 Napoleon takes part in coup d’état that overthrows the Directory.
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A consulate government is set up
 Napoleon is named the first consul
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3 years later he gets named consul for life
 1804, Napoleon is crowned Emperor
 Peace with the Church
 Napoleon knows it’s good to mend relationship with the Church
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Makes deal with the pope
Catholicism is recognized as the religion of the majority of France
In return, the pope will not ask for the return of seized Church lands from the Revolution
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Catholic Church is no longer an enemy of the State
People who seized lands now support the government.
 Codification of the Law
 Institutes Napoleonic (Civil) Code – unifies all the laws of France
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the equality of citizens before the law
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the right to choose your own profession
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religious toleration
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abolition of serfdom + feudal obligations
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women less equal than men
 A New Bureaucracy
 public officials + military officers promoted on ability
 Aristocracy (noble class) based on meritorious service to nation
 Preserver of the Revolution
 Liberty taken away
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newspapers shut down
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banned books
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government controlled publishing
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Mail confiscated + opened by police