Ohio Department of Transportation
John R. Kasich, Governor
Jerry Wray, Director
Office of CADD & Mapping
Past, Present, and Future: Evolution of Technology for
CADD, Mapping, Surveying, and GIS
OTEC -
October 22, 2013
History and Evolution of Mapping
First “Aerial” Photo
What many believe to be the first oblique
aerial image was taken from the top of a high
building in Paris in 1839
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History and Evolution of Mapping
The first photograph taken from an
actual aircraft was taken in In 1858.
Gaspard Felix Tournachon (later known
as "Nadar") captured the first recorded
aerial photograph from a balloon
tethered over the Bievre Valley in
France. However, the results of his
initial work were apparently destroyed.
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History and Evolution of Mapping
On October 13, 1860, James Wallace
Black, accompanied by Professor Sam
King, ascended to an altitude of 1200 feet in
King's balloon and photographed portions of
the city of Boston. A cable held the balloon
in place. Black, the photographer, made
eight exposures of which only one resulted
in a reasonable picture. This is the oldest
known aerial photograph in existence.
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History and Evolution of Mapping
M. Arthur Batut took the first aerial
photographs using a kite. It was
taken over Labruguiere, France in
the late 1888. The camera was
attached directly to a kite and had
an altimeter that encoded the
exposure altitude on the film
allowing scaling of the image. A slow
burning fuse, responding to a rubber
band-driven device, actuated the
shutter within a few minutes after
the kite was launched. A small flag
dropped once the shutter was
released to indicate that it was time
to bring down the kite.
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History and Evolution of Mapping
In 1903, Julius Neubranner, photography
enthusiast, designed and patented a
breast-mounted aerial camera for carrier
pigeons. Weighing only 70 grams the
camera took automatic exposures at 30second intervals along the flight line flown
by a pigeon. Although faster than balloons
they were not always reliable in following
their flight paths. The birds were introduced
at the 1909 Dresden International
Photographic Exhibition. The pigeons were
later used by the military for surveillance
during WWI.
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History and Evolution of Mapping
Not surprisingly, a lot of the
advancements in aerial photography
and mapping were driven by the
military. During World War I the
advantages of aerial photography
became extremely evident.
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History and Evolution of Mapping
And by World War II, aerial
photography and mapping were a
major part of the military’s intelligence
program. Without aerial photography,
the outcome of the war may have been
very different.
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Mapping at ODOT
In 1946 the Ohio
Department of Highways
obtained from the Air
Force a Beech AT-11
bombing trainer airplane,
several Fairchild aerial
cameras, and various
photogrammetric and
photo lab equipment. By
the end of 1946 the
photogrammetric unit was
fully equipped.
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Mapping at ODOT
The Department became one of the
leaders in aerial mapping and
photogrammetry investing in the
newest technologies and gaining
expertise and notoriety.
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Mapping at ODOT
In 1957 the department
began integrating computer
technology into its
operations gaining
nationwide attention. The
results were published in the
March 14, 1957 Engineering
News Record.
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Mapping at ODOT
The Ohio Department of
Transportation became the first
DOT in the United States to employ
a computer controlled analytical
stereo plotter, the OMI AP/C.
Manufactured by OMI Nistri in Italy
and equipped with a Bendix
computer, this instrument was way
ahead of its time. It became the
photogrammetric bureau's flagship
for more than 20 years!
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Mapping at ODOT
In 1965, NASA traveled to
Columbus to ask for help with
a mapping project. Using
ODOT’s expertise and the
AP/C analytical stereo plotter,
the Moon’s surface was
mapped from photographs
collected by the Ranger
missions
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Mapping at ODOT
Not only was ODOT on the cutting edge of technology
from an aerial mapping standpoint, but also on the
land.
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Mapping at ODOT
ODOT has also been a leader in GPS technology
purchasing their first GPS units in 1989 for the survey
crews. In 1995, ODOT was asked by the National
Geodetic Survey to assist in the establishment of the
High Accuracy Reference Network (HARN).
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Mapping at ODOT
ODOT also established an aerial
calibration range used by several
governmental agencies, universities and
private entities to calibrate their cameras.
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Current & Emerging Technology
In July of 2000, ODOT began
building its first Continuously
Operating Reference Station
(CORS) in Sidney, Ohio. This
station was up and operational by
December of 2000 providing a
continuous stream of GPS data.
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Current & Emerging Technology
ODOT continued to expand the
CORS network and added more
monuments throughout Ohio. To
create a more robust network and
help control costs after the initial
monuments were built, ODOT
began mounting stations to
buildings throughout the state to fill
in areas where coverage was
sparse. These stations are known
as “CORS Lites”.
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Current & Emerging Technology
ODOT has expanded the CORS
network to include 54 stations
throughout Ohio. There are also
plans to share data with adjoining
states to create an overlap of
coverage. This agreement is
currently in the works and will
hopefully be in place by the middle
of 2014.
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Current & Emerging Technology
Using the CORS network as the
framework, ODOT began
developing a system that would
provide Real Time Kinematic
GPS positioning to users by
allowing them to log in using a
modem and receive correctors
from the CORS stations
eliminating a need for a separate
base station and radio.
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Current & Emerging Technology
ODOT chose Trimble’s Virtual Reference Station (VRS) as
their solution and by 2007, the system was fully
functional. The system is used for several different
applications such as surveying, engineering,
construction, environmental, GIS, and farming.
Farmers have become one of our largest users.
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Current & Emerging Technology
ODOT began using LiDAR technology in 2005 and was the first DOT to
use LiDAR derived data for design in the US. The use of LiDAR
information help increase productivity and speed up design of projects.
ODOT was also able to rewrite mapping standards to replace standards
that were over 20 years old. ODOT’s use of LiDAR has set industry
standards.
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Current & Emerging Technology
The Office of CADD & Mapping uses 3-D Terrestrial
Scanning for a variety of projects. 3-D scanning has
proven valuable for monitoring rock falls and slips,
bridges and tunnels.
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Current & Emerging Technology
ODOT recently completed it’s first design level mobile
mapping project on the I-75/Stanley Avenue Bridge in
Dayton, Ohio. Surveyors from the Office of CADD &
Mapping provided control on the project and worked
with a consultant to complete the mapping.
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Current & Emerging Technology
There has been lot of discussion about Unmanned Aircraft Systems
(UAS) over the past couple of years. The UAS industry is quickly growing
and developing tools to perform many functions currently too dangerous
or expensive for manned aircraft to perform. Manned aircraft currently
have an advantage on many projects due to their ability to carry a heavier
payload and multiple sensors, however, as technology advances and
sensors become smaller, the UAS is becoming a more attractive tool.
The Future of Manned Aircraft
Manned platforms are more cost effective and capable for larger projects of
increased duration, such as capture of long pipelines, electrical transmission
lines or damage assessments of hurricanes, winter storms and wildfires.
Due to restrictions on UAVs, the manned platform will be a mainstay for a long
time. One thing that has changed with the manned platform is the ability to fly
multiple sensors at once, such as digital orthos and LiDAR. For projects that are
extensive in area or length, manned platforms hold the advantage.
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Current & Emerging Technology
UAS’s come in many shapes, sizes and configurations.
From large jets to tiny multi-rotor aircraft and
everything in between.
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Current & Emerging Technology
The Office of CADD & Mapping is currently working
with Technical Services to integrate all of the aerial
digital images and old historic mapping into the TIMS
system.
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Current & Emerging Technology
Mast Systems
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Current & Emerging Technology
3-D Modeling and Printing
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Current & Emerging Technology
3-D Printing
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Future Technologies?
Future of Mapping?
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Office of CADD & Mapping
Rachel Lewis, P.E.
Administrator
(614) 351-2892
Tony Williams, P.S.
Survey & Engineering GIS Manager
(614) 351-5504
Jana Edmunds
Mapping Manager
(614) 275-1365
Mark McCloud
CADD Manager
(614) 387-0710
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