CORRECTIONS
DEVELOPMENT OF
CORRECTIONS
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Corrections is the number of programs,
services, facilities and organizations
responsible for the management of people
accused or convicted of criminal offenses
PRIOR TO 1800’s
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PHYSICAL FLOGGING
BRANDING
MAIMING
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Lex talionis—
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Law of retaliation
“The law of the claw”
JAILS
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Jails were for holding people for court or to
pay a debt
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Death for:
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Pick pocketing
Burglary
Robbery
Horse stealing
JOHN HOWARD
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Sheriff of Bedfordshire, England
Observed prisons
Concerned about conditions
Wrote “The State of Prisons In England And
Wales” in 1777
PENITENTIARY ACT OF 1779
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In response to John Howard’s book
Called for the creation of penitentiaries
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Intended to punish criminals by isolating them from
society
PENITENTIARY
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A PRISON
PLACE OF CONFINEMENT WHERE
THOSE CONVICTED OF A STATE OR
FEDERAL FELONY VIOLATION SERVE
THEIR TIME
DERIVES FROM PENITENCE
PUNISH AND REFORM
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Penitentiaries to be based on 4 principles:
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A secure and sanitary building
Inspection to ensure that offenders followed the
rules
Abolition of the fees charged offenders for their
food
A reformatory theme
REFORM IN THE U.S.
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New policies reflected ideas expressed in the
Declaration of Independence
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Optimistic view of the human race
TWO MAJOR PRISON
SYSTEMS
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AUBURN
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PENNSYLVANIA
WALNUT STREET JAIL
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Benjamin Rush advocated the penitentiary as
a replacement for capital and corporal
punishment
Pennsylvania System---1790
“Solitary confinement to hard labor and a total
abstinence from spirituous liquors will prove
the most effectual means of reforming these
unhappy creatures”
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Separate confinement based on 5 principles:
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No vengeful treatment, but hard suffering could
change their lives
Solitary confinement prevents corruption inside
prison
Offenders will reflect and repent
Solitary confinement is punishment
Solitary confinement is economical
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8 dark cells 6x8x9
Eastern Penitentiary
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Opened in 1829
Each prisoner ate, slept, worked and
received religious instruction in own cell
Prisoners suffered mental breakdowns
Separate confinement declines because of
over crowding
Separate confinement was abolished in 1913
NEW YORK SYSTEM
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Opened in Auburn in 1819
CONGREGATE SYSTEM—isolated at night,
but worked with other inmates during the day
under a rule of silence. They were not even
to exchange glances
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CONTRACT LABOR SYSTEM—inmates’
labor was sold on a contractual basis to
private employers
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Prison stripes began
REFORMATORY MOVEMENT
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Penitentiaries were failing to achieve
rehabilitation
Middle of the 19th Century
National Prison Association’s Declaration of
Principles
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Sentences became indeterminate
Proof of reformation rather than just serving time
Crime was a moral disease
REFORMATORY FOR KIDS
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Elimira Reformatory in New York
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First time felons between the ages of 16-30
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Mark System—had to earn a good mark for
parole
WOMEN’S PRISONS
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1813 ELIZABETH FRY who was a Quaker
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First person to push for press for changes
Three principles guided reform
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Separation of female prisoners
Provisions of care in keeping with the needs of women
Management of women’s prisons by female staff
PROBATION
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1841
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COBBLER----JOHN AUGUSTUS
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FATHER OF PROBATION
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18 YEAR CAREER
REHABILITATION MODEL
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1930’s
Emphasizes the need to restore an offender
to a constructive place in society
CRIMINOLOGY
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THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO
STUDYING THE NATURE, EXTENT,
CAUSE AND CONTROL OF CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR
PENOLOGY
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STUDY OF PUNISHMENT
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PRISON MANAGEMENT
COMMUNITY MODEL
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1960’S------1970’S
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Reintegration into the community
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Vocational and educational programs
FURMAN V GEORGIA
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AMERICAN JUSTICE VIDEO
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MORATORIUM ON DEATH PENALTY
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1972-1976
DEATH PENALTY
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MOST COMMON METHOD USED??
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CA, ALASKA, HAWAII OR MAINE STILL
HAVE THE DEATH PENALTY?
CRIME CONTROL
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1970’S TO PRESENT
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Determinate sentences
Mandatory sentences
Punitive agenda
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INCARCERATION
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CONFINEMENT IN JAIL OR PRISON
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CLASSIFICATIONS: LOW, MEDIUM, MAX
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HIGHEST FEDERAL PRISON
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SUPER MAX----44 states have one
NOTORIUS OFFENDERS
PROBLEM OFFENDERS
PRIVATE PRISONS
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PRAIRIE CORRECTIONAL FACILITY
CLOSED 2010
APPLETON MN
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1600 BEDS
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CORRECTIONS
CORPORATION OF AMERICA

BOOKING PROCEDURES
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STATE TAKES POSSESSION OF ALL
PROPERTY
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INCLUDES: MENTAL, MEDICAL AND
PHYSICAL EVALUATION
NOT: FINANCIAL, SOCIAL OR
EDUCATIONAL
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RIGHTS OF OFFENDERS
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NO CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT
NO LIVING CONDITIONS THAT VIOLATE
BASIC HUMAN DIGNTY
RIGHT TO PHYSICAL AND MENTAL
HEALTH
RIGHT TO RELIGIOUS WORSHIP
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DISABLED INMATES---AMERICANS WITH
DISABILITIES ACT (ADA)
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NO RIGHT TO
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FREE SPEECH
RIGHT TO ASSEMBLY
RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS
4TH AMENDMENT