ANATOMY I LAB
PRACTICAL II
REVIEW
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 1 of 26)
SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY
Define Tendon and Aponeurosis
Epimysium
1
3
Perimysium
Endomysium
5
Muscle
6 Fiber
Muscle
2
Fascicle
4
Tendon: Connective tissue
attaching muscles to bones
Aponeurosis: Broad, sheet-like
tendon
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 2 of 26)
MUSCULAR SYSTEM TERMS
What are
agonists?
Define:
• Flexion
• Movement towards the body
Muscles that
work together
• Extension
• Movement away from the body
• Abduction
• Movement away from the midline
• Adduction
What are
antagonists?
• Movement towards the midline
• Pronation
• To turn the hand so the palm faces downward
• Supination
• To turn the hand so the palm faces upward
• Dorsiflexion
• To tilt the foot upward (dorsally)
• Plantar Flexion
Muscles that
work against
each other
What are
synergists?
Muscles that
stabilize joints
• To tilt the foot downward
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 3 of 26)
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Temporalis
1
Orbicularis
2 Oculi
Masseter
3
4 Oris
Orbicularis
Sternocleidomastoid
5
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 4 of 26)
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
(SUPERFICIAL)
2
Trapezius
7
Deltoid
Pectoralis Major
1
Transversus4 Abdominis
Internal Oblique
3
Rectus6 Abdominis
External Oblique
5
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 5 of 26)
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK (DEEP)
Pectoralis
Minor
1
Intercostals2
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 6 of 26)
MUSCLES OF THE BACK
Latissimus
Dorsi
1
Trapezius
2
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 7 of 26)
MUSCLES OF THE ARM
Know Origin
and Insertion
of these
Biceps1Brachii
Triceps2Brachii
3
Brachialis
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 8 of 26)
MUSCLES OF THE ARM
Extensor
1 Carpi
Radialis Longus
Extensor
2
Digitorum
Flexor3Carpi
Radialis
Flexor Digitorum
4
Superficialis
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 9 of 26)
MUSCLES OF THE HIP AND THIGH
Gluteus7Medius
Gluteus 8
Maximus
1
Vastus
Intermedius
Gracilis
2
Biceps 9
Femoris
Sartorius
3
Vastus Lateralis
4
Rectus Femoris
5
Vastus Medialis
6
Semimembranosus
10
11
Semitendinosus
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 10 of 26)
MUSCLES OF THE HIP AND THIGH
Illiopsoas
1
Pectineus
2
Tensor 3Fasciae
Latae
Adductor
4
Longus
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 11 of 26)
MUSCLES OF THE
LOWER LEG
Know Origin
and Insertion
of these
Tibialis 1
Anterior
Gastrocnemius
3
Extensor
2
Digitorum Longus
Flexor Digitorum
4
Longus
Achilles5Tendon
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 12 of 26)
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY TERMS
• Motor Unit
• A Nerve, the muscle cells it innervates, and the synapse
between them
• Threshold Stimulus
• The amount of a stimulus required to force a muscle cell to
contract
• Muscle Twitch
• A single, short-lived contraction of a skeletal muscle cell
• Temporal or Wave Summation
• An increase in stimulation frequency which leads to an
increase in overall contraction force
• Tetanus
• Extreme level of stimulation in which the muscle cell has no
time to relax
• Spatial Summation
• Multiple muscle cells are stimulated at once, causing more
contractile force to be exerted
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 13 of 26)
REFLEX ARC
Sensory 1Afferent
Neuron
2
Interneuron
Motor3Efferent
Neuron
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 14 of 26)
NEURON ANATOMY TERMS
• Unipolar Neuron
• A neuron with only one projection, usually sensory afferent
• Bipolar Neuron
• A neuron with two projections, a dendrite and an axon, usually found in special sense organs
• Multipolar Neuron
• A neuron with several projections, multiple dendrites and one axon, most neurons in CNS and
PNS
• Sensory Afferent
• Carries information from the PNS to the CNS
• Interneuron
• Only in the CNS, connection between two neurons, i.e. sensory afferent and motor efferent are
connected by an interneuron
• Motor Efferent
• Connects CNS to PNS
• Nucleus
• A group of cell bodies in the CNS
• Ganglion
• A group of cell bodies in the PNS
• Tract
• A bundle of axons in the CNS
• Nerve
• A bundle of axons in the PNS
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 15 of 26)
NEURON ANATOMY
2
Dendrites
Node of5 Ranvier
Axon
1
Cell3 Body
Myelin6Sheath
Nucleus
4
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 16 of 26)
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS
What is a motor unit?
A nerve and all the muscle cells
it innervates.
Axon Terminal
1
Synaptic2 Cleft
Synaptic3 Vesicles
What are the three
layers of a nerve from
outermost to
innermost?
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 17 of 26)
SPINAL CORD ANATOMY
What are the three meninges from superficial to deep?
Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater
Conus
1
Medullaris
Cauda2Equina
Filum Terminale
3
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 18 of 26)
SPINAL CORD ANATOMY
Posterior
1
Dorsal Root
Ganglion
Dorsal 2Horns
3 Root
Dorsal
4 Canal
Central
5 Horns
Ventral
Anterior
Ventral
6 Root
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 19 of 26)
THE BRAIN
3
Gyrus
2
Central Sulcus
1 Lobe
Frontal
Sulcus
4
Parietal
5 Lobe
Temporal
6 Lobe
7 Lobe
Occipital
Cerebrum
8
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 20 of 26)
THE BRAIN
Olfactory
1 Bulbs
1 Tracts
Olfactory
3
Optic Nerve
4
Optic Chiasm
Pituitary5Gland
6
Pons
Medulla
7
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 21 of 26)
THE BRAIN
1
Thalamus
Grey Matter
5
6
Corpus Callosum
Pineal 2Gland
Superior
3 and
Inferior Colliculi
White Matter
7
8
Hypothalamus
Arbor
4 Vitae
Mammilary
9 Body
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 22 of 26)
CRANIAL NERVES
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 23 of 26)
THE EYE
What is the blind
spot?
Where the optic
nerve meets the eye
What are the
aqueous and vitreous
humors?
Aqueous Humor:
Fluid between the
cornea and lens
Vitreous Humor: fluid
behind the lens
6
7
8
5
9
4
3
10
2
1
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 24 of 26)
THE EAR
What bone is
attached to the oval
window?
1
3
2
4
5
Stapes
6
7
8
The semicircular
canals are part of
what?
Vestibule
9
10
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 25 of 26)
Questions
Prepared by
K. Martin (Peer Tutor) & D. Leonard (Learning Specialist)
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College
http://www.daytonastate.edu/asc/ascsciencehandouts.html
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 64, Page 26 of 26)