JOINTS & MUSCLES
REVIEW FOR ANATOMY I
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 1 of 42)
PowerPoint Created by Eddie Hoppe
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 2 of 42)
Joints
Already Covered in Test #2
1.
Bony Joints
2.
3.
4.
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 3 of 42)
Joints
Already Covered in Test #2
1.
Bony Joints
2.
Fibrous Joints
3.
4.
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 4 of 42)
Joints
1.
2.
Bony Joints
Fibrous Joints
3.
Cartilaginous
joints
4.
Synovial Joints
Synchondrosis
-Syn = together
- chondro = cartilage
- arthro = joint
Synchondrosis: two bones joined by hyaline cartilage
Symphysis: two bones jointed together by
Fibrocartilage (a strong cartilage)
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 5 of 42)
Joints
1.
2.
3.
Bony Joints
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
4.
Synovial Joints
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 6 of 42)
Fibrous Joint:
1.
Suture
Cartilaginous
2. Joint:
Symphysis (fibrocartilage)
Fibrous Joint:
3.
Syndesmoses
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Cartilaginous Joint:
1.
Synchondrosis (Hyaline)
Fibrous Joint:
Gomphoses
2.
(periodontal ligaments)
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 8 of 42)
Pivot Joint:
1.
Monoaxial
Saddle
2.Joint:
Biaxial
Gliding Joint:
3.
Nonaxial
Allows pronation
and supination
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 9 of 42)
Hinge Joint:
1.
Monoaxial
Ball-and-Socket:
2.
Multiaxial
Hinge Joint:
3.
Monoaxial
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 10 of 42)
Condyloid:
1.
Biaxial
Saddle Joint:
2.
Biaxial
Gliding Joint:
3.
Nonaxial
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 11 of 42)
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 12 of 42)
Which Collateral
Ligament?
Ulnar (medial)
collateral
1.
ligament
Which Collateral
Ligament?
Radial (lateral)
collateral
2.
ligament
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 13 of 42)
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 14 of 42)
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 15 of 42)
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 16 of 42)
Gross Anatomy
of the Muscular
System
Click on a region for
a direct link 
I. Facial
II. Neck
III. Thorax
IV. Shoulder
V. Abdomen
VI. Back
VII. Arm
- Origins and insertions
VIII. Forearm
IX. Hip
X. Thigh
XI. Leg
- Origins and insertions
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Back
1.
3.
2.
4.
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Back
1.
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Back
2.
3. Deltoid
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Back
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.
7.
8.
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Back
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Back
Anterior View
Anterior View
1.
4.
2.
3.
Biceps Brachii:
O: Scapula
5.
I: Radius
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Back
Posterior View
Anterior View
4.
1.
Brachialis:
O: Humerus
2.
I: Ulna
5.
Triceps Brachii:
O: Scapula & humerus
3.
I: Ulna
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Back
1.
3.
2.
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Back
1.
2.
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 26 of 42)
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 27 of 42)
Back
7.
8.
9.
1.
2.
3.
10.
4. & 5.
6.
11.
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 28 of 42)
Back
3.
2.
1.
Extensor Digitorum Longus:
O: Tibia & Fibula
4.
I: Phalanges
Tibialis Anterior:
O: Tibia
5. 1
I: Metatarsal
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 29 of 42)
Back
1.
2.
Flexor Digitorum Longus:
O: Tibia
3.
I: Phalanges
Gastrocnemius:
O: Femur
4.
I: Calcaneus
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 30 of 42)
3.
1.
2.
4.
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 31 of 42)
Sartorius
4.
Gracilis
1.
Vastus2.Medialis
Rectus Femoris
5.
Vastus Lateralis
6.
Tibialis3.
Anterior
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Extensor Digitorum
1.
Longus
Tibialis Anterior
2.
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 33 of 42)
Gastrocnemius
1.
Semimembranosus
2.
Biceps 3.
Femoris
Gluteus 4.
Maximus
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 34 of 42)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Muscle
Muscle Fascicle
Muscle Fiber
Myofibril
Sarcomere
Myofiliments
- Myosin
- Actin  tropomyosin, troponin
- Titin
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 35 of 42)
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 36 of 42)
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 37 of 42)
Steps for Muscle
Contraction and
relaxation
1. Nerve Impulse reaches neuromuscular junction
and causes an influx of calcium (voltage gated
calcium channels) which then triggers exocytosis of
ACh
2.ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft  binds to
receptors, allows ions to flow down their
concentration gradient which triggers an action
potential across the sarcolemma
3. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh in the
synaptic cleft  closing the (ligand gated ion
channels) which stop ions from flowing
4.An action potential is triggered by influx and efflux
of ions in the neuromuscular junction and travels
along sarcolemma, down the T-Tubules, to the
sarcoplasmic reticulum. The action potential opens
calcium channels (voltage gated calcium channels)
5. Calcium ions bind to troponin  troponin changes
shape  tropomyosin shifts so its no longer covering
the binding sites for myosin. Myosin binds to actin.
6. Contraction occurs due to power stroke of myosin
(ATP  ADP, which causes movement)
7. Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic
reticulum
8. Muscle relaxes due to tropomyosin shifting back
to its original position and blocking the binding site
on actin where myosin heads bind
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 38 of 42)
1.
2.
Motor Unit
Threshold Stimulus
3.
5.
Twitch
Temporal (or wave)
summation
Tetanus
6.
Spatial Summation
4.
• A motor unit is composed of a collection of motor neuron
running through a nerve(collection of axons running
together in the peripheral nervous system) and the
skeletal muscle fibers(cells) it innervates.
• Threshold Stimulus is how much stimulus is required to
make a muscle contract
• Spatial Summation is when multiple muscle cells are
stimulated at once, causing more contractile
force to be exerted
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 39 of 42)
Frequency of Stimulation increases
1.
2.
3.
Motor Unit
Threshold Stimulus
Twitch
4.
Temporal (or wave)
summation
5.
Tetanus
Spatial Summation
6.
• A muscle twitch is caused by a single signal from a motor
neuron which causes a single short lived contraction of a
skeletal muscle fiber(cell)
• Wave or Temporal Summation is caused by an increase in
stimulation which increases the overall contraction force
• Tetanus is a high frequency stimulation which does not
allow the muscle to relax.
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 40 of 42)
Match the Terms
with their
definitions
1.
Motor Unit
A. Extreme level of stimulation in which the muscle
cell has no time to relax
2.
Threshold Stimulus
B. A single, short lived, contraction of a skeletal muscle cell
3.
Twitch
4.
Temporal (or wave)
C. A motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers(cells)
it innervates.
summation
D. Multiple muscle cells are stimulated at once,
causing more contractile force to be exerted
5.
Tetanus
E. An increase in stimulation frequency which leads
to an increase in overall contraction force
6.
Spatial Summation
F. The amount of stimuli to force a muscle to contract
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 41 of 42)
Questions
Prepared by
Eddie Hoppe (SI Leader)
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College
http://www.daytonastate.edu/asc/ascsciencehandouts.html
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College ( Science 72, Page 42 of 42)