Development Practice
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
I. The prenatal period refers to
a. the period from conception to implantation
b. the nine months before birth
c. the period oftime immediately after birth
d. the time period before conception takes place
2. The first phase of prenatal development is the
a. embryonic stage
b. germinal stage
c. fetal stage
d. postnatal stage
3. Omar's wife conceived a baby seven days ago, and does not yet know she is pregnant. His wife's pregnancy is
currently in the
a. germinal stage
b. embryonic stage
c. fetal stage
d. placental stage
4. The
is the structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass from the mother to the fetus.
a. zygote
b. amnion
c. uterus
d. placenta
5. A
implants itseifinto the uterine wall and becomes a(n)
_
a. fetus; zygote
b. sperm; egg
c. zygote; embryo
d. embryo; fetus
6. The embryonic stage of prenatal development refers to
a. the formation of a zygote
b. the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall
c. the second through eighth weeks of prenatal development
d. the last seven months of the pregnancy
7. During which stage of development do the heart, spine, and brain emerge?
a. post-natal
b. placental
c. fetal
d. embryonic
8. The stage of prenatal development during which most miscarriages are likely to occur is the
a. zygotic stage
b. germirtal stage
c. fetalstage
d. emoryonic stage
I
9. Chelsey is pregnant and she is concerned about taking an over-the-counter medication for her allergies. She
should be most concerned if her pregnancy is currently at the
a. placental stage
b. germinal stage
c. fetal stage
d. embryonic stage
The third stage of prenatal development, which lasts from two months through birth, is referred to as the
a. postgerminal stage
b. embryonic stage
c. fetal stage
d. postnatal stage
The developing organism becomes capable of physical movement during the
a. germinal stage
b. fetal stage
c. embryonic stage
d. postnatal stage
The longest stage of prenatal development is the
a. fetal stage
b. embryonic stage
c. germinal stage
d. zygotic stage
Premature babies who survive were typically born during the
a. germinal stage
b. embryonic stage
c. fetal stage
d. postnatal stage
The age of viability, referring to the age at which the fetus
, is reached
_
a. can first respond to stimulation; at about 9 weeks
b. can survive if born prematurely; between 22 and 26 weeks
c. first has a heartbeat; at about 16 weeks
d. experiences no further cell division in the brain; between 36 and 38 weeks
If a baby is born with a small head, heart defects, and retarded mental and motor development, the mother is
most likely to have
a. had smallpox early in her pregnancy
b. been an alcoholic
c. continued to work during pregnancy
d. smoked during pregnancy
The full-blown fetal alcohol syndrome is produced by
a. heavy drinking during the first three months of pregnancy
b. heavy drinking during the [mal three months of pregnancy
c. one drunken binge at any time during pregnancy
d. heavy drinking throughout pregnancy
Which of the following statements is true?
a. As long as the pregnant woman isn't physiologically addicted to alcohol, it doesn't matter
how much she drinks.
b. Three drinks per day can be considered a safe level of alcohol consumption for most
pregnant women.
c. Even normal social drinking by the expectant mother may be harmful to the fetus.
d. Alcohol consumption by the mother poses almost no risk to the developing fetus in the last
three months of the pregnancy.
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18. Camille drank heavily during the first eight weeks of her pregnancy, but since that time she has abstained
from all alcohol. It is most likely that Camille's baby will
a. be unaffected by her drinking, because it occurred so early in the pregnancy
b. have noticeable physical deformities, and an increased risk of mental retardation
c. have noticeable physical deformities, but no risk of mental retardation
d. have no physical deformities, but will have an increased risk of mental retardation
19. The cephalocaudal trend in physical development suggests that infants will be able to control their
a. hips and legs before they can control their shoulders and arms
b. shoulders and arms before they can control their hands and fingers
c. hands and fingers before they can control their shoulders and arms
d. shoulders and arms before they can control their hips and legs
20. The proximodistal trend in the motor development of children can be described simply as a
a. center-outward direction
b. head-to-foot direction
c. outward-inward direction
d. side-to-side direction
21. According to the basic sequences of progression of motor maturation, which of the following body structures
should take the longest to come under effective control?
a. torso
b. shoulders
c. arms
d. fingers
22. With respect to maturation, it has been discovered that
a. all children go through roughly the same sequence of physical development
b. the sequence of physical development varies from culture to culture
c. the sequence of physical development varies from individual to individual
d. while sequence varies a lot, rates are fairly universal across children
23. When groups of subjects of differing age are compared at a single point in time, the study is called a
a. cross-sectional study
b. longitudinal study
c. cross-cultural study
d. sequential study
24. A researcher collects information about a group of people for 25 years in order to determine the nature of
psychological changes these persons exhibit. This type of study is classified as
research.
a. cross-sectional
b. sequential
c. longitudinal
d. cross-cultural
25. Tucker is a graduate student who is studying identity formation. He selects a group of 5-year-olds, a group of
10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds, and interviews each group, asking them what they plan to be when
they finish school. In this example, Tucker is using
a. a longitudinal research design
b. a cross-sectional research design
c. a multi-factorial research design
d. a nested condition research design
26. Jade is a graduate student who is studying the way in which selective attention develops during the
preadolescent years. She selects a group of 10-year-olds and she assesses their selective attention every six
months over a two-year period. In this example, Jade is using
a. a longitudinal research design
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b. a cross-sectional research design
c. a multi-factorial research design
d. a nested condition research design
Research suggests that a child's "temperamental individuality" is well established around
a. two to three months of age
b. six to seven months of age
c. one year of age
d. two years of age
An infant who actively resists change, who fails to develop a regular sleeping and eating schedule, and who is
generally irritable and unhappy is best described as temperamentally
a. easy
b. difficult
c. slow to warm up
d. mixed
Ruby is an active infant who appears to be somewhat high-strung, and who protests loudly every time her
parents try to change her routine in any way. Using the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and
Chess, Ruby would most likely be considered to have
a. an easy temperament
b. a slow-to-warm-up temperament
c. a difficult temperament
d. an uninhibited temperament
The close, emotional bond of affection between an infant and its caregiver is called
a. attachment
b. dependency
c. imprinting
d. identification
One-year-old Tommy is extremely distressed whenever his mother leaves him, yet resists her attempts to
comfort him when she returns. Tommy probably has
to his mother.
a. no attachment
b. a secure attachment
c. an anxious-ambivalent attachment
d. an avoidant attachment
Mercedes takes her I-year-old son, Justice, to visit a day-care center where she plans to enroll him. Justice
eagerly explores the play room as long as Mercedes is present. When his mom leaves the room to fill out
some forms, Justice becomes somewhat upset, but when Mercedes returns he quickly calms down. This is the
type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who
a. share an avoidant attachment relationship
b. share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship
c. share a secure attachment relationship
d. have not yet developed an attachment relationship
Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the findings of studies of infant day care?
a. The vast majority of infants in day care will develop insecure attachments to their mothers.
b. Girls seem to be more vulnerable to the negative effects of infant day care than boys.
c. Day-care infants are likely to be more aggressive than their peers later on.
d. Negative effects of day care seem minimal and may even be outweighed by positive
effects when day care is of high quality.
Cross-cultural studies of infant attachment suggest that attachment
universal, and that attachment
patterns
influenced by a culture's child-rearing practices.
a.
is; are
b. is not; are
c. is; are not
d. is not; are not
35. At what age does an infant typically first exhibit separation anxiety?
a. one to two weeks
b. one to two months
c. six to eight months
d. around one year
36. Jasmin takes her l-year-old son, Randy, to visit a day-care center where she plans to enroll him. Randy
eagerly explores the play room, and when his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms he shows no signs
of concern. When Jasmin returns he shows little interest and continues to play with the toys he has collected.
This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who
a. share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship
b. share a secure attachment relationship
c. have not yet developed an attachment relationship
d. share an avoidant attachment relationship
37. According to Bowlby, parents and their infants become attached to one another because
a. their social interactions are mutually reinforcing
b. social roles dictate that parents should love their children and vice versa
c. infants and adults are biologically prograrnrned for mutual attachment
d. parents become conditioned stimuli for reinforcing events
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Stage theories of development assume that
a. individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage
builds on the previous stage
b. environmental circumstances can sometimes cause individuals to skip stages early on and
return to them later
c. progress through the sequence of stages is not related to age
d. there are few, if any, discontinuities in development
Erik Erikson's developmental stages are organized around potential turning points called
a. fixation points
b. psychosocial crises
c. developmental tasks
d. psychosexual crises
A child who successfully completes stage 1 of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development will acquire
a. an ability to initiate one's own activities
b. self-sufficiency
c. a sense of competence
d. optimism and trust toward the world
Avery is excited by the fact she has begun to feel her baby kicking and moving in her uterus. If Avery can feel
her baby moving, her pregnancy must be in the
a. embryonic stage
b. germinal stage
c. fetal stage
d. neonatal stage
In learning to crawl, children initially depend on their arms to propel them and later shift to using their legs.
This motor development sequence is an example of
a. the cephalocaudal trend
b. the proxirnodistal trend
c. the cephalopedal trend
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d. encephalitis
The fact that babies can hold their head up
they can first sit up, is an example of the
_
trend in motor development.
a. before; proximodistal
b. before; cephalocaudal
c. after; proximodistal
d. after; cephalocaudal
The proximodistal trend in physical development suggests that infants will be able to control their
a. shoulders and anns before they can control their hands and fingers
b. shoulders and anns before they can control their hips and legs
c. hips and legs before they can control their shoulders and anns
d. hands and frogers before they can control their shoulders and anns
Gary is an active infant who always seems to be happy. He has a regular schedule and his parents know that
he will sleep through the night without waking, even when he stays over night with his grandparents. Using
the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess, Gary would most likely be considered to have
a. a difficult temperament
b. a slow-to-wann-up temperament
c. an uninhibited temperament
d. an easy temperament
Thomas and Chess refer to a child who tends to be glum, erratic in sleep and eating, and resistant to change as
a. an easy child
b. a slow-to-wann-up child
c. a mixed temperament child
d. a difficult child
Four-month-old Wade and l4-month-old Macy are left with a babysitter while their mother runs a few
errands. According to the research on separation anxiety, it is most likely that
a. Wade will show more distress than Macy when he realizes that his mother has gone
b. Macy will show more distress than Wade when she realizes that her mother has gone
c. both Wade and Macy will show about the same degree of separation anxiety
d. neither child is likely to show separation anxiety as long as the babysitter is responsive and
caring
Kara takes her l-year-old son, Delaney, to visit a day-care center where she plans to enroll him. Delaney
appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore the play room, even though Kara is close by. When his mom
leaves the room to fill out some forms, Delaney becomes extremely upset. When Kara returns he clings to her
leg, but does not calm down and continues to sob. This is the type of interaction you might observe between a
child and a parent who
a. share a secure attachment relationship
b. share an avoidant attachment relationship
c. have not yet developed an attachment relationship
d. share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship
According to Erikson, the first stage of development (birth to one year) is a period when the infant develops
the basic characteristic of
a. initiative versus guilt
b. autonomy versus shame and doubt
c. industry versus inferiority
d. trust versus mistrust
Jerry is 8 months old. Based on Erikson's theory of personality development, the fundamental question that
Jerry is dealing with at this point in his life is
a. "Is my world predictable and supportive?"
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b. "Can I do things myself or must I always rely on others?"
c. "Am I good or am I bad?"
d. "Am I competent or am I worthless?"
For Erikson, the stage during which toilet training occurs is
a. trust versus mistrust
b. industry versus inferiority
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt
d. initiative versus guilt
Craig is 2 years old and he likes to put on his own coat and shoes. However, his mother often becomes
impatient waiting for him to get ready, and she usually finishes zipping his coat and tying his shoes for him.
Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Craig will develop
a. a general sense of mistrust
b. feelings of shame and doubt
c. a sense of inferiority
d. feelings of autonomy
During the third stage of psychosocial development, the crisis that must be resolved is initiative versus guilt.
By this Erikson meant that the child must learn
a. who to trust or not trust
b. how to deal with peers and adults
c. how to pursue his or her own interests and also get along with others
d. how to become self-sufficient
Anne is 5 years old and she likes to help with jobs around the house. Tonight, when she was clearing the
dishes from the table, she dropped a stack of plates and broke them all. Her father scolded her and told her
that she could help more by staying out of the way and letting her older brothers clear the table. Ifher father's
reaction is typical of the interactions she has with him, Erikson would suggest that Anne is likely to develop
a. feelings of guilt
b. feelings of inferiority
c. a general sense of mistrust
d. a sense of initiative
The challenge oflearning to function in society and beyond the family marks Erikson's childhood stage of
a. initiative versus guilt
b. trust versus mistrust
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt
d. industry versus inferiority
Erikson's period of
corresponds to the early school years.
a. industry versus inferiority
b. initiative versus guilt
c. trust versus mistrust
d. autonomy versus shame and doubt
The elementary school-age child who does well in school and who receives praise and support at home will
develop what Erikson calls a sense of
a. industry
b. superiority
c. generativity
d. trust
Kyler is 9 years old, and he likes to draw and paint. However, he doesn't receive very good grades on his art
projects, and several times his friends have laughed at the pictures Kyler has created. Based on Erikson's
theory, it is likely that Kyler will develop
a. feelings of guilt
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b. feelings of inferiority
c. a sense of despair
d. a sense of industry
The major shortcoming of Erikson's psychosocial stages theory of development is that
a. he failed to look at adult development
b. he placed too little emphasis on social forces in the development of personality
c. like many stage theories, it pays little attention to explaining individual differences
d. it fails to account for continuity in personality development
To Piaget, cognitive development involves
a. stages that are characterized by fundamentally different thought processes
b. increases in the quantity, but not the quality, of knowledge with age
c. passive reception of environmental stimuli
d. age-related changes in attention and memory
Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development. Which of the following is not one of his stages?
a. sensorimotor
b. postoperational
c. preoperational
d. formal operational
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child's relations with the world are through
a. logical reasoning
b. physical interaction
c. abstract operations
d. systematic hypothesis testing
For children in which Piagetian stage might we be correct with the old expression "Out of sight is out of
mind"?
a. concrete operational
b. preoperational
c. sensorimotor
d. formal operations
When Teresa's mother hides her favorite doll under a blanket, Teresa acts as if it no longer exists, and she
makes no attempt to look for it. Based on this information, you can infer that Teresa is in Piaget's
a. sensorimotor period of cognitive development
b. formal period of cognitive development
c. concrete period of cognitive development
d. preoperational period of cognitive development
Trey's older sister is playing a game with him. She hides the ball they are playing with behind her back, and
Trey quickly loses interest in the game. He makes no attempt to look for the ball, and instead picks up another
toy that is close by. This suggests that Trey has not yet developed
a. the ability to assimilate new experiences
b. an understanding of object permanence
c. a strong attachment to his sister
d. sensorimotor patterns of responding
Timmy believes he can avoid getting any older by not having any more birthday parties. Timmy is probably
in which stage of cognitive development?
a. sensorimotor
b. concrete operational
c. preoperational
d. formal operational
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Lane is currently attending preschool. According to the stages outlined by Piaget, Lane would most likely be
in the
a. sensorimotor period of cognitive development
b. formal period of cognitive development
c. preoperational period of cognitive development
d. concrete period of cognitive development
The idea that even if an object changes shape or appearance the underlying quantity of the object remains the
same is Piaget's principle of
a. object permanence
b. conservation
c. irreversibility
d. assimilation
Patricia is upset because she is convinced that her brother has a bigger piece of cake than she does. Her dad
quickly slices Patricia's piece of cake in two and tells her that she now has "more" cake. If Patricia calms
down and is convinced that she does have more cake than her brother, it would suggest that she
a. has not yet mastered object permanence
b. does not understand the process of assimilation
c. does not yet understand conservation
d. is displaying egocentric reasoning
The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem while neglecting other important aspects is referred to
as
a. assimilation
b. centration
c. object impermanence
d. reification
Gretchen watches as her preschool teacher forms two identical balls of modeling clay. The teacher gives one
of the balls of modeling clay to Gretchen, and then squashes the remaining ball into a flat pancake. She asks
Gretchen if they both have the same amount of clay, and Gretchen confidently states that the teacher has more
because the pancake is bigger than the ball. Gretchen's answer illustrates the flaw in thinking that Piaget
labeled
a. centration
b. conservation
c. egocentrism
d. assimilation
The inability of a child to mentally "undo" something is referred to as
a. assimilation
b. object permanence
c. egocentrism
d. irreversibility
Preschoolers generally do not recognize that if 8 - 5 = 3, then 3 + 5 = 8. This is because their thought is
characterized by
a. irreversibility
b. animism
c. egocentrism
d. centration
When Matthew saw his older brother's bicycle fall off its kick stand, Matthew told his brother that the bicycle
must be tired from being ridden too much. Matthew's statement illustrates the type of thinking that Piaget
referred to as
a. centration
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b. animism
c. preformal operations
d. conservation
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it is an example of
a. egocentrism
b. centration
c. conservation
d. reversibility
You ask a three-year-old why the sky is blue; she says it is because blue is her favorite color. This answer
reflects the
thinking that is typical of preschoolers.
a. irreversible
b. animistic
c. egocentric
d. operational
A child sees his mother crying and brings her his own favorite teddy bear to comfort her. This child is
demonstrating
a. egocentrism
b. animism
c. irreversibility
d. centration
Children's thought processes are particularly egocentric during which Piagetian stage?
a. sensorimotor
b. preoperational
c. concrete operations
d. formal operations
Bob is asked, "Do you have a brother?" He replies, "Yes." "What's his name?" "Joe." "Does Joe have a
brother?" Bob answers, "No." Bob is most likely in which stage of cognitive development?
a. forinal
b. preoperational
c. concrete operational
d. sensorimotor
Water is poured from a short, broad beaker into a tall, skinny beaker. Is there more or less water now? A child
answers that it's the same amount, only it's taller. The child is in which stage of cognitive development?
a. sensorimotor
b. concrete operational
c. preoperational
d. preconventional
A five-year-old boy tells you that his kindergarten class has more boys than children. This indicates that he
a. fails to understand the concept of reversibility
b. dislikes girls
c. cannot yet solve problems involving conservation of number
d. cannot handle hierarchical classification problems
The stage of concrete operations is said to be "concrete" because
a. the child attributes human qualities to concrete objects
b. facts are taken to be set in stone, not to be given up easily
c. an object must be present for the child to recognize its existence
d. children can perform operations only on tangible objects and actual events
According to Piaget, during the formal operational period of cognitive development, children begin to
a. acquire the concept of conservation
b. understand the nature of hierarchical classification
c. think primarily in terms of concrete objects or situations
d. think in terms of abstract principles and hypothetical possibilities
84. Which of the following is not one of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
a. conventional thought
b. midconventional thought
c. postconventional thought
d. preconventional thought
85. At the preconventionallevel, the child decides if things are good or bad (moral) on the basis of whether they
a. are against the law
b. bring punishment or reward
c. are in accord with social rules
d. fit the child's own sense of "rightness"
86. Conventional thinking in moral development bases morality (right or wrong) on
a. the risk of punishment
b. society's laws
c. personal principles
d. the potential rewards
87. If you join your friends in a protest against nuclear power primarily because you want their approval rather
than because of any strong conviction you have about nuclear power, you would be said to be at which of the
following levels of moral development?
a. unconventional
b. conventional
c. preconventional
d. postconventional
88. Personal guiding principles take precedence over laws in deciding right or wrong behavior in the
_
stage of moral reasoning.
a. postconventional
b. preconventional
c. conventional
d. relativistic
89. Suggesting that a poor man who stole food to feed his family was right, because human life takes precedence
over rules, is an example of
a. postconventional moral reasoning
b. preconventional moral reasoning
c. concrete operational thought
d. conventional moral reasoning
90. The person who objects to war on the basis of higher moral principles and a personal code of ethics would be
said to be at which of the following levels of moral development?
a. postconventional
b. preconventional
c. conventional
d. unconventional
91. Adolescence, as we know it in the United States today,
a. has always existed in the same form throughout our history
b. is highly similar to adolescence in all other cultures
c. is a byproduct of the modern trend toward increasingly lengthy education and prolonged
economic dependence
. d. does not last as long as it did at the turn of the century
92. The onset of puberty
a. begins approximately two years earlier on the average in boys than in girls
b. begins approximately two years earlier on the average in girls than in boys
c. begins approximately four years earlier on the average in girls than in boys
d. is about the same time for boys and girls
93. Which of the following has not decreased over generations?
a. age at puberty for boys
b. age at puberty for girls
c. the age at which the growth spurt begins
d. the rate at which the growth spurt proceeds
94. In both males and females early maturation is associated with
a. deterioration of peer relations
b. greater risk for eating disorders
c. higher levels of moral reasoning
d. less self control and emotional stability
95. Recent evidence that has investigated the stress and turmoil sometimes associated with adolescence suggests
that
a. stress and turmoil during adolescence is a universal phenomenon
b. very few adolescents actually experience any stress or turmoil
c. adolescence is more stressful for those raised in traditional, preindustrial cultures
d. storm and stress is more likely during adolescence than at other ages
96. Identity foreclosure suggests that the person is committed to goals he or she
a. simply took over from others
b. arrived at independently
c. believes are apt to last only a short time
d. arrived at after a long period of decision making
97. Both of Karlee's parents are teachers, and two of her uncles are teachers. For as long as she can remember,
she has wanted to be a school teacher, just like these role models. According to James Marcia, Karlee would
be considered to be in a state of
a. identity diffusion
b. moratorium
c. foreclosure
d. identity postponement
98. James Marcia termed individuals who were delaying commitment and actively exploring alternative
ideologies as being in a state of
a. identity postponement
b. identity diffusion
c. foreclosure
d. moratorium
99. Leanna is 19 years old, but when people ask her what she wants to do when she fmishes school she tells them
she hasn't really given it much thought. She is convinced there is lots of time before she even needs to begin
thinking about her various career options. According to James Marcia, Leanna would be considered to be in a
state of
a. identity diffusion
b. moratorium
c. foreclosure
d. identity postponement
100. Fifteen-year-old Marta has had a relatively smooth adolescent period and, at the urging of her parents, has
already decided on a college and a career. If Marta is simply playing a passive role in relationship to her
parents, she may well be in
a. a moratorium phase
b. a foreclosure phase
c. an identity-diffusion phase
d. an identity-achievement phase
101. Which of the following refers to a person's notion of what he or she should have accomplished by certain
points in life?
a. social clock
b. biological clock
c. developmental norm
d. age stereotype
102. Which of the following statements regarding personality changes in adulthood is most accumte?
a. Personality stability depends on one's sex and socioeconomic status.
b. The overall personality undergoes systematic changes throughout adulthood.
c. Personality remains extremely stable after adolescence.
d. The adult personality is characterized by both stability and change.
103. Midlife crises
a. are very common among men, but not women
b. are very common among women, but not men
c. are nearly universal for both sexes
d. occur in only a small minority of subjects
104. In early adulthood, the psychosocial crisis centers on establishing close, personal relationships with others.
This is the stage of
a. generativity versus self-absorption
b. intimacy versus isolation
c. identity versus confusion
d. integrity versus despair
lOS. Jocelyn is 25 years old and she feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices she has
made so far. Consequently, at this point in her life she is unwilling to form a serious, committed relationship
with another person. Based on Erikson's theory, Jocelyn may
a. become self-indulgent and self-absorbed
b. develop a sense of isolation
c. experience feelings of despair and bitterness
d. develop feelings of inferiority and doubt
106. Finding and making commitments to society and future generations mark Erikson's stage of
a. integrity versus despair
b. identity versus role confusion
c. intimacy versus isolation
d. generativity versus self-absorption
107. Sergio just turned 53, and he feels as though he is not making any real contributions through the career he has
chosen. As he sits at his desk each day he fails to find meaning in his life, and feels as though he has no
purpose or direction. Based on Erikson's theory, Sergio
a. is displaying signs of isolation
b. is experiencing feelings of despair and bitterness
c. is showing evidence of inferiority and doubt
d. is becoming self-indulgent and self-absorbed
108. Looking back on her long life, Hilda feels good about herself and her accomplishments and swears that she
would do it again the same way if given the opportunity. According to Erikson's theory, Hilda is at the stage
of
a. identity versus role confusion
b. integrity versus despair
c. intimacy versus isolation
d. initiative versus guilt
109. Lily is 85 years old and she has recently begun writing her life story. As she thinks back over all that she has
done she comes to the conclusion that her life has had no real meaning or purpose. Based on Erikson's theory,
Lily may
a. develop a sense of isolation
b. experience feelings of despair and bitterness
c. become self-indulgent and self-absorbed
d. develop feelings of inferiority and doubt
110. Walter and Camille have been an "empty nest" couple since their youngest son left for college last year. Now
that they are alone, it is likely that Walter and Camille will find
a. their marital satisfaction will drop considerably
b. the transition to being a "childless" couple will be stressful and depressing
c. their marital satisfaction will. start to increase
d. they spend less time together than they did when the children were home
III.
Simon, a college senior, has had a few interviews for jobs in engineering. He's pretty sure that's the career
field he'll stick with, though he's trying to stay open-minded about other possibilities. Simon is in Super's
a. growth stage of vocational development
b. maintenance stage of vocational development
c. establishment stage of vocational development
d. exploration stage of vocational development
112. Juliette is in her last semester at college, and she started working as an intern for an accounting firm last
Monday. She is hoping that working as an intern will give her a chance to decide if she really wants to be an
accountant for the rest of her life. Based on Super's theory of vocational development, Juliette would be in
a. the exploration stage
b. the establishment stage
c. the growth stage
d. the commitment stage
113. During the maintenance stage of vocational development, one is most likely to
a. shift energy and attention from work to family
b. experience a midlife crisis
c. change careers
d. begin to prepare for retirement
114. Dementia occurs in about
of people over age 65.
a. 60%
b. 45%
c. 30%
d. 15%
liS. Bernard is now 80 years old. When he was 20 years old he took part in a detailed study that assessed various
aspects of his intellectual functioning. If Bernard were to complete the same tests today, he would most likely
discover that
a. his fluid intelligence has declined over time, but his crystallized intelligence has remained
stable
b. both his fluid and crystallized intelligence have declined over time
c.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
his crystallized intelligence has declined over time, but his fluid intelligence has remained
stable
d. his fluid intelligence has remained stable over time, and his crystallized intelligence has
increased
Which of the following is most likely to decline in the later years?
a. intellectual accomplishment
b. memory
c. problem-solving ability
d. speed in processing information
One's sex is
determined; one's gender is
determined.
a. culturally; biologically
b. culturally; culturally
c. biologically; culturally
d. biologically; biologically
On the average, females perform better than males on tests of
a. short-term memory
b. verbal skills
c. visual-spatial ability
d. mathematical ability
The local school board in Middletown has decided to introduce standardized assessment tests for all students
in the sixth grade. The test has separate sections for Math and English. Based on the research into gender
differences in cognitive abilities, you should expect that
a. the male students will score higher than the female students on both sections of the
assessment test
b. the female students will score higher than the male students on both sections of the
assessment test
c. the female students will score higher than the male students on the English section of the
assessment test
d. the female students will score higher than the male students on the Math section of the
assessment test
Which of the following statements has been supported by research?
a. Females are more susceptible to persuasion than males.
b. Females are more irrational than males.
c. Females are more emotional than males.
d. Females are more assertive than males.
Imagine you have to make a persuasive speech for one of your classes. The teacher will be basing part of your
grade on how much the other members of the class are influenced by the views you present in your speech.
Based on research into gender differences in personality and social behavior, under these circumstances you
would probably prefer
a. to have more males than females in your class
b. to have an equal number of males and females in the class
c. to present the speech using a question-and-answer format
d. to have more females than males in your class
Starting in the grade-school years, females show a slight advantage over males in
skills, while
males show a slight advantage over females in
skills.
a. verbal; visual-spatial
b. mathematical; verbal
c. visual-spatial; mathematical
d. mathematical; visual-spatial
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
is the acquisition of the norms and behaviors expected of people in a particular society.
a. Accommodation
b. Operant conditioning
c. Socialization
d. Observational learning
Gender roles tend to be
a. based on biological capabilities
b. a natural outgrowth of biological gender differences
c. based on society's prescriptions of what is proper for each sex
d. biology first and social prescription second
Which of the following is not one of the key processes that researchers believe to be involved in gender-role
socialization?
a. observational learning
b. self-socialization
c. operant conditioning
d. classical conditioning
Yesterday little Louis saw his brother climb a tree. Today Louis tried it and fell to the ground, hurting
himself. But his mother nevertheless praised him for being a brave boy. Which of the following influences on
gender-role socialization are at work here?
a. self-socialization and punishment
b. self-socialization and extinction
c. observational learning and reinforcement
d. operant conditioning and classical conditioning
According to cognitive theories of gender-role development, self-socialization includes
a. being reinforced for gender-appropriate behaviors
b. valuing characteristics associated with the opposite gender
c. learning to classify oneself as male or female
d. responding to praise from parents, teachers and peers
Which of the following is the safest statement to make regarding the origin of gender differences?
a. Hormonal differences between the sexes account for the largest proportion of the
variation.
b. The fact that males tend to exhibit more cerebral specialization than females explains the
bulk of the differences.
c. The reinforcement children receive for displaying gender-appropriate behavior determines
the differences.
d. As with anything, the explanation of gender differences is complex and must take into
account both biological and environmental factors.
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CHOICE
l. ANS: B
2. ANS: B
3. ANS: A
4. ANS: D
5. ANS: C
6. ANS: C
7. ANS: D
8. ANS: D
9. ANS: D
10. ANS: C
II. ANS: B
12. ANS: A
13. ANS: C
14. ANS: B
15. ANS: B
16. ANS: D
17. ANS: C
18. ANS: B
19. ANS: D
20. ANS: A
2l. ANS: D
22. ANS: A
23. ANS: A
24. ANS: C
25. ANS: B
26. ANS: A
27. ANS: A
28. ANS: B
29. ANS: C
30. ANS: A
3l. ANS: C
32. ANS: C
33. ANS: D
34. ANS: A
35. ANS: C
36. ANS: D
37. ANS: C
38. ANS: A
39. ANS: B
40. ANS: D
4l. ANS: C
.-
ANS:
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ANS:
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ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
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-
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
7l.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
Development Practice
mswer Section
MULTll'LE
-..-.-
~....••.
A,
B
A
D
D
B
D
D
A
C
B
C
A
D
A
A
B
C
A
B
B
C
A
B
C
C
B
C
B
A
D
A
B
A
C
A
B
B
B
D
D
D
B
B
B
B
A
-- .-
-_ ....
89. ANS: A
90. ANS: A
9l. ANS: C
92. ANS: B
93. ANS: D
94. ANS: D
95. ANS: D
96. ANS: A
97. ANS: C
98. ANS: D
99. ANS: A
100. ANS: B
10l. ANS: A
102. ANS: D
103. ANS: D
104. ANS: B
105. ANS: B
106. ANS: D
107. ANS: D
108. ANS: B
109. ANS: B
110. ANS: C
11l. ANS: D
112. ANS: A
113. ANS: A
114. ANS: D
115. ANS: A
116. ANS: D
117. ANS: C
118. ANS: B
119. ANS: C
120. ANS: A
121. ANS: D
122. ANS: A
123. ANS: C
124. ANS: C
125. ANS: D
126. ANS: C
127. ANS: C
128. ANS: D
_.i. ___.__
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