Basque etymology. Compiled by John Bengtson
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\sinocauc\basqet&first=1
The Proto-Basque database has been compiled by J. Bengtson. It is still under
construction (currently including slightly more than 600 entries), but features most of
the Basque basic lexicon. It is hierarchically linked to the Sino-Caucasian database. Most
of
the
field
names
reflect
the
following
Basque
dialects:
ARB = Araban = meridional
BZK = Bizkaian = vizcaíno
GIP = Gipuzkoan = guipuzcoano
ANV = High Navarrese = alto-navarro
BNV = Low Navarrese = bas-navarrais
SAL = Salazarese = salacenco
LAB = Lapurdian = labourdin
BZT = Baztanese = baztané s
AZK = Aezkoan = aezcoano
ZBR = Zuberoan = souletin
RNC = Roncalese = roncalé s
References:
Aulestia, G., and L. White. 1992. Basque-English English-Basque Dictionary. Reno:
University of Nevada Press.
Azkue, R.M. de. 1905. Diccionario vasco-españ ol-francé s. Bilbao.
Berger, H. 1956. Mittelmeerische Kulturpflanzennamen aus dem Burušaski.
Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 9: 4-33.
Berger, H. Die Burušaski-Lehnwörter in der Zigeunersprache. Indo-Iranian Journal
3.1: 17-43.
Berger, H. 1998. Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nager. Teil III.
Wörterbuch. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Bouda, K. 1948. Baskisch und Kaukasisch. Zeitschrift für Phonetik 2: 182-202; 336352.
Bouda, K. 1949. Baskisch-Kaukasische Etymologien. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
Chirikba (čirikba), V.A. 1985. Baskskij i severokavkazskie jazyki. In: Drevnjaja
Anatolija 95-105. Moscow: Nauka.
Chirikba (čirikba), V.A. 1996. Common West Caucasian. Leiden: Research Scholl
CNWS.
Hualde, J.I. 1995. Comments on Larry Trask's [1995] Paper. Mother Tongue I: 115119.
Jacobsen, W.H. 1995. Comment on R.L. Trask (1995). Mother Tongue I: 120-142.
Kuipers, A. H. 1975. A Dictionary of Proto-Circassian Roots. Lisse, Neth.
Larrasquet, J. 1939. Le Basque de la Basse-Soule orientale. Paris: C. Klincksieck.
Leizarraga, J. 1571. Jesus Christ gure jaunaren testamentu berria. Rochellan. [as
cited by Michelena (1961)]
Meyer-Lübke, W. 1935. Romanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl
Winter.
Michelena, L. 1961. Foné tica Histó rica Vasca. San Sebastiá n: Diputació n de
Guipú zcoa.
NCED = S.L. Nikolaev & S.A. Starostin. 1994. A North Caucasian Etymological
Dictionary. Moscow: Asterisk.
1
Tovar, A. 1961. The Ancient Languages of Spain and Portugal. New York: S.F. Vanni.
Trask, R.L. 1995. Basque and Dene-Caucasian: A critique from the Basque side.
Mother Tongue I: 3-82.
Trask, R.L. 1997. The History of Basque. London/New York: Routledge.
Trask, R.L. 1999. Comments on Bengtson's Basque-Caucasian Comparisons. Mother
Tongue V: 71-85.
Uhlenbeck, C.C. 1940-41. Vorlateinische indogermanische Anklänge im Baskischen.
Anthropos 35/36: 202ff.
Xajdakov, S.M. 1973. Sravnitel'no-sopostavitel'nyj slovar' dagestanskix jazykov.
Moscow: Nauka.
Zhirkov (žirkov), L.I. 1936. Avarsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyj
Institut "Sovetskaja enciklopedia."
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Forward: 1 20
Proto-Basque: *aciSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to take, catch, seize 2 theft, stealing 3 to steal, rob 4 to extort
Gipuzkoan: atzi-tu 1,
High Navarrese: atzi-tu 1,
Low Navarrese: atzi-pe 2, atsi-pa-tu 3
Lapurdian: (Ainhoa) atzi-pa-tu 4
Comments: Forms of the type (h)atzaman, (h)atzeman 'to catch, find, find out, guess'
are derived rather from *hace 'back part, track' + *e=ma-n 'to give', but blending is not
ruled out.
Proto-Basque: *aco
Meaning: yesterday
Bizkaian: atzo
Gipuzkoan: atzo
High Navarrese: atzo
Low Navarrese: atzo
Lapurdian: atzo
Zuberoan: átzo
Roncalese: atzo
Comments: Cf. PWC *ća in Abkhaz *ja-ćǝ 'yestzerday', *źʷa-ćǝ 'day before yesterday',
Circ. *tz:ǝɣʷa-sa 'yesterday', etc. (Chirikba 1996: 230). Comparison by Bouda (1948).
Proto-Basque: *adar̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 branch 2 knot (of tree) 3 leg (of chair, bed)
2
Bizkaian: adar 1, 3
Gipuzkoan: adar 1, 2, 3
High Navarrese: adar 1, 3
Low Navarrese: adar 1
Lapurdian: adar 1
Zuberoan: ádar ,,
Roncalese: adar 1
Comments: This word has merged phonetically with *a=dar̄ 'horn' (q.v.), of distinct
origin.
Proto-Basque: *ahanci
Meaning: to forget
Bizkaian: aaz-tu, az-tu, (Arratia) antzi-tu, (arc) anz-tu
Gipuzkoan: az-tu
High Navarrese: (Esteribar, Larraun) az-tu
Low Navarrese: ahatzi
Salazarese: atze
Lapurdian: ahantzi, (arc) ahanze, ahanzi
Baztanese: antzi, anzi
Zuberoan: ãhã́ttzoe
Roncalese: ãtzoe, átzoe
Comments: Cf. PY *ʔen-sä- 'to forget', Arin anči-gɨtpuju, etc.
Proto-Basque: *ahul
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 weak, frail 2 insipid, tasteless 3 less fertile, meager (land) 4 to be
weakened, waste away
Bizkaian: aul 1, 2, 3
Gipuzkoan: aul, abol 1, 3
High Navarrese: aul 1, 3
Low Navarrese: ahul 1, 3
Lapurdian: ahul 1, 3
Zuberoan: áhl ,, ,
Roncalese: aul-tu 4
Comments: Trask, following Mitxelena, derives this word from Old Cast. ávol ‘ w,
bad’ r O d Occitz. avol, aul ‘sch echtz, e end’, butz REW ( 960) finds any derivatzi n f
these from Lat.habilis ‘handy’, etzc., r advolus (‘pr stzratze’?) d ubtzfu . Occ.-
3
Pr vença devol ‘weak’ d es c me fr m Latz. debilis (REW 2491), but obviously cannot
account for Bsq *ahul.
Proto-Basque: *aihen
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 woody stem, vinestock 2 place where several roof beams cross each other
3 rustic sledge made of two branches in a V-shape
Bizkaian: aien 1
Gipuzkoan: aien 1
High Navarrese: aien 1
Low Navarrese: aihen 1, (Heleta) aihen 2
Lapurdian: aihen 1
Zuberoan: aihen 1
Roncalese: axen 3
Proto-Basque: *ailcin
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 front, space in front 2 before, in front
High Navarrese: a oin, aitzoin ,, (U oama) ai oiñen , (E kan ) a (tz)oinean
Low Navarrese: ainzin, aintzin, aitzin 1, aintzinean 2
Salazarese: altzina 1, al(t)zinean 2
Lapurdian: aintzin, aitzin 1
Aezkoan: ailtzinean 2
Zuberoan: aitzoĩ́tnẽ ,
Roncalese: antzin, aintzina 1
Comments: A northeastern word, instead of which southwestern Bsq
uses *aur̄e 'front' (q.v.). This is one of the Bsq words in which the change of the
cluster *lc > /nc/ was only partially carried through (cf. Bsq *ulce 'nail').
Proto-Basque: *ain̄egu
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: rye
Salazarese: añagu
Aezkoan: añegu
Roncalese: añai
Comments: A Pyrenean isogloss, preserved against the innovation < Lat. sēca e ‘rye’;
western Bsq *sikirio (q.v., of unclear origin).
Proto-Basque: *aker̄
4
Meaning: male goat
Bizkaian: akar, aker
Gipuzkoan: aker
High Navarrese: aker
Low Navarrese: akher
Lapurdian: akher
Zuberoan: ákher
Comments: Cf. Bur. (N) karée l 'ram'.
Proto-Basque: *aṅai- / *neSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 brother (general) 2 brother (of a male) 3 brother (of a female)
Bizkaian: anai, anaie, anae 2, ne-ba 3
Gipuzkoan: anai 1
High Navarrese: anaie 1
Low Navarrese: anaie 1
Salazarese: anaxe 1
Lapurdian: anaie 1
Zuberoan: anáie ,
Roncalese: anaxe 1
Comments: The distinction between 'brother (of a male)' and 'brother (of a female)' is
only Bizkaian: elsewhere *aṅai- serves for both meanings. The Bsq root *aṅai‘br tzher’ c se y matzches PNC *ʔānV(jV) ‘m tzher’ (ph netzica y). The explanation
could be that this word was originally a descriptive attached to the original word for
‘br tzher’ (n w
stz), i.e. ‘br tzher (fr m tzhe same m tzher)’, as pp sed tz a ha f-
brother (brother with the same father but different mother). Cf. Greek ἀδεʎφός
‘br tzher’ / ἀδεʎφή ‘sistzer’, rig. ‘ f tzhe same w mb’ = O d Indic sa-garbhya-.
Typ
gica y cf. a s Lahndā matreā ‘ha f-br tzher’, matriā ‘ha f-brother or -sistzer’,
Panjabi matreā, mateā ‘ha f-br tzher’ < OI *mātrēya ‘matzerna ’ (T ,00 4). The
element *an- also seems to be present in Bsq *an-his-ba 'sister (of female)', q.v.
Proto-Basque: *anc(i) / *anco
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 likeness, resemblance, appearance 2 alike, resembling 3 proportion,
manner, measure 4 skill, dexterity, craft 5 to imitate
Bizkaian: antzo ,, antzoek
, antzoera-tzu 5, (Mundaka, Oñatze, Otzxandian ) antzoi ,, 4
Gipuzkoan: antz 1, antzeko 2, antze 4, antzera-tu 5
High Navarrese: antze 4, (Lezaka) antz 4
5
Lapurdian: antz 4, antze 4
Zuberoan: antzo 3
Comments: This word exhibits a common change of PSC *l (in clusters such as * ʒ́, * ǯ,
* č̣, * c̣, * č, etc.) > Bsq /n/: cf. PEC *hi čwĒ 'to run' ~ Bsq *e=henśi 'to flee', etc. In some
words the change was not completed in all Bsq dialects, e.g. Bsq *ulce '(metal) nail'
(BZK ultze ~ untze, etc.) ~ PEC *jä̆ c̣wV (Bezhta hũc̣u 'wedge', etc.).
Proto-Basque: *andere
Meaning: , ady (señ ra) y ung ady (señ ritza) c ncubine 4 d
5 w man (in
general)
Araban: andra 1
Bizkaian: andra, anra 1, 5, (arc) andera 1
Gipuzkoan: andre 1, anddere 4
High Navarrese: andre, anre 1, anddere 4
Low Navarrese: andre 1, andere 2, 4
Lapurdian: andre 1
Zuberoan: andre ,, , andére , , 4
Roncalese: andere 1
Comments: Also for the Virgin Mary: Andra Maria, Andre Maria. This is apparently an
old word, found in Aquitanian names.
Proto-Basque: *angio
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: pasture, meadow
Bizkaian: angio, angia, angi
Low Navarrese: xangio
Comments: Wider distribution is indicated by the GIP place name Angio-zar 'old
pasture'. The BNV form contains an expressive prefix *č- (= PEC *č- ~ *č̣-).
Proto-Basque: *an-his-ba
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: sister (of a woman)
Bizkaian: aizta
Gipuzkoan: aizpa
High Navarrese: (Esteribar) aizpa, (Ondarrabia) aispa
Low Navarrese: ahizpa
Salazarese: ainzpa
Lapurdian: aizpa
Baztanese: aizpa
6
Aezkoan: aizpa
Zuberoan: ãhĩ́topa
Roncalese: aĩopa
Comments: For the segment *an- see *aṅai- / *ne-ba 'brother'; for the element *-ba see
the separate record *-ba.
Proto-Basque: *a=bele
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 large (domestic) animal, cattle 2 bovine animal 3 equine animal
Araban: abere 1
Bizkaian: abere 1
Gipuzkoan: abere 3
High Navarrese: abere, abre 2
Low Navarrese: abere 1
Salazarese: abre 1
Lapurdian: abere 1, (arc) abre 1
Baztanese: abere 1
Aezkoan: abere 1
Zuberoan: abére, abée ,
Roncalese: abre 1
Comments: Cf. PNC*bü̆ɫV 'horned animal'. The variant abel- appears in compounds
such as abel-buru 'head of cattle'. Michelena (1961) derives this word from Lat. habere,
though the semantic derivation is tortuous ('to have' > 'possession' > 'animal'), and
internal reconstruction brings us to *a(=)bele, phonetically and semantically a
straightforward match with PSC*bVɫV.
Proto-Basque: *a=ć
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 old woman 2 grandmother 3 barren woman
Bizkaian: atso 1
Gipuzkoan: atso 1, (Andoain) atxo 3
High Navarrese: atso 1
Low Navarrese: atso 1
Salazarese: atso 1, 2
Lapurdian: atso 1
Baztanese: atso 1
Aezkoan: atso 1
Zuberoan: atso 1
7
Roncalese: atso 1
Comments: In at least some dialects: atxo /ač / ' itztz e
d ady, viejecita'.
Proto-Basque: *a=dar̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: horn
Bizkaian: adar
Gipuzkoan: adar
High Navarrese: adar
Low Navarrese: adar
Salazarese: adar
Lapurdian: adar
Baztanese: adar
Aezkoan: adar
Zuberoan: ádar
Roncalese: adar
Comments: Cf. the homonym *adar̄ 'branch', of distinct origin.
Proto-Basque: *a=g r̄, *e=gar̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 dry, barren, unproductive 2 thirst
Bizkaian: agor 1, egarri 2
Gipuzkoan: agor 1, egarri 2
High Navarrese: agor 1, egarri 2
Low Navarrese: agor 1, egarri 2
Lapurdian: agor 1, egarri 2
Zuberoan: ag r ,, egárri
Roncalese: agor 1, egarri 2
Comments: Cf. *ei=har̄ and *i=dlr̄: Bsq has several words for 'dry' with different
nuances. In BZK legor and idor apply to vegetation, igar to animals and bones (Azkue
1905); in ZBR agorpertzains tz s urces and stzreams f watzer, ltzsa tz a imentzs and
terrain, eihar to the human body, fauna and flora, and idor to dryness in general
(Larrasquet 1939). Possibly these distinctions go back to old (extinct) noun classes.
Proto-Basque: *a=gure
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 old man 2 childless married man
Bizkaian: agure, agura 1
8
Gipuzkoan: agure 1, agura 2
High Navarrese: agure 1, (Larraun) agura 2
Lapurdian: (Donibane) agure 1
Comments: Trask (1995) mentions the possibility of derivation from
Lat. avule 'grandfather', though, as Trask admits, it should have given Bsq *abure.
(The change of *g > b is sporadic in Bsq dialects [see *śagu 'mouse'], but not *b > g).
Bouda (1948) compared Bsq + Andi =lχlr 'old (of a person)', etc.
Proto-Basque: *a=hali
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 ram 2 sheep (general) 3 shepherd (of rams)
Bizkaian: ari 1, (Markina) aari 1
Gipuzkoan: ari 1
Low Navarrese: ahari 1, 2
Salazarese: ari 1
Lapurdian: ahari 1, 2
Baztanese: aal-zain, al-zai, al-tzai 3
Zuberoan: ahári [ãhã́tj] ,,
Roncalese: ári ,
Comments: Cf. PEC *χ_[ǝ] V 'ewe, ram'.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1 20
Proto-Basque: *a=ho
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: mouth
Bizkaian: ao, ago, (Arratia, Orozko) abo
Gipuzkoan: ao, ago
High Navarrese: ao, ago
Low Navarrese: aho
Salazarese: ago
Lapurdian: aho
Baztanese: ago
Zuberoan: áh
Roncalese: ao, ago
Proto-Basque: *a=hoc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
9
Meaning: 1 husk, chaff (of wheat) 2 straw (of wheat) 3 burr (of chestnut)
Bizkaian: aotz, agotz 1, 2, (Gernika) algotz 1
Gipuzkoan: agotz 2, (Alegi) aots 1, (Andoain) alkotz 1
High Navarrese: (Larraun) aotz, (Oyarzun) alkotz 1
Low Navarrese: ahotz 1, (Hazparren) ahotz 3
Salazarese: agotz 2
Lapurdian: ahotz 1
Baztanese: agotz 1
Zuberoan: áhotz 1
Roncalese: autz 2, agotz 2
Comments: Compared with PSC *sṭHwekĔ, assuming metathesis > *kHwesṭÉ (or the
like) > Bsq *a=hoc. The variants algotz, alkotz seem to be compounds with *aɫhe- 'seed,
grain' (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *a=huc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 cheek 2 gullet 3 fat cheeks, jowls
Bizkaian: autz, aotz 2, autzak 3
Gipuzkoan: autz 2, autzak 3
High Navarrese: autzak 3
Lapurdian: ahutz, ahuts 1
Comments: Cf. PEC *kVc̣_V 'chin'.
Proto-Basque: *a=hune / *a=hunc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 kid (young goat) 2 goat
Bizkaian: aume, auma 1, auntz 2
Gipuzkoan: auntz 2
High Navarrese: auntz 2
Low Navarrese: ahuña ,
Salazarese: auña, aguña ,
Lapurdian: ahuntz 2
Zuberoan: ahǘñe ,, ahǘntzo
Roncalese: añe ,, aintzo
Comments: Cf. PNC *kwɨ̄ʡnɨ̄ 'ram'.
Proto-Basque: *a=hur̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
10
Meaning: palm (of the hand)
High Navarrese: aur
Low Navarrese: ahur
Lapurdian: ahur, (Bardos) ahur-phala
Baztanese: agur
Zuberoan: áhlr
Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) agur
Comments: Perhaps also (B) aur ‘s pe’, aur gora ‘uphi ’, aur bera ‘d wnhi ’ (cf.
Hunzib kuro ‘br
k, ravine’, etc.). Bsq *aur̄e ‘fr ntz’ (q.v.) is f separatze rigin.
Proto-Basque: *a=kać / *ma=keć / *ma=kac
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 nick, notch, scratch 2 fault, defect 3 deformed or defective thing
Bizkaian: akats 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: akats 1, 2, makets 3, makatz 1
Comments: Cf. NC words like Lezgi q̇ac̣ 'notch, nick', in Bsq with fossilized class
prefixes *a= or *ma=. Bsq *o=koc ( -ć) 'chin' (q.v.: cf. Rutul, Tsakhur q̇ac̣ 'chin') may be
related. Variation between Bsq *ć and *c is unclear.
Proto-Basque: *a=kain
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: (large) tick
Bizkaian: akan, akeen, aken
Gipuzkoan: akain, akaiñ, akañ(a), akien
Lapurdian: lakain
Comments: A western Bsq word: cf. eastern *i=tain 'tick'. Initial /l/ in LAB is possibly
due to contamination with another word such as lapazorri ‘tzick’. Simi ar R mance
words have been cited: Gasc. lagagno, Occ. laganha, but apparently these words mean
‘ custz’, n tz ‘tzick’.
Proto-Basque: *a=kec
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: boar, male swine
High Navarrese: (Oyarzun) aketz
Low Navarrese: aketx
Lapurdian: aketz, aketx
Baztanese: aketz
11
Roncalese: aketz
Comments: After a fossilized class prefix PSC voiced obstruents may become
voiceless in Bsq: cf. Bsq *bete 'full' (q.v.) ~ *i=pete 'obese'; *gai ~ *e=kai 'thing, material',
etc.
Proto-Basque: *a=ɫha-ba
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: daughter
Bizkaian: alaba
Gipuzkoan: alaba
Salazarese: alaba
Lapurdian: alaba
Zuberoan: a hába
Roncalese: a ába
Comments: Cf. PEC *ʎɨnɦV 'woman, female'. For the kin element *-ba, see the separate
record.
Proto-Basque: *a=ɫhar-gun
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 widow 2 widower
Bizkaian: alargun 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: alargun 1, 2
High Navarrese: alargun 1, 2
Low Navarrese: alhargun 2, alharguntsa 1, (arc) elhargun 1, 2
Salazarese: alargun 1, 2
Lapurdian: alhargun 2, alharguntsa 1
Baztanese: alargun 1, 2
Aezkoan: alargun 1, 2
Zuberoan: a hárgln , a harglntzsa ,
Roncalese: alargun 1, 2
Comments: Tentatively, a compound of *a=ɫhar- ‘*wife’ + *gun [obscure, but possibly
related to Bsq *higuni ‘hatzred, hatzed’ (q.v.)]. Itz is unc ear whetzher tzhe
destz meaning
is ‘wid w’, ‘wid wer’, r b tzh. An old usage cited by Azkue (from Refranes y
sentencias, ,596 CE) has ‘wid w’, and per Aokue alharguntegi is ‘pews in church
reserved f r wid ws’. If ‘wid w’ was primary, *a=ɫhar-gun may have meantz ‘wife
aband ned (by deatzh f husband)’: see especia y tzhe meanings (BN) higuin ‘(man) tz
putz away ne’s wife’, (Z-arc) higüin ‘(man) tz putz away ne’s wife; (bird) tz aband n
12
ne’s eggs’. The n rtzhern feminine f rms witzh -tsa are secondary, influenced by
Romance (Late Lat. -issa).
Proto-Basque: *a=meć
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 dream 2 sleep
Bizkaian: ames 1
Gipuzkoan: amets 1
High Navarrese: amets 1
Low Navarrese: (arc) amens 2
Lapurdian: aments, amets 1
Zuberoan: ã́tmẽtzs ,
Roncalese: amets 1
Proto-Basque: *a=mec
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: a kind of oak
Bizkaian: ametz
Gipuzkoan: ametz
High Navarrese: ametz
Low Navarrese: ametz
Lapurdian: ametz
Zuberoan: ã́tmẽtzo
Roncalese: ametz
Comments: Defined by Aokue as ‘carba
, me j , quejig ’ (~ Quercus robur, Q.
pyrenaica, Q. faginea). Larrasquetz defines tzhe ZBR w rd as ‘chêne tzauoin’ (Q.
pyrenaica).
Proto-Basque: *a=rdi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 flea 2 worm that eats turnips
Bizkaian: ardi 1, (Gernika) arditxa 2
Gipuzkoan: ardi-kuso, ar-kakuso, ar-kakutsu 1
Comments: The GIP words are compounds with *kuku-śl (q.v.), the eastern word for
'flea'. *a=rdi is analyzed here as *=rdi, the Bsq development of intervocalic PSC *ƛ̣[i],
with a fossilized class prefix *a=.
Proto-Basque: *a=ɫhe- / *a=ɫh Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
13
Meaning: 1 seed 2 field (destined for sowing) 3 mixture of grain
Gipuzkoan: ale 1, alor 2, (Zarauz) alon-tza 3
High Navarrese: alor 2
Low Navarrese: alhor 2
Salazarese: alur 2
Lapurdian: alor 2
Zuberoan: á h r
Roncalese: alur 2
Proto-Basque: *apa
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: kiss
Bizkaian: apa
High Navarrese: apa
Salazarese: apa
Comments: Cf. PNC *ṗăʔV 'kiss'.
Proto-Basque: *apal (*Hapal ?)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: shelf
Bizkaian: apal
Gipuzkoan: apal
Comments: Cf. PEC *ʔapVɫV 'pole; board, cover'.
Proto-Basque: *ar̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: male
Bizkaian: ar
Gipuzkoan: ar
High Navarrese: ar
Low Navarrese: ar
Lapurdian: ar
Zuberoan: ar
Roncalese: ar
Proto-Basque: *ar̄ae
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
14
Meaning: 1 palm (of hand) 2 span (measure)
Araban: arra 2
Bizkaian: esku-arre 1, arra 2, (Markina) arraa 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: arrae, arra 2
High Navarrese: arra 2
Salazarese: esku-arrai 1
Lapurdian: esku-arre 1
Comments: A western Bsq isogloss, opposed to eastern *senhe ‘span’ (q.v.). *ar̄ae < *ar̄ãe, with the same kind of loss of nasal as in *(e-)kee 'smlke' < *(e-)kẽe, and other
similar cases.
Proto-Basque: *ar̄ain
Meaning: 1 fish 2 trout
Araban: arrai 1
Bizkaian: arrain 1, (arc) arrai 1
Gipuzkoan: arrai 1
High Navarrese: arrain 1
Low Navarrese: arrain 1
Salazarese: arrai 1, 2
Lapurdian: arrain 1
Baztanese: arrain 2
Aezkoan: arrai 1, 2
Zuberoan: arráñ ,
Roncalese: arraĩ, arrái
Comments: Cf. PY *ŕam- 'a kind of fish' ? Some (Trombetti, Woelfel) have suggested
Egyptian origin: cf. Coptic B rami ‘fish’, S raame, rame id.; Demotic rym ‘fish’
(reconstructed *rēm [sg.] /*rame [pl.]); Ancient Eg. rm id.
Proto-Basque: *ar̄an̄
Meaning: 1 eagle 2 vulture
Bizkaian: arrano 1
Gipuzkoan: arrano 1
High Navarrese: arrano 1
Low Navarrese: arrano 1
Lapurdian: arrano 1, 2
Zuberoan: arrano 1
Roncalese: arrano 1
Comments: Cf. the first component of PNC *ʔār-c̣_wämʔV̆ 'eagle', though the Basque
word also resembles some IE words (Hittite haran-, Germanic *ar-an-, etc.). Trask:
15
"The proposed link with Hittite hara(n)- id. is too remote and vague to be
impressive."
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1 20
Proto-Basque: *ar̄au ce
Meaning: egg
Araban: arraunza
Bizkaian: arrautza, arrautze, (Zeberio, Orozko) arrauntza
Gipuzkoan: arraultza, arrautza, (Etxarri) arrontza
High Navarrese: arraultza, arrautza
Low Navarrese: arroltze, arrolze, (Aldude) arrultze
Salazarese: arroltze
Lapurdian: arraultza
Baztanese: arrolze
Aezkoan: arroitze
Zuberoan: arrau tzoe, arráutzoe
Roncalese: arraultze
Comments: Trask (1995) mentions a possible relationship with erron, errun 'lay eggs'.
Mitxelena (M 96) cites the Alavan Spanish loanword arronzobi, ronzapil,
ranchopil 'torta con huevos'.
Proto-Basque: *ard-ac
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: axle, spindle
Bizkaian: ardatz
Gipuzkoan: ardatz
High Navarrese: ardatz
Low Navarrese: ardatz
Lapurdian: ardatz
Zuberoan: ardatz
Roncalese: ardatz
Comments: This word occurs in many compounds, e.g. burt-ardatz 'axle of a
wagon', ehun-ardatz 'spindle of a spinning wheel', etc. Cf. PNC *ʕănƛ̣V '(part of a)
spindle'. The suffix -atzseems to be the same as *hace ‘back partz’ (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *argiSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
16
Meaning: 1 light, bright, 2 luminary (moon)
Araban: irargi 2
Bizkaian: argi 1, iretargi, ilargi, irargi 2
Gipuzkoan: argi 1, ilargi, illargi 2
High Navarrese: argi ,, (E kan , Puentze) i argi , (G ñi, O oa) i ergi
Low Navarrese: argi 1, argizai 2
Salazarese: ilargi 2
Lapurdian: argi 1, ilhargi 2
Baztanese: illargi, ilargi 2
Aezkoan: ilargi 2
Zuberoan: argi 1 argizagi 2
Roncalese: argi 1, argizagi 2
Comments: As Trask (1995) mentions, borrowing from IE *arg- 'shine, bright' has
been suspected, "but no direct source for the loan (if it is one) can be identified."
Compounds with *hiɫa- and *sagi (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *ar-han
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 plum 2 sloe, wild plum
Bizkaian: aran 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: aran 1
High Navarrese: aran 1
Low Navarrese: arhan 1
Lapurdian: aran 1
Zuberoan: arhan, ahan 1
Roncalese: aran 1
Comments: The morph *ar- (*ar=) is either a rare fossilized prefix, or remnant of a
former compound. Cf. Tibetan r-gun 'grape, vine'.
Proto-Basque: *arhe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: harrow, rake
Bizkaian: ara
Gipuzkoan: are
High Navarrese: are
Low Navarrese: arhe
Lapurdian: arhe
Zuberoan: árhe
17
Comments: Cf. PNC *ʁarhV 'harrow'. PSC *χarh[e] > *harhe > Bsq *arhe (Bsq does not
permit two asprations in the same word).
Proto-Basque: *ar(=)dano
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: wine
Araban: ardao
Bizkaian: arda , ardau, (arc) ardã
Gipuzkoan: ardo
High Navarrese: ardo
Low Navarrese: arno
Salazarese: ardo
Lapurdian: arno
Baztanese: ardo
Aezkoan: ardo
Zuberoan: ardṹ, ardú
Roncalese: ardáũ
Comments: Also in haplologic compounds (c) garagardo ‘beer’ (*garagar̄ ‘bar ey’
+ *ardano), sagardo ‘cider’ (*śagar̄ ‘app e’ + *ardano), etc. Bsq *(ar-) dano is tentatively
matched with PNC *ʒ́w[ǝ̆]nʔi 'wine, honey'. The phonetic match of PNC *ʒ́ = Bsq *d is
unique, and Bsq *ar= seems to be a rare class prefix (cf. *ar=han ‘p um’), r an bscure
compounded element. It is interesting that the older PNC
reconstruction *ðwǝ̄nʡi ‘wine’ (,991) is closer to the Bsq form than the revised
reconstruction *ʒ́w[ǝ̆]nʔi (1994). Possibly PNC *ʒ́ in this case was derived from a
palatalized dental stop such as /dy/?
Proto-Basque: *arśtz
Meaning: ass, donkey
Bizkaian: asto
Gipuzkoan: asto
High Navarrese: asto
Low Navarrese: asto
Salazarese: asto
Lapurdian: asto
Baztanese: asto
Aezkoan: asto
Zuberoan: ástz (arc. arstz )
Roncalese: arsto, asto
18
Comments: Cf. PWC *čǝdǝ 'donkey'; Bur *ćhardV́ 'stallion'. Uhlenbeck (1924),
Trombetti (1925), and Chirikba (1985) compared Bsq + WC. Problematic because the
domestic ass is quite recent (ca. 5000 yrs.), and it is uncertain whether these
resemblances represent genetic inheritance or loanwords.
Proto-Basque: *arto
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 maize (Zea mays) 2 millet (Setaria italica)
Bizkaian: arto 1, artatxe, artatxiki 2
Gipuzkoan: arto 1, artatxiki 2
High Navarrese: arto 1
Low Navarrese: artho 1
Lapurdian: art(h)o 1, artotxe(he) 2
Zuberoan: artho 1, arthoxehe 2
Roncalese: arto 1
Comments: Aokue: "Antzes que se imp rtzara de u tzramar estze cerea , debió de usarse
la palabra ARTO para designar e mij , que h y decim s 'maío pequeñ ' ... Cf.
PNC *Ł_ǝdwi / *Ł_ǝŁǝdwi 'corn'.
Proto-Basque: *asa-l
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: t, bark 2 skin 3 rind 4 peel (of fruit)
Bizkaian: azal 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: azal 1, 2
High Navarrese: axal 1, 2, (Esteribar, Larraun) azal 1, 2
Low Navarrese: axal 1, 2, (Amikuse) azal 1, 2
Lapurdian: azal, axal 1, 2
Zuberoan: áxa ,, , 4, áoa
Comments: Axal [aša ] was rigina y tzhe expressive r diminutzive f rm. F r
RNC kaxal, etc., see *kasa-l.
Proto-Basque: *aśe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to eat one's fill, be satiated; full, satiated
Araban: ase
Bizkaian: ase
Gipuzkoan: ase
High Navarrese: ase
19
Low Navarrese: ase
Salazarese: ase
Lapurdian: ase
Baztanese: ase
Aezkoan: ase
Zuberoan: áse
Roncalese: ase
Comments: This word has all the indications of being an old ablaut variant of
Bsq *lśl (q.v.). Bouda (1948) compared Bsq ase + PEC *-Vc̣V 'full', etc.
Proto-Basque: *aśka
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 trough, kneading tray 2 manger, crib 3 bucket, tub
Bizkaian: aska 2, 3
Gipuzkoan: aska 2, 3, seaska 2
High Navarrese: aska 2, seaska 2
Low Navarrese: aska 1
Lapurdian: aska 2
Zuberoan: áska ,, sehaska , (arc.) arska ,
Roncalese: aska 1
Comments: Se(h)aska 'crib' < *śenhi 'child' + *aśka.
Proto-Basque: *aśk , *aśki
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 many 2 enough
Bizkaian: asko 1
Gipuzkoan: asko 1, aski 2
High Navarrese: aski 2
Low Navarrese: asko 1, aski 2
Lapurdian: aski 2
Zuberoan: asko 1, aski 2
Roncalese: aski 2
Comments: Trask (1997) suggests that these words are derived from the "curious
verb ase 'to be satiated, be satisfied'": see *aśe.
Proto-Basque: *aśtzigar̄
Meaning: maple (tree)
Bizkaian: astigar, (Ermua) azkar
Gipuzkoan: astigar, aztigar
20
High Navarrese: astigar
Low Navarrese: astigar, gastigar, gaztigar
Salazarese: gaztigar, txastegiar
Lapurdian: gastigar, gaztigar
Zuberoan: astzigar, axtzígar
Roncalese: astigar, gaztigar
Comments: Cf. Proto-Nakh *stagar 'maple' (Acer platanoides), Hurrian tas:kar- 'box
tree'. The Bsq forms with initial g- are contaminated with *gastaina 'chestnut tree' (<
Latin). An especially distorted form, with expressive prefix *č-, is
SAL txastegiar 'maple tree'.
Proto-Basque: *aśtzun
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 heavy 2 damp, murky, gloomy 3 stupid, clumsy, doltish, rude
Bizkaian: astun 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: astun 1
Baztanese: astun 3
Proto-Basque: *aur̄e
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 front part 2 before 3 first, principal
Bizkaian: aurre 1, 2, aurren 3
Gipuzkoan: aurre 1, aurren 3
High Navarrese: aurren 3
Lapurdian: aur-ka 1
Comments: For this meaning *aur̄e is preferred in western Bsq, versus *ailcin (q.v.) in
eastern Bsq.
Proto-Basque: *auśi-ki
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to bite
Araban: isugi
Bizkaian: isugi, usigi, (arc) esugi, (Arratia) utsigi
Gipuzkoan: ausiki, usiki, utsiki
Low Navarrese: ausiki
Lapurdian: ausiki, asiki, (arc) autsiki
Zuberoan: usúki, (A çay) isuki, (Larrau) lslki, (arc) usiki
21
Comments: The f rms witzh /ć/ (autsiki, utsiki, utsigi) are mentioned by Michelena
(1961: 286), without a definite cause (a kind of expressive intensification?).
Proto-Basque: *-ba
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 sister (of woman) 2 aunt 3 uncle 4 sister (of man)
Bizkaian: osa-ba 3, arre-ba 4
Gipuzkoan: aiz-pa 1, ize-ba 2, osa-ba 3, arre-ba 4
High Navarrese: aiz-pa 1, ize-ba 2, osa-ba 3, arre-ba 4
Low Navarrese: ahiz-pa 1, ize-ba 2, osa-ba 3, arre-ba 4
Lapurdian: aiz-pa 1, osa-ba 3, arre-ba 4
Zuberoan: ahiz-pa 1, ize-ba 2, osa-ba 3, arre-ba 4
Roncalese: aĩz-pa 1, osa-ba 3, arre-ba 4
Comments: Only some of the kinship terms containing *-ba are cited here. Cf. the
forms listed under *śa- / *śe- / *-śl.
Proto-Basque: *bac
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: wet snow
Bizkaian: batz
Comments: An isolated, but apparently archaic, Bizkaian word, to judge from
cognates in Burushaski (*bić 'cold, chill') and Yeniseian (*beʔč 'snow [falling in
flakes]').
Proto-Basque: *bahe < *b=ahe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: sieve
Bizkaian: bae
Gipuzkoan: bae
High Navarrese: bae
Low Navarrese: bahe
Salazarese: bae
Lapurdian: bahe
Baztanese: bage
Zuberoan: báhe
Roncalese: bae
Comments: It is hypothesized here that the Bsq word is composed of a fossilized class
prefix *b= + the PSC root *=íxwV 'to sift': Cf. PNC *=if_V 'to sift' > Tsakh. wex:ʷa 'sieve'.
22
Bouda (1948) compared Bsq bahe + Tsakhur weχ:a (sic.). For phonology cf. Bsq *bahi =
PNC *(w)=HirfV-.
Proto-Basque: *bahi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 pawn, pledge 2 to pawn, pledge (something)
Bizkaian: bai 1, bai-tu 2
Gipuzkoan: bai 1, bai-tu 2
High Navarrese: bai 1, bai-tu 2
Low Navarrese: bahi 1
Lapurdian: bahi 1
Zuberoan: bahi 1, bahi-tzl
Comments: For phonology, cf. *bahe 'sieve' = PNC *(w)=if_V > Tsakh. wex:ʷa 'sieve'.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1 20
Proto-Basque: *ba śa
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 pool, pond 2 pools between rocks, formed by melting snow 3 softened
snow 4 marshy land 5 mire, mud 6 clot of blood
Bizkaian: baltsa 2, 3, basa 5
Gipuzkoan: baltsa 2, 3
High Navarrese: balsa 1
Low Navarrese: baltsa 3, balsa 6
Salazarese: balsa 6
Lapurdian: baltsa 3, 5, (Ainhoa) basa 5
Baztanese: baltsa 3
Zuberoan: baltsa 3, balxa 4
Roncalese: balsa 6
Comments: Cf. PNC *ṗɦĭ c̣_wǝ̆ 'dirt, mud' ('swamp' in Udi and Kabardian).
Proto-Basque: *barace
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: garden, orchard
Bizkaian: (arc) baraze
Gipuzkoan: baratz, baratza
High Navarrese: baratze, baratz
23
Low Navarrese: baratze
Lapurdian: baratz
Zuberoan: baratze
Roncalese: baratzoe, (Uotzárr o) bartzoe
Proto-Basque: *barc
Meaning: nit
Bizkaian: bartz
Gipuzkoan: partz, (Andoain) patz
High Navarrese: partz, (Lezaka) bartz
Low Navarrese: phartz
Lapurdian: partz, fartz, (Ainhoa) patz
Baztanese: partz
Zuberoan: bartx
Roncalese: bartzx, (Uotzárr o) bartzo
Comments: Forms with p(h)- (> LAB f-) are secondary, in central dialects, by
assimilation or expressive devoicing. Peripheral dialects (BZK, ZBR, RNC)
preserve b-. Cf. PEC *bē ǯwi‘stzinging insectz’.
Proto-Basque: *barda
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 belly, abdomen, bowels 2 tripe food) 3 stomach 4 rennet 5 rancor, spite 6
paunchy, potbellied
High Navarrese: barda 1, (Lezaka) bardaki 2
Low Navarrese: marda-handi 6, (Aldude) parda 1
Salazarese: marda 1, 3, mardika 3
Baztanese: bardaki 2
Zuberoan: marda 1, 3, 4, 5, marda-handi 6
Roncalese: marda-andi 6, (Uotzárr o) marda ,
Comments: The nasal variants (marda) are probably by expressive
nasalization; parda by voicing dissimilation.
Proto-Basque: *-ba[r]da
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 shoulder 2 middle part of a pig (loin)
Gipuzkoan: sorbalda 1
Lapurdian: sorbalda 1
Baztanese: sorbalda 2
24
Comments: It is difficult to determine the precise local provenience of this word.
Azkue cites it as "common" and cites texts by F.I. Lardizabal (Gipuzkoan: 19th c.) and
P.A. Axular (Lapurdian: 17th c.). Trask cites a variant solbarda (EDB), with the liquids
in reverse order. Other Bsq dialects use various words for 'shoulder', e.g. ZBR suñ,
suñhegi (see *ślin), BZK and GIP sorburu ('head of body'), etc. 'shoulder'. The expected
Bsq form is *barda, dissimilated in the compound as sor-balda, or differently as sl barda. *ślr- is considered a stem variant of *ślin(q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *barda < *b=arda
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 last night 2 night before last
Araban: bart 1
Bizkaian: bartz ,, (Oñatze) berdantzoa
Gipuzkoan: bart 1, (Andoain, Donibane) berdantza 2, (Donibane) berdantzat 2
High Navarrese: bart 1, berdantza 2, (Irun) berdantzat 2
Low Navarrese: barda 1
Lapurdian: barda 1
Zuberoan: barda 1
Roncalese: barda 1
Comments: Cf. PNC *r=Vmƛ_Ă 'night, evening', with a different fossilized class prefix
in Bsq, corresponding to *b=Vmƛ_Ă.
Proto-Basque: *barhe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 slug 2 snail 3 leech
Bizkaian: bare 1, bara-kurkuillo 2, bara-skoill 2, (Arratia) bara-kurrillo 2, (Ispaster)
bare-kurlo 2
Gipuzkoan: bare 1, bara-kuillo 2, bara-kurkuillo 2, bare-kurkuillo 2, bara-kurrillo 2
High Navarrese: bara-kurkuillu 2
Lapurdian: bare 1, (arc) bare-korkoil 2, (arc) xinxin-barea 3, (Ainhoa) bare-kurkuila 2
Baztanese: bare 1
Zuberoan: barhe, barhánka ,
Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) baranka ,
Comments: Bsq *barhe is compared only with PEC *bHōr- (~ *wHōr-); the second
elements in NCauc and some of the Bsq words appear to be distinct: some of the
latter approximate Romance forms (Sp. caracol, Fr. escargot, etc.), others resemble
w rds f r ‘crane’ (see *kur̄i-lo); clearly a lot of contamination and blending going on.
Proto-Basque: *baś , *baśa
25
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 forest, woods 2 desert 3 wild
Araban: bas- 3
Bizkaian: baso 1
Gipuzkoan: baso 1
High Navarrese: baso 1
Low Navarrese: basa, bas- 3
Lapurdian: basa 2, basa, bas- 3
Zuberoan: basa 2, basa, bas- 3, (arc) baso 1
Roncalese: basa 3
Comments: Used in compounds, e.g. bas-urde 'wild boar', bas-asto 'wild ass, onager',
etc. As 'woods' baso has mainly died out in eastern Bsq, where *oi=han is used instead
(q.v.). Cf. alsoBasa-jaun 'lord of the woods', Bsq equivalent of sasquatch.
Proto-Basque: *bastze-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: corner, edge
Bizkaian: baztar
Gipuzkoan: baztar, bazter
High Navarrese: baztar, bazter
Low Navarrese: bazter
Salazarese: bazter
Lapurdian: bazter, (Ainhoa) baztar
Baztanese: bazter
Zuberoan: bazter
Roncalese: bazter
Comments: Cf. PNC *whǝ̆rʒ_ĭ 'edge, tip'. One of several cases in which Bsq *-stcorresponds to PNC tense sibilants: cf. Bsq *esti 'honey, sweet' ~ PEC *mĭʒV 'sweet'.
Proto-Basque: *bat
Meaning: one
Bizkaian: bat
Gipuzkoan: bat
High Navarrese: bat
Low Navarrese: bat
Salazarese: bat
Lapurdian: bat
Baztanese: bat
26
Aezkoan: bat
Zuberoan: bat
Roncalese: bat
Comments: Any relation with PNC is dubious: PNC *cHǝ̆ (PWC *za) 'one' is
phonetically incompatible with Bsq *bat. Possibly from a word meaning 'part': cf.
Dargi Chiragh b=it’a- ‘partz’; Avar but’á ‘partz’ (< b=ut’á, < [PNC class prefix] *w/b- +
PEC *=ĭṭV ‘tz cutz, divide’.
Proto-Basque: *beha
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 listening, looking 2 to listen, look at
High Navarrese: bea-tu 2
Low Navarrese: beha 1, beha-tu 2
Salazarese: bea-tu 2
Lapurdian: beha 1, beha-tu 2
Zuberoan: beha 1, beha-tzl
Roncalese: bea 1, bea-tu 2
Comments: The Bsq word apparently contains a fossilized class prefix or preverb *b= :
cf. PY *b[ǝ̄]k- 'to find'. This verb has influenced the form of the word for 'ear' in
northeastern Bsq:*be= ar̄i (q.v.) > beharri, etc.
Proto-Basque: *beHa-sun
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 bile, gall; hatred, bitterness 2 gall bladder (of fish) 3 affliction, woe,
anguish
Bizkaian: beaztun 1, (Bermeo) 2
Gipuzkoan: beazun 1
Low Navarrese: behazun 1
Lapurdian: beazuma 1, (arc) behazune 3
Comments: The segment *beHa- appears to be an old word, perhaps *beHe 'liver': cf.
PST *phe ‘sp een’ (Thankur =pǝy ‘ iver’, etzc.); PY *b[a]jbVl ‘kidney’ c u d be a simi ar
compound < *b[a]j-pɨʔɨĺ (second element = *pɨʔɨĺ ‘intzestzines’).
Proto-Basque: *behe < *b=ehe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 ground, floor 2 lower (part), bottom 3 below
Bizkaian: bee, bei, be 1, 2, bee-ra, be-ra 3
Gipuzkoan: be, bei 1, be-ra 3
27
Low Navarrese: behe-ra, behe-iti 3
Lapurdian: behe-re 1, behe-ra, behe-iti 3
Zuberoan: behe-ra, behe-iti 3
Comments: The PNC word had changing class prefixes (still the case in Chechen,
etc.). Bsq lexicalized the form *b=ehe = PNC *w=ǝ̆χA.
Proto-Basque: *behi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: cow
Bizkaian: bei
Gipuzkoan: bei
High Navarrese: bei, (local) pei
Low Navarrese: behi
Salazarese: bei
Lapurdian: behi
Baztanese: bei
Aezkoan: bei
Zuberoan: béhi
Roncalese: bei
Comments: Cf. PNC *bħǝrc̣_wV 'cattle'. For phonology cf.
Bsq *minhi 'tongue', *bihi 'grain'. Alternatively, cf. PSC *wɨ̆ɦwV 'cattle'.
Proto-Basque: *beh r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: mare
Bizkaian: beor
Gipuzkoan: beor
High Navarrese: beor
Low Navarrese: behor
Salazarese: beor
Lapurdian: behor
Zuberoan: bóh r
Roncalese: be r, (Uotzárr o) beur
Comments: Initial *be- is not likely to be a fossilized prefix, since *be=/*bi= does not
occur with animate beings (human or animal). Perhaps a dissimilated reduplication
(*fefor > *befor, or the like)?
Proto-Basque: *beko
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
28
Meaning: 1 forehead 2 frown (with eyebrows) 3 cheek 4 cheek, audacity
Bizkaian: beko-ki 1, (Mondragon, Ondarroa) beko-zko 2
Gipuzkoan: beko-zko 2, (Etxarri) beko-ski 1
High Navarrese: (Oyarzun) beko-ki 1
Low Navarrese: bekho, beko 1, bekho-ki 4, (Aldude) bekho-zko 3
Lapurdian: bekho, beko 1
Baztanese: beko-ki 2
Zuberoan: bekho-ki 4
Comments: Trask (1995) suggests derivation from late Latin beccu 'beak, bill', though
there is no deeper history of this word in Latin, and it may be a borrowing from
Vasconic.
Proto-Basque: *beɫe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 raven 2 crow 3 hawk, sparrowhawk
Bizkaian: bela 1, belatxika 2, belatxinga 2
Gipuzkoan: bela, bele 1, (Donostia) belatxinga 2
High Navarrese: bela, bele 1, belatxika 2
Low Navarrese: bele 1, belatxika 2, belatx 2, 3
Lapurdian: bela 1, belatx 3
Zuberoan: bé e ,, be exega , be átzo
Comments: Azkue cites (ANV, BZK, BNV, GIP, LAB, ZBR) bela 'raven', though
Mitxelena (1961, p. 128) cites (BZK) bela as opposed to bele in other dialects.
Proto-Basque: *beɫha-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 grass, hay 2 first mowing of hay 3 sorcerer, witch
Bizkaian: berar, bedar 1
Gipuzkoan: belar, berar 1
High Navarrese: belar 1
Low Navarrese: belhar 2
Lapurdian: belhar 2
Zuberoan: bé har , be ha-gí e
Roncalese: bera-gín
Comments: Cf. PEC *u_e ɣV 'burdock; nettle'. The sense 'sorcerer, witch' is from 'herb
maker, herbalist'.
Proto-Basque: *ben
29
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 formal, serious, sensible 2 meek, docile, obedient 3 power, potency 4
critical moment, urgency, compulsion 5 necessity
Bizkaian: ben 1, men 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: ben 1, men 2
High Navarrese: men 2, 3
Low Navarrese: men 3, 5
Lapurdian: men 3, 4
Zuberoan: men 3
Roncalese: men 3
Comments: The semantic variations are extensive, but cf. PNC *wēnʎ_wē 'luck, good',
where, e.g., 'luck' may be related to Basque 'critical moment, power', and 'good' to
Basque 'meek, docile, sensible'.
Proto-Basque: *be=gi (or *b=egi)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: eye
Bizkaian: begi
Gipuzkoan: begi
High Navarrese: begi
Low Navarrese: begi
Salazarese: begi
Lapurdian: begi
Baztanese: begi
Aezkoan: begi
Zuberoan: bégi
Roncalese: begi
Comments: A nominal formation from PSC *=axgwV 'to look, see', with the fossilized
class prefix *b(e)=.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1 20
Proto-Basque: *be=lhaun / *be=lhaurSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: knee
Bizkaian: belaun
30
Gipuzkoan: belaun
High Navarrese: belaun
Low Navarrese: belhaun
Lapurdian: belhaun
Zuberoan: be hain, (Bark xe) bé hañ
Roncalese: be áin, be éin
Comments: The variant *belhaur- occurs in words such as (L) belhaurika-,
(Z) belhai(ri)ka- 'to kneel', etc.
Proto-Basque: *be=ɫar̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: ear
Bizkaian: belarri
Gipuzkoan: belarri
High Navarrese: (n) belarri, bearri, (s) biarri
Low Navarrese: beharri
Salazarese: begarri
Lapurdian: beharri
Baztanese: begarri
Aezkoan: biarri
Zuberoan: behárri
Roncalese: biárri
Comments: Forms of type *behar̄i contaminated with the verb *beha- 'to listen, look'.
Michelena posited *berarri as the most ancient form, which is also possible,
since *l often changes to /r/ between vowels, which would then dissimi atze tz / /
because f tzhe f
wing /r̄/.
Proto-Basque: *berSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: self, same
Bizkaian: ber, bera
Gipuzkoan: ber, bera
High Navarrese: ber, bera
Low Navarrese: ber, bera
Lapurdian: ber, bera
Zuberoan: ber, bera
Roncalese: ber, bera
31
Comments: "ber- 'self, same' ... serves as the base of several derivatives ... western
dialects have recently generalized this form into an ordinary third-person prounoun
'he', 'she'" (Trask 1995).
Proto-Basque: *berc / *beśtz
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 cauldron 2 hearth grate
Araban: barzuin 2
Bizkaian: bartzun, barzun 2
Gipuzkoan: pertz 1, bertzun 2, (Iziar) pertzun 2
High Navarrese: pertz, bertz 1, bertzoin, bertzuin 2
Low Navarrese: bertz, (ms) best 1
Lapurdian: phertz 1
Baztanese: bertz 1, berzuin 2
Zuberoan: bertz 1
Roncalese: bertz 1
Comments: Older sources cite the Bsq meaning as 'cauldron' (caldero / chaudron),
Aulestia & White have bertz 'bucket, pail'. The variant best is only attested in a
manuscript, but seems to be a trace of an alternation *berc / *beśt, parallel to *blrc /
*blśt 'five' and some other cases. 'Hearth grate' is more specifically defined as 'palette
of iron or other metal, to move and pick up the fire in fireplaces and braziers': the Bsq
word is a compound of *berc + *hoin 'foot' (q.v.). In some dialects it can mean 'foot of
cauldron' or 'fire-shovel'.
Proto-Basque: *berhesi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to separate
Gipuzkoan: berezi
High Navarrese: berezi
Low Navarrese: berezi
Lapurdian: berezi
Zuberoan: berhezi
Roncalese: berezi
Comments: This could simply be a derivative of *ber- 'same, self', as suggested by
Mitxelena (1961: 83).
Proto-Basque: *ber̄h
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
32
Meaning: 1 bramble 2 thicket, brake 3 hedge 4 (newly tilled) field 5 sown field
Bizkaian: berro 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: berro 1, 2
High Navarrese: berro 4
Salazarese: berro 4
Lapurdian: berho, berro 1, 2, 3
Baztanese: berro 4
Zuberoan: bérh ,, , 4, 5
Roncalese: berro 4
Comments: Meanings 4 and 5 reflect a common development such as *hedge > *fence
> fenced in area, field.
Proto-Basque: *ber̄i
Meaning: new
Bizkaian: barri
Gipuzkoan: berri
High Navarrese: berri
Low Navarrese: berri
Salazarese: berri
Lapurdian: berri
Baztanese: berri
Aezkoan: berri
Zuberoan: bérri
Roncalese: berri
Comments: As suggested by Trombetti (1926), cf. Coptic beri, brre 'new, young',
Demotic bry 'young'; possibly one of a few Bsq loanwords from Egyptian.
Proto-Basque: *bero
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: warm, hot; warmth, heat
Bizkaian: bero
Gipuzkoan: bero
High Navarrese: bero
Low Navarrese: bero
Salazarese: bero
Lapurdian: bero
Zuberoan: bér
Roncalese: bero
33
Comments: Expressive/diminutive form bello /bely / in ZBR, RNC, SAL = ‘s ightz y
warm, ukewarm’, r ‘warm, h tz’ when speaking tz a chi d. In RNC
(Isaba) bé l became the only (unmarked) form.
Proto-Basque: *beś
Meaning: 1 arm (of human), foreleg (of animal) 2 upper arm, humerus 3 armpit 4
elbow
Bizkaian: beso 1, besondo 2, (Ispaster) besabe 3
Gipuzkoan: beso 1, besondo 2
High Navarrese: beso 1
Low Navarrese: beso 1
Lapurdian: beso 1, besondo 2
Zuberoan: bés ,, besṍnd
, besápe , besáink 4
Roncalese: beso 1, besainki 4
Comments: Cf. PNC *bü̆š_V 'finger, hand', a perfect phonetic and close semantic
match.
Proto-Basque: *bete, *i=pete
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 full 2 obese
Bizkaian: bete 1
Gipuzkoan: bete 1
High Navarrese: bete 1
Low Navarrese: bethe 1, iphete 2
Salazarese: bete 1
Lapurdian: bete 1
Baztanese: bete 1
Aezkoan: bete 1
Zuberoan: bétzhe ,
Roncalese: bete 1
Comments: Bsq-NC semantzic re atzi n is ratzher tzenu us: ‘hard’ > ‘stzr ng’ > ‘fu ’?
Proto-Basque: *beɫɦa-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 forehead 2 eyebrow 3 side, back (of mattress, pillow) 4 crust (of bread)
Bizkaian: (Ispaster, Markina) belaar 3
High Navarrese: bepelar 2
Low Navarrese: belhar 1
Salazarese: belar 1
34
Lapurdian: belhar, belar 1
Aezkoan: bepelar 2
Zuberoan: belar 1, ogi-belar 4
Comments: Meanings 3 and 4 are analogous to the NC meanings 'edge, end, corner'
(Chamali, Tindi bala, Avar bal, etc.).
Proto-Basque: *bi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: two
Bizkaian: bi
Gipuzkoan: bi
High Navarrese: bi
Low Navarrese: bi, bi-ga, (Aldude) bi-da
Salazarese: bi-da
Lapurdian: bi, bi-ga, (arc) bia
Baztanese: bi-da
Aezkoan: bi
Zuberoan: bi, bi-ga
Roncalese: bi
Comments: The variants bi-ga, bi-da occur in noun phrases and in counting (Trask
1997: 273). Cf. similar suffixes in Avar and Andian languages: Av ḳi-go, Akh Kar ḳeda, etc.
Proto-Basque: *bići ~ *biči
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 jewel 2 pearl 3 brooch 4 original, extravagant, graceful 5 pretty (children's
word) 6 element in words for 'godparent', 'godchild'
Bizkaian: bitxi 2, pitxi 1, 5, -bitxi 6
Gipuzkoan: pitxi 1, 5
High Navarrese: pitxi 1
Low Navarrese: bitxi 4
Lapurdian: bitxi 4, pitxi 5, -bitxi 6
Roncalese: bitxi 3
Comments: The oldest attested uses of the word (15th-16th c.) refer to jewels of great
price. This, and the use of *-biči in aita-bitxi ‘g dfatzher’, etzc. (ama-bitxi, seme-bitxi, alabitxi), matzch we witzh tzhe NC meanings ‘rich’ and ‘h n r(ab e)’. The ‘g d-(parent, chi d)’ usage is pr bab y ca qued n R mance f rms ike Fr. beaupère ‘g dfatzher’.
35
Pa atza /č/ by expressive palatalization and/or position between two /i/s; the
form pitxi by expressive devoicing.
Proto-Basque: *bide
Meaning: road
Bizkaian: bide
Gipuzkoan: bide
High Navarrese: bide
Low Navarrese: bide
Salazarese: bide
Lapurdian: bide
Baztanese: bide
Aezkoan: bide
Zuberoan: bide
Roncalese: bide
Comments: External parallels uncertain: borrowed from Berber, e.g.
Nefusa brid 'road'?
Proto-Basque: *biha-r
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 tomorrow 2 the next day, following day 3 day after tomorrow 4 the
second day after (any day)
Bizkaian: biar 1, biaramon 2
Gipuzkoan: biar, bigar 1, biaramon 2
High Navarrese: biar 1
Low Navarrese: bihar 1, biharamon, biharamun 2, biharamunago 4
Salazarese: biar 1
Lapurdian: bihar 1, biharamon, biharamun 2
Baztanese: biar 1, biardamu 3
Zuberoan: bihar 1, biha(r)men 2, biharamena, bihamenago 4
Roncalese: biar 1
Comments: See also *eci and *[lamu] for other expressions of days to come.
Proto-Basque: *bihi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 seed, grain 2 fruit 3 (a) little
Low Navarrese: bihi 1, 2, 3
Lapurdian: bihi 1, 3
Baztanese: bigi 1
36
Zuberoan: bíhi ,, ,
Comments: For Bsq *-V(n)hi- < earlier *-VRSi cf. *minhi 'tongue', *behi 'cow'.
Proto-Basque: *bihur̄Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to bend, twist 2 to turn 3 to return, come back 4 bent, curved
Araban: biur-tu 1
Bizkaian: bior-tu, biur-tu 1, 2, 3, biurri 4
Gipuzkoan: biur-tu, bior-tu 1, 3, biurri 4
High Navarrese: biur-tu, bior-tu 1, biurri 4
Low Navarrese: bihur-tu 1, 3, bihurri 4
Salazarese: biurri 4
Lapurdian: bihur-tu 1, 3, bihurri 4
Baztanese: biurri 4
Zuberoan: blhlr-tzu ,, , blhlrri 4
Roncalese: biur-tu 1, 2, 3, biurri 4
Comments: There are other, more abstract, meanings, such as 'to translate'
(languages), 'to convert' (religion), etc. For semantics, cf. *e=cuɫi 'to turn'. This is one
of the words in which PSC*gw or *Gw has changed to Bsq *b (in the environment of
high vowels).
Proto-Basque: *biɫh
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: hair, mane
High Navarrese: bilo, billo
Low Navarrese: bilho
Salazarese: bilo
Lapurdian: bilo
Aezkoan: bilo
Zuberoan: bí h
Comments: Trask (1999) passes on Michelena's idea that *bilho comes from a cross of
Lat. pilum 'single hair' and villum 'tuft of hair', adding "don't know if this is right or
not." The aspirated *-lh- matches well with PNC *ṗVħVɫV.
Proto-Basque: *bi / *e=biɫi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to walk, go about 2 wheel
Bizkaian: ibili 1, (arc) ebili 1, bur-pil 2
37
Gipuzkoan: ibili 1, gur-pil 2, kur-pil 2
High Navarrese: ibili 1
Low Navarrese: ibili 1
Salazarese: ebli 1
Lapurdian: ibili 1
Zuberoan: ebili, ebil 1
Roncalese: ebili 1
Comments: gur-pil < *gurt-bil (*gurdi 'cart, wagon', q.v.). Cf. *bVrVbil 'round'.
Proto-Basque: *bil < *b=il
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to assemble, amass, unite, gather, collect
Gipuzkoan: bil-du
High Navarrese: bil-du
Low Navarrese: bil
Lapurdian: bil
Zuberoan: bil
Roncalese: bil-tu
Comments: The comparison assumes a development parallel to PY *bɨĺ- 'all' < *b=ɨĺ(with fossilized inanimate prefix).
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1 20
Proto-Basque: *bil(ibil)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: round
Bizkaian: biribil
Gipuzkoan: biribil
High Navarrese: biribil, (Lezaka) borobil
Low Navarrese: borobil
Lapurdian: biribil
Zuberoan: biribil
Roncalese: biribil
Comments: *bil ‘r und tzhing’ in many c mp unds: *g(ʷ)ur-t-bil ‘whee ’, *bar̄abil ‘tzestzic e’, * u(r̄)-pil ‘heap f eartzh’, *ogi-t-pil ‘bread r
Cf. *e=biɫi ‘tz wa k’ < *’tz g r und’.
Proto-Basque: *bi - ć
38
’, *śudu(r̄)-pil ‘n stzri ’, etzc.
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: lamb (that has begun to feed itself)
Bizkaian: bildots
Gipuzkoan: bildots
High Navarrese: bildots
Low Navarrese: bildots
Lapurdian: bildots
Zuberoan: bildots
Roncalese: bildots
Comments: BNV bilos-tegi ‘sheep-f d’ and BZK billos-narru ‘ amb’s hide’ indicatze
earlier *bi lć, which could have been altered to *bi dlć after *lrdlć ‘b ar’ (q.v.), r tzhe
like. Analysis is then*bi -lć (cf. Bur. *bé -is ‘ewe’), witzh *-l- (stem-final reflex) rather
than the usual intervocalic reflex *-rd-.
Proto-Basque: *bi=der̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: chin
Low Navarrese: (Amikuse) bidar
Zuberoan: bíder
Comments: Some have thought this northeastern word to be a phonetic variant of
*bisar̄ ‘beard’ (q.v.), butz tzhis is imp ssib e ph netzica y: ZBR has bízar ‘beard’ pp sed
to bíder ‘chin’. *bi=rder̄ dissimilated > *bi=der̄; cf. *a=rdar̄ > *a=dar̄ ‘h rn’ (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *bi=hoc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: heart; pith (of plants)
Bizkaian: biotz
Gipuzkoan: biotz
High Navarrese: biotz
Low Navarrese: bihotz
Lapurdian: bihotz
Baztanese: bigotz
Zuberoan: bihotz
Roncalese: biotz, (Uztarroz) bigotz
Comments: Phonetically possible (Bsq *h = PSC *k) if we posit a deglottalized initial
such as PSC *kwĭc̣Ĕ, with secondary glottalization in PNC. Michelena (1961) identifies
this word with Aquitanian Bihoxus (a name).
39
Proto-Basque: *bi= dur̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: fear, fright
Bizkaian: bildur
Gipuzkoan: bildur, beldur
High Navarrese: beldur
Low Navarrese: beldur
Lapurdian: beldur
Zuberoan: bé dlr
Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) beldur
Comments: Probably *bi=rdur̄ > *bi dur̄, by dissimilation. Cf. PNC *=V̄rƛ̣_V(r) 'to be
scared, afraid'.
Proto-Basque: *bi=si
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: life; alive, lively
Bizkaian: bizi
Gipuzkoan: bizi
High Navarrese: bizi
Low Navarrese: bizi
Lapurdian: bizi
Zuberoan: bizi
Roncalese: bizi
Comments: With the frequent fossilized class prefix *bi=/*be=. Cf.
PNC *s_ĭHwV 'breath, breathe'.
Proto-Basque: *bi=ska-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 back (of body) 2 crest, high plain
Araban: 1, 2
Bizkaian: bizkar 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: bizkar 1, 2
High Navarrese: bizkar 1, 2
Low Navarrese: bizkar 1, 2
Lapurdian: bizkar 1, 2
Zuberoan: bizkar 1, 2
Roncalese: bizkar 1, 2
40
Comments: This word, both anatomica and ge graphic, is “c mm n y tzh ughtz tz be
the source of the province name Bizkaia" (Trask: EDB 146).
Proto-Basque: *bisa-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: beard
Bizkaian: bizar
Gipuzkoan: bizar
High Navarrese: bizar
Low Navarrese: bizar
Salazarese: bizar
Lapurdian: bizar
Baztanese: bizar
Aezkoan: bizar
Zuberoan: bíoar
Roncalese: bizar
Comments: With expressive/diminutive palatal ZBR bíxar /bíšar/ 'g atzee'.
Proto-Basque: *biśa-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 a kind of small wild cat 2 marmot
Bizkaian: mixar, mixu, musar 2
Gipuzkoan: musar 2
High Navarrese: (Lezaka) musar 2
Low Navarrese: (Aldude) bisar 1
Salazarese: muxar 1
Lapurdian: musar 2
Baztanese: bisar 1
Comments: Forms with m-, mu- and -x- /š/ have been a tzered by expressive changes.
Forms like PVSV 'cat' are widespread in the world, but in this case they could reflect
an archaic SC word for 'wild cat' or 'marmot'. Note that they are found in the remote
Pyrenean dialects (SAL, BZT).
Proto-Basque: *boc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 happiness, joy 2 satisfied, happy
Bizkaian: poz 1, pozik 2
Gipuzkoan: poz 1, pozik 2
41
High Navarrese: pozik 2, (Lezaka) poz 1
Low Navarrese: bozkario 1
Salazarese: botz 1, boztario 1
Lapurdian: boz 1, bozkario 1
Baztanese: boz, poz 1, bozkario 1
Zuberoan: botz 1, boztario 1
Roncalese: b tzo ,, (Uotzárr o) b okari , (Vidáng o) b otzari , b otzari ,
Comments: Forms with poz- are probably due to expressive devoicing (cf. pitxi <
*biči 'jewel', q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *b rc / *b śtz
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: five
Bizkaian: bost
Gipuzkoan: bost
High Navarrese: (South) bortz, (North) bost, (Lezaka) borz
Low Navarrese: bost, (Garazi) bortz
Salazarese: bortz
Lapurdian: bortz
Baztanese: borz
Aezkoan: bortz
Zuberoan: bost
Roncalese: b stz, b rtzo, (Ustzárr o) b ro
Comments: *borc and *blśt seem to reflect original allomorphs: *borc in final position
and *blśt before an affix? Cf. the variation of -rc- vs. -śt- in *ɦerce ~ *ɦeśte 'intestine',
and a few other cases.
Proto-Basque: *b=ardi-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 same, equal 2 even, smooth, flat
Bizkaian: bardin 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: berdin 1, 2
High Navarrese: berdin 1, 2
Low Navarrese: bardin, berdin 1, 2
Lapurdian: bardin, berdin 1, 2
Zuberoan: bardin 1, 2
Roncalese: bardin, berdin 1, 2
42
Comments: Bsq *=ardi-n, corresponding to PEC *=ăƛ_wVn 'to resemble, similar' (with
changing class prefixes). Bsq has generalized the prefix b=.
Proto-Basque: *b=elc
Meaning: 1 black 2 sad
Bizkaian: baltz 1
Gipuzkoan: beltz, belz 1
High Navarrese: beltz 1
Low Navarrese: belz 1, 2
Salazarese: beltx 1, 2
Lapurdian: beltz, belz 1, 2
Baztanese: belz 1
Zuberoan: beltx, beltz 1, 2
Roncalese: be tzx ,, (Uotzárr o) be o ,
Comments: In BNV, ZBR, RNC beltz was originally the unmarked form, beltx the
diminutive. According to Larrasquet (1939) beltx is now the usual form and beltz has
an augmentative nuance. Cf. Bsq *i=cal 'shadow' and PSC *Hč̣ō V̄ 'black', if *belc <
*b=elc.
Proto-Basque: *b=iɫhur̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 a binding or knot, made with branches or twigs 2 twist(ing), strap,
binding 3 tangle of cords
Bizkaian: (Arratia, Orozko) bidur 2
High Navarrese: bidur 3
Low Navarrese: bilhur, billur 1
Lapurdian: billur 1
Baztanese: billur 1
Zuberoan: bǘ hlr ,
Roncalese: bulur 1
Comments: Matches well with PNC *=VʎwE-, with a fossilized class prefix *b= and
fossilized plural suffix *-r̄.
Proto-Basque: *b=uśtze-l
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: rotten
Bizkaian: ustel
Gipuzkoan: ustel
High Navarrese: ustel
43
Low Navarrese: ustel
Salazarese: ustel
Lapurdian: bustel, (arc) phustel
Baztanese: ustel
Aezkoan: ustel
Zuberoan: lstze
Roncalese: ustel
Comments: Cf. PNC *=VršĒ 'to rot, ferment'. Bsq has a fossilized class prefix *b=, with
the /b/ lost in most dialects by the common change of /bu/ > /u/. Suffix *-l, as in
Bsq *mardu-l 'robust' ~ Kryz miɣi-l 'male', etc.
Proto-Basque: *bur(a)ho
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: curse, blasphemy
Bizkaian: birao, birago
Gipuzkoan: birao, (Andoain) birago, (Gabiria, Itziar) irao
High Navarrese: buro, burro
Low Navarrese: (Aldude) burho
Lapurdian: burho, buro
Zuberoan: burhau
Comments: Cf. the similar phonetic development of *buɫhar̄ 'breast, chest' < *burha-r̄ <
*Gwă ɦē. Cf. also ZBR bürhói 'brusque, rude'; ? (with -l- preserved) (ZBR-arc) bilha-ka
‘fightz, stzrugg e’,bilha-kaide ‘fightz, disc rd’; ‘hatzred, enmitzy, quarre , argumentz’. The
relationship of RNC irago, idago 'cry, clamor' and GIP irao is unclear - a different
etymon contaminated with *bur(a)ho?
Proto-Basque: *burki
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: birch tree
Bizkaian: urki, (Zigoitia) turki
Gipuzkoan: urki, (arc) epurki
High Navarrese: urki
Low Navarrese: burkhi
Zuberoan: bǘrkhi
Comments: This word resembles Indo-European words for 'birch', but cannot be
derived phonetically from any of them. Cf. Lezgi werχ < *wē[r]qwV, and another
similar root, PEC*mħĕrqwĕ 'birch, wood, timber'. The usual change of *bu > /u/ was
only partially carried through, mainly in the west. The t- in Zigoitia is very odd:
44
Michelena suggested a series of assimilations such as turki < *kurki < *gurki < *burki.
GIP epurki seems to have a fossilized prefix.
Proto-Basque: *buru
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 head 2 eyebrow
Bizkaian: buru 1
Gipuzkoan: buru 1
High Navarrese: buru 1
Low Navarrese: buru 1, be-phuru 2
Salazarese: buru 1
Lapurdian: buru 1
Baztanese: buru 1, be-puru 2
Aezkoan: buru 1
Zuberoan: bǘrl ,, be-phlrl, ber-phlrl
Roncalese: buru 1
Proto-Basque: *busta-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 tail (of livestock) 2 tail (of birds, garments) 3 penis
Araban: {vuotzayña, buçtzaña} ,
Bizkaian: buztan 1, 3
Gipuzkoan: buztan 2, 3
High Navarrese: buztan 2
Low Navarrese: buztan 2
Lapurdian: buztan 2
Baztanese: puztan 1
Zuberoan: bǘotzan
Roncalese: buztan 2
Proto-Basque: *buɫha-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: breast (chest)
Bizkaian: bular
Gipuzkoan: bular
High Navarrese: bular
Low Navarrese: bulhar
Salazarese: bular
45
Lapurdian: bulhar
Baztanese: bular
Aezkoan: bular
Zuberoan: bú har
Roncalese: búrar, búdar
Comments: Trask (1995, 1997) discusses whether *burar or *bular is original, noting
Michelena (1961) suggested *burar. 'chest' appears to be the original meaning ... also
used for 'female breast' ... specialized in this sense in Gipuzkoan" (Trask 1997). A
development of *burha-r̄ > *buɫha-r̄ is also possible in this model.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1 20
Proto-Basque: *-cu / *-ci
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: nine
Bizkaian: bederatzi
Gipuzkoan: bederatzi
High Navarrese: bederatzi
Low Navarrese: bedratzi
Salazarese: bedratzi
Lapurdian: bederatzi, (arc) bedaratzi, bedratzi
Baztanese: bederatzi
Aezkoan: bedratzi
Zuberoan: bederátzol
Roncalese: bedrátzou
Comments: This hypothetical morpheme *-cu / *-ci (it is disputed which is original)
would mean 'ten', if *bede-ra-cu (*-ci) comes from 'ten less one' (10-1). There is a
similar element in Bsq*sor(-)ci 'eight', but further analysis is unclear.
Proto-Basque: *čaha
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: calf (young bovine)
Bizkaian: txal, (Markina) txaal
Gipuzkoan: txal
Low Navarrese: (Amikuse) xahal
Salazarese: xal
Lapurdian: xahal
46
Zuberoan: xáha
Roncalese: xã
Comments: There is a mysterious nasal vowel in RNC, but not in ZBR. In this, and a
few other cases, it is apparent that some RNC nasal vowels are not necessarily related
to lost nasal resonants.
Proto-Basque: *čainč < *sainc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: squirrel
Gipuzkoan: katajoxintxa, katakuxantxa, katapurxintx
High Navarrese: urtxintx, urxantx, burintxa, burintza, buxintxa, katajoxintxa,
katakuxantxa, katapurxintx
Low Navarrese: urtxintx, urxints
Salazarese: burtxintx, urxa
Lapurdian: urtxintx, urxints
Aezkoan: burtxintx
Zuberoan: lrxántzx
Comments: A compound beginning with *hur̄ 'nut', *buru 'head, top', or *katu 'cat'. For
the second element cf. PNC *c̣Ĕrc_V 'marten, weasel' ('squirrel' in Avar).
Proto-Basque: *čam
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 weevil 2 caterpillar 3 black insects that live in the ground
Bizkaian: txamo 2
Gipuzkoan: txamo, txamorro 1, txamorro 3, (Gabiria) samorro 1
High Navarrese: (Lezaka) txamuru 1
Proto-Basque: *čankMeaning: 1 lame 2 on one foot 3 crutch
Bizkaian: txango 1, txangirrinka, txankurrika 2
Gipuzkoan: txanket 1
High Navarrese: txangi 1, (Elkano) txainkuru 1
Low Navarrese: xanku ,, tzxangarka , tzxanka , (Amikuse) tzxainkl ,
Lapurdian: xanku 1, (Ainhoa) txanka 3
Baztanese: txangilka 2
Zuberoan: tzxáinkl ,, tzxainklka , tzxanka
Roncalese: tzxankarka , (Uotzárr o) tzxanka
Comments: Cf. PNC *č̣ä̆nḳV 'trap, obstacle'. Any association with *mainku 'crippled' (<
Lat. mancu-; cf. Michelena 1961: 188) is secondary.
47
Proto-Basque: *čar̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: t, bad 2 evil, wicked 3 shoddy, of poor quality 4 naughty 5 delicate, weak 6
small 7 bad-tempered
Bizkaian: txar 1, 3, 5
Gipuzkoan: txar 1, 3, 5
High Navarrese: txar 1, 3
Low Navarrese: txar 1, 3, 5, 6, tzar 1, 2
Lapurdian: txar 4, 5, 6, tzar 1, 2
Baztanese: txar 6, 7, tzar 2
Zuberoan: txar 1, 3, 6, tzar 1, 2
Roncalese: txar 6
Comments: The forms with initial *c- (tz-) are supposed to be augmentative. The
conventional derivation from *sahar̄ ‘ d’ (Aokue, Miche ena) is imp ausib e, f r
phonetic and semantic reasons. Phonetic: The expressive variant of Bsq *s (written z)
is /š/ (writztzen x), n tz /č/ (writztzen tx), in the LAB and BNV dialects (Michelena 1961:
190-91), but Azkue regarded txar /čar̄/ ‘bad’ < *sahar̄ ‘ d’ as
the only exception. Semantic: tzhe tzyp
gy f tzhe change ‘ d’ > ‘bad’, a s ‘wicked’
and ‘sma ’, is n tz exp ained. On tzhe tzher hand, NC c gnatzes pr p sed here, ike
Agul (Burshag) č̣ire-r 'bad, dirty', Kryz č̣ir 'wild', Rutul č̣irɨ-dɨ 'lame' are phonetically
and semantically straightforward.
Proto-Basque: *-če
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: emphatic suffix on demonstratives and adverbs
Bizkaian: -txe, -xe
Gipuzkoan: -txe, -xe
High Navarrese: -txe, -xe
Low Navarrese: -txe, -xe
Lapurdian: -txe, -xe
Zuberoan: -txe, -xe
Roncalese: -txe, -xe
Comments: *-če after consonants, *-še after vowels: hor-txe 'right there', hau-xe 'this
one', handi-xe 'a little too big', aita-xe 'grandfather', etc. (Trask 1995: 67).
Proto-Basque: *čehume / *sehume / *senhe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
48
Meaning: 1 half-span (thumb to forefinger) 2 span (thumb to little finger)
Low Navarrese: xehume 1, zehe 2
Lapurdian: zehe 2, (Ainhoa) xeun 1, (Ainhoa, Senpere) zehume 2
Baztanese: zee 2
Zuberoan: xehǘne ,, oẽ́thẽ
Roncalese: xeme ,, oe , (Uotzárr o) tzxeme ,
Comments: A NE Bsq isogloss: cf. SW Bsq *a=r̄ae 'span' (q.v.).
Tentatively: *sehume 'span' was original (with a metathetic variant *senhe), and the
diminutive was *čehume 'half-span'. If so, PNC *č̣V̆mħV was originally a diminutive
and the augmentative (**ǯV̆mħV ?) was lost. But this is speculative. In this model
Bsq *senhe 'small, tiny' (q.v.) is an unrelated homonym of *senhe'span'.
Proto-Basque: *čiči
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 meat or fish (children's word) 2 fleshiness, meatiness
Bizkaian: txitxi 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: txitxi 1, 2
Lapurdian: txitxi 1, 2
Zuberoan: txitxi 1
Roncalese: txitxi 1, 2
Comments: Children's words can represent old words that have survived due to their
expressive value: cf. *koko 'egg'.
Proto-Basque: *čiki
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: small
Bizkaian: txiki, txikin, txiker, txikar
Gipuzkoan: txiki, txiker, txikar
High Navarrese: txiki, ttiki
Low Navarrese: txiki
Lapurdian: txipi
Zuberoan: txipi
Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) tzxikin
Comments: Most Vasconists impute common origin to several words for 'small' (*tipi,
*čiki), though we think they were originally distinct and eventually blended in forms
such as txipi(LAB,ZBR) and ttiki (ANV).
Proto-Basque: *čimiča, *čimir̄iSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
49
Meaning: 1 bedbug 2 butterfly
Bizkaian: tximitxa, tximutxa 1
Gipuzkoan: tximitxa, tximutxa 1, tximirrika, tximirrita 2
Salazarese: tximitxa 1
Roncalese: tximitxa
Comments: > Span. chinche 'bedbug'. Cf. PNC *ć̣imVc̣V
́ 'butterfly' and the similar Bsq
word *simi(n)ca.
Proto-Basque: *činčV
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: small stone, pebble
Gipuzkoan: txintxor
Zuberoan: tzxintzxó a, hárri-tzxintzxó a
Comments: For the expressive infix -n- cf. Ingush č̣inžarʁa 'elderberry' (< '*black
pebble'?).
Proto-Basque: *čis
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: urine
Bizkaian: txiz
Gipuzkoan: txiz
Comments: An expressive word, but it has widespread SC parallels.
Proto-Basque: *č i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 bird 2 pigeon
Bizkaian: txori 1
Gipuzkoan: txori 1, txoloma 2
High Navarrese: txori, xori 1, txoloma 2
Low Navarrese: txori, xori 1
Salazarese: txori 1
Lapurdian: xori 1, (Ainhoa) txori 1
Baztanese: xori 1
Zuberoan: tzxóri, x ri ,
Roncalese: txori 1
Comments: In compounds the form is *čl -, e.g. txol-arre 'sparrow' (Trask 1997;
Aulestia & White 1992; not in Azkue: cf. txoarre). Trask (1995, 1997) following
50
Michelena (1961) derives *člrifrom *sori 'luck, fortune' from "the common practice of
foretelling the future by observing the flight of birds," a solution that seems
ingenious, but misguided and fantastic, in this analysis. *čl lma 'pigeon' is a blend
of *čl - + Span. paloma.
Proto-Basque: *č ntza / *čind Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 finch, chaffinch 2 robin
Bizkaian: txonta 1, txindor, txindorri 2
Comments: Cf. PEC *č̣V̄ʁV iṭV 'a kind of bird' (sparrow, swallow, snipe, partridge).
Phonetic development is complex and unclear. Bsq and the PEC word have the
sequence affricate + vowel + resonant + coronal. As with many faunal words, these
have probably undergone several expressive changes. Cf. also PEC *čHwV̄r(V)ṭV ‘a
kind f bird’ (swa
w, stzar ing, ark, etzc.).
Proto-Basque: *č r̄u
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 root (of hair, whisker) 2 wad or tuft of flax 3 handful of flax prepared for
carding
Bizkaian: txorru 1
Low Navarrese: xorroin 3
Lapurdian: xorroin 3
Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) tzx rr i
Comments: Cf. PNC *ć̣ħwǝ̄rǝ 'hair', etc.
Proto-Basque: *da
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to be (is)
Bizkaian: da
Gipuzkoan: da
High Navarrese: da
Low Navarrese: da
Lapurdian: da
Zuberoan: da
Roncalese: da
Comments: *da is an irregular 3rd person singular form of the verb *e=isa-n 'to be'.
There is also a plural, *di-ra 'they are'.
Proto-Basque: *eci
51
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 the day after tomorrow 2 the day after the day after tomorrow (three days
hence) 3 four days hence
Bizkaian: etzoi ,, etzoiaramu, etzoi im , etzoi ume , (Oñatze) etzoidamu , (Tx rierri)
etzigerokoan 2, (arc) etziluma 2, etzikaramu 3
Gipuzkoan: etzi 1, etzidamuatzetik 2
High Navarrese: etzi 1, etzidamuatzetik 2, (Esteribar) etzidamu 2
Low Navarrese: etzi 1, etzidamu 2, (Larraun) etziamu 2
Salazarese: etzi 1, etzidamuago 2
Lapurdian: etzi 1, etzidamu 2
Baztanese: etzi 1, etziago 2, etzidamu 2
Aezkoan: etzi 1
Zuberoan: étzoi ,, etzoig
Roncalese: etzoi ,, etzoidamuag
, (Uotzárr o) etzoiastze
Comments: Some of the compounded elements are *gero 'later', *-ago 'more'
[comparative morpheme], *aśte 'week'; for -lume, -ramu, etc., see Bsq *[lamu].
Proto-Basque: *eguSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 sun 2 day
Bizkaian: eguzki 1, egun 2
Gipuzkoan: eguzki, iguzki 1, egun 2
High Navarrese: eguzki, iguzki 1, egun 2
Low Navarrese: ekhi, iguzki 1, egun 2
Salazarese: eki 1
Lapurdian: eguzki, iguzki 1, egun 2
Zuberoan: ékhi ,, égln
Roncalese: eki ,, egun , (Uotzárr o) egú-zku 1
Comments: Some strange variants of the word for 'sun': iduzki (ANVElkano), iruzki (GIP-Donostia; and 4 villages in ANV). Changes of velars to dentals
are found sporadically in Bsq (Michelena 1961: 65).
Proto-Basque: *eiho
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to grind 2 mill
Araban: eo 1
Bizkaian: ei ,, (Arratzia, Or ok ) i ,, (Tx rierri) ig ,, (Oñatze) ix ,
52
Gipuzkoan: eo 1, (Gabiria, Zegama) io 1, (Asteazu, Berastegi, Gaintza) igo 1
High Navarrese: eo 1, igara 2
Low Navarrese: eho 1, ihara 2, (Baigorri) eihara 2, (Isturitze) eiara 2
Salazarese: eo 1, eiara 2
Lapurdian: eho 1, eihera 2, (Ainhoa) ihara 2
Zuberoan: éh ,, eihéra
Roncalese: eio 1
Comments: The BZK variants eio, io can be rea ioed as [ei(d)žž ], [i(d)ž ], [išš ] in
Oñatze. Cf. PNC *Hĕmχ_wV 'to grind'. Bsq *eiho 'to beat, kill' is etymologically distinct.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1 20
Proto-Basque: *ei=har̄ / * ei=h r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 dry 2 withered, stiff 3 dry (land) 4 dry (animate beings , plants) 5 dry
(animals, bones)
Bizkaian: igar 5, legor 3
Gipuzkoan: igar 5, legor 3
High Navarrese: igar, ear 1
Low Navarrese: eihar 1, 2, leihor 1, 3
Salazarese: ear 1
Lapurdian: eihar, ihar 1, 2, leihor 1, 3
Zuberoan: éihar 2, 4
Roncalese: éxar 4
Comments: See note to *a=glr̄. The original distinction seems to have
been *ei=har̄ [animate] / * ei=hlr̄ 'imanimate'.
Proto-Basque: *-eka
Meaning: one
Bizkaian: amaika, amaka
Gipuzkoan: amaika
High Navarrese: amaika
Low Navarrese: hameka
Lapurdian: hameika, hameka, amaika
Zuberoan: hãmẽ́tka
Roncalese: améka
53
Comments: The morpheme exists only in the Bsq word for 'eleven', *hama-eka, if this
originally meant '10+1'. Cf. *hama-bi '12' ('10+2'), etc. Trombetti and Chirikba match it
with PWC *ḳǝ[singulative] > Abkhaz a-ḳǝt 'one', Abaza za-ḳǝ 'one', etc.
Proto-Basque: *eɫhe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 cattle, livestock 2 herd, flock 3 group, gang, throng
Bizkaian: (arc) elli 2, 3
Gipuzkoan: ele 1, 2
High Navarrese: (Esteribar) ele 1, 2
Lapurdian: elhe 1, 2
Zuberoan: elhi 3
Roncalese: eli 3
Comments: Bsq *heɫhe > *eɫhe by tzhe ‘ ne-aspiratze’ ru e (Miche ena ,96,: ,,-12).
Proto-Basque: *elhi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 finger 2 (finger-)ring 3 thumb 4 thimble
Bizkaian: el-aztun, el-eztun, er-aztun 2, er-koro 3, (Orozko) er-kolo, or-kolo 3,
(Arratia) or-kolo, or-koro 3
Gipuzkoan: el-aztun, er-aztun, err-aztun 2
High Navarrese: eri 1, er-aztun 2
Low Navarrese: erhi 1, eri-beatz 3, erh-aztun 2
Salazarese: eri 1, er-ko 4
Lapurdian: erhi 1, er(h)-aztun 2, (Ainhoa) err-aztun 2
Baztanese: eri 1
Aezkoan: eri 1, eri-beatz 3
Zuberoan: érhi ,, erh-áotzln
Roncalese: eri ,, eri-beatzo , er-k 4, (Uotzárr o) eri-ko 4
Comments: Bsq does not tolerate two aspirates in the same word, usually keeping the
last, so *elhi < *helhi = PEC *kwī ʡɨ 'hand'. Underlying *l is supported by the BZK and
GIP allomorphel- and by the soft /r/ of erhi, eri,, tzh ugh s me f rms have sec ndari y
deve ped a tzri ed /r̄/ in c mp sitzi n: GIP erraztun, LAB erreztun 'ring' (Michelena
1961: 331). Comparison of Bsq*elhi with PEC *kwī ʡɨ 'hand' is also possible, though
phonetically somewhat less probable.
Proto-Basque: *(ema)-ste
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
54
Meaning: , w man
married w man, wife
fiancée
Bizkaian: ema-zte 2, ema-zte-gei 3
Gipuzkoan: ema-zte 2, ema-zte-gai 3
High Navarrese: ema-zte 2, ema-zte-gai 3
Low Navarrese: ema-zte 2, ema-zte-gai 3
Salazarese: ema-zte 1
Lapurdian: ema-zte 2, ema-zte-gai 3
Aezkoan: ema-zte 1
Zuberoan: ema-zte 2, ema-zte-gei 3
Roncalese: ema-zte 1, ema-zte-gei 3
Comments: For the first element see *ema- 'female'. According to Trask (1997:
271) emazte means 'woman' in three Pyrenean dialects (RNC, AZK, SAL), 'wife'
elsewhere. A traditional etymology (since Schuchardt) derives *emaste from *ema- +
*gaste 'young', though the actual Bsq meanings do not support the idea of 'young'.
Proto-Basque: *eme / *ema-, *ama
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 female 2 woman 3 woman (married or widow) 4 woman (married) 5
mother 6 girl
Bizkaian: eme 1, emakume, emakuma 2, emazte 4, ama 5
Gipuzkoan: eme 1, emakume 2, emazte 4, ama 5
High Navarrese: eme 1, emazte 4, ama 5
Low Navarrese: emazte 4, ama 5, (Baigorri) emakume 6
Salazarese: emazte 2, emakume 6
Lapurdian: emakume 2, emazte 4, ama 5
Baztanese: emakume 2
Aezkoan: emazte 2
Zuberoan: emazte 3, ama 5
Roncalese: emakume 2, emazte 4, ama 5
Comments: For *ema-ste see *-ste. Trask (1995) mentions the supposed derivation from
Romance (Occitan heme 'female'), but *eme seems to be deeply imbedded in Bsq and is
thus of a much older origin (PSC *HV̆mV́).
Proto-Basque: *e=aici
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to milk (a cow)
Gipuzkoan: jetxi
High Navarrese: (Goizueta) jetzi
55
Low Navarrese: deitzi
Salazarese: saitsi
Lapurdian: deitzi
Baztanese: deitzi
Zuberoan: jaitzi, jaitsi, jeitsi
Comments: The initial d- in s me f rms is tzh ughtz tz be sec ndary “reversa
f
palatalization" (Michelena). Some forms (with final -tsi) show contamination
with *e=aući ‘tz g d wn’ (q.v.). S me dia ectzs use tzhe causatzive eraitsi ‘tz mi k’. F r
the initial of SAL saitsi, see the parallel development of *e=aući ‘tz g d wn’ in
Pyrenean dialects. Bsq *sesen ‘bu ’ (q.v.) = Chama i, Bagwa i zin ‘c w’, etzc. are
thought to be related to this verb (see NCED).
Proto-Basque: *e=aki-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: know (saber/savoir)
Bizkaian: jakin
Gipuzkoan: jakin
High Navarrese: jakin
Low Navarrese: jakin
Salazarese: xakin
Lapurdian: jakin
Aezkoan: xakin
Zuberoan: jakin
Roncalese: xakin
Proto-Basque: *e=alki
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to leave, go out 2 carry off, remove 3 take out 4 adapt, comply
Gipuzkoan: jalki 1, 3, 4
High Navarrese: jalki 1, 3, 4
Low Navarrese: ilkhi 1, 2, jalgi, jelgi 1
Salazarese: elki, ilki 1
Lapurdian: ilki, ilkhi 1, 2
Zuberoan: é khi ,, , já khi ,
Roncalese: érkin ,,
Comments: It is also possible that -ki (-khi, -gi) is the common verbal suffix. A
suffixless form jali 'to go out, leave' is attested in LAB-arc, BNV-Hazparren, BNV-
56
Mugerre. This jali < *e=alimay be related to a different PEC verb such as *=Vmƛ̣V 'to
go, to come'.
Proto-Basque: *e=an
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: eat
Bizkaian: jan, (Durango, Markina) jaan
Gipuzkoan: jan
High Navarrese: jan
Low Navarrese: jan
Salazarese: xan
Lapurdian: jan
Baztanese: jan
Aezkoan: xan
Zuberoan: jan
Roncalese: xan
Comments: Root is *-a[n]-, per Trask (EDB).
Proto-Basque: *e=ar̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to sit (down), place oneself 2 to set, put, place 3 to become, arrive, reach 4
to accomodate, adapt
Bizkaian: jarri 1
Gipuzkoan: jarri 1, 2
High Navarrese: jarri 1
Low Navarrese: (Baigorri) 4
Lapurdian: jarri 2, 3, (Ainhoa) 4
Aezkoan: xarri 1
Zuberoan: jarri 1
Comments: The Bzk forms jasarri / jesarri appear to be a blend of jarri and a separate
root, *e=śeri (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *e=aśV
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 lift, raise 2 carry, support, sustain 3 bear, endure 4 bear (fruit) 5 borrow
Bizkaian: jaso, jason 1, 2, (arc) jauso, joso 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: jaso 1, 2
High Navarrese: jaso 1, jasan 2, 3, 4, jasi 2
57
Low Navarrese: jasan 2, 3
Lapurdian: jaso 1, jasan 2, 3
Baztanese: jasan 2, 3
Zuberoan: jésan 5
Comments: According to Michelena ZBR 'to borrow' is a partial calque from
Romance (cf. Catalan manllevar 'to borrow' < manum levare 'raise one's hand [to
swear]').
Proto-Basque: *e=aući
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to go down, descend 2 to throw
Araban: jatsi 1
Bizkaian: (arc) jatsi 1
Gipuzkoan: jatsi, jatxi, jetsi, jetxi 1, 2
High Navarrese: jautsi, jatsi, jatxi, jetxi 1
Low Navarrese: jautsi, jeutsi, jeitsi 1, (Garazi) deutsi 1
Salazarese: sauntsi 1
Lapurdian: jautsi 1
Aezkoan: sautsi 1
Zuberoan: jaitsi, jatsi 1
Roncalese: xatxi 1
Comments: Cf. PNC *=ić̣wĔ 'to come; to return' (Lak =u=č̣a-n- 'to go down', etc.).
Pyrenean forms (xatxi, sautsi, sauntsi) are by sibi antz assimi atzi n aftzer tzhe change f
/j/ > /ž/ > /š/ (> /ś/).
Proto-Basque: *e=augi-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to come
Low Navarrese: jin, (arc, Baigorri) jaugin
Salazarese: xin
Lapurdian: jin, jen
Zuberoan: jin
Roncalese: xin
Comments: This verb, in the form jaugin (or inflections thereof) was used by early
writers such as Etxepare (16th c.) and Pouvreau (17th c.). Per Azkue, the full
form jaugin is now restricted to Baigorri. (See Trask 1997: 294.) Western dialects
prefer *e=tlr̄i 'to come' (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *e=auśi
58
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to fall
Bizkaian: jausi
Comments: Cf. PNC *=ŭśV 'to descend; to fall, be scattered'. Other Bsq dialects
use *e=rori (q.v.) for 'to fall'.
Proto-Basque: *e=baki
Meaning: to cut
Bizkaian: ebagi
Gipuzkoan: ebaki
High Navarrese: ebaki
Low Navarrese: ebaki
Lapurdian: ebaki
Zuberoan: ebáki
Roncalese: ebaki
Comments: This verb is usually analyzed as *e=ba-ki (Michelena 1961: 231). Voicing
assimilation in BZK. Cf. PY *pak- 'to cut'.
Proto-Basque: *e=ca-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: (itr.) to lie down, rest (tr.) to put down
Bizkaian: etzan, (Lekeitio) etzun, (arc) etxun
Gipuzkoan: etzan, etzin
High Navarrese: etzan, etzin
Low Navarrese: etzan
Lapurdian: etzan, (arc) etzain
Zuberoan: etzan
Roncalese: etzan, etzin
Proto-Basque: *e=će
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 house 2 cottage, cabin
Araban: etse 1
Bizkaian: etse 1, (Gernika, Mundaka, Txorierri) etze 1
Gipuzkoan: etxe 1, etxol 2
High Navarrese: itxe, etxe 1, itxola, etxol 2
Low Navarrese: etxe 1, etxola 2
Salazarese: etxe 1
59
Lapurdian: etxe 1, etxola 2
Baztanese: etxe 1
Aezkoan: etxe 1
Zuberoan: etxe 1, etxola 2
Roncalese: etse 1
Comments: Michelena (1961) regards etse = *eće as original, and etxe [eče] as a
palatalized derivative. For the element -ol(a) see *lɫha.
Proto-Basque: *e=cuɫi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 turn over, upset 2 turn around, return 3 turn one's head 4 turn sour (milk)
5 convert (religion) 6 return, repay 7 back side, reverse
Bizkaian: itzuli 1, 2, 7
Gipuzkoan: itzuli 1
High Navarrese: itzuli 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
Low Navarrese: itzuli 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Salazarese: itzuli 1, 2, 5
Lapurdian: itzuli 1, 2, 5, 6
Baztanese: itzuli 6, 7
Aezkoan: itzuli 2
Zuberoan: ltzol i , 5, 6
Roncalese: utzuli 2, 4, 6
Comments: Cf. PNC*=īrcV 'to twirl, turn' (1780). For semantics, cf. *bihur̄-.
Proto-Basque: *e=da(-)n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: drink
Bizkaian: edan, (Eibar, Lekeitio) eran
Gipuzkoan: edan, (coastal) eran
High Navarrese: edan
Low Navarrese: edan
Salazarese: edan
Lapurdian: edan
Baztanese: edan
Aezkoan: edan
Zuberoan: edan
Roncalese: eran
Comments: With some sporadic changes of /d/ > /r/. Trask (EDB) cites root as *-da[n]-.
60
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1 20
Proto-Basque: *e=gari ~ *e=gar̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 carry, support, endure 2 use, avail oneself of 3 confirm 4 walk
Bizkaian: (arc) {eguarria} 1 ?
Low Navarrese: egari 1, (arc) egarri 1
Salazarese: egari 1
Zuberoan: egari 1, 2, 3
Roncalese: egari 1, 2, 4
Comments: This is ne f tzhe rare verbs witzh a variatzi n betzween /r/ and /r̄/.
Michelena (1961: 232 "acaso") was uncertain of the pertinence of archaic BZK
{eguarria}.
Proto-Basque: *e=gi-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to do, make
Bizkaian: egin
Gipuzkoan: egin
High Navarrese: egin
Low Navarrese: egin
Lapurdian: egin
Zuberoan: egin
Roncalese: egin
Comments: This verb is also extensively used as an auxiliary.
Proto-Basque: *e=go-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 stay, remain, dwell 2 wait 3 be suited, agree 4 to be (animate) 5 to be (=
Sp. estar)
Bizkaian: egon 1, 2, 3, 5
Gipuzkoan: egon 1, 2, 5
High Navarrese: egon 1, 2, 5
Low Navarrese: egon 1, 2, 4
Lapurdian: egon 1, 2, 3, 4
Zuberoan: ég n ,, , 4
61
Roncalese: egon 1, 2, 4
Comments: This verb has many meanings, of which 5 appears to be the most recent
and influenced by Sp. estar (Trask 1999: 292 f.).
Proto-Basque: *e=gur̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: firewood, fuel
Bizkaian: egur, eur
Gipuzkoan: egur
High Navarrese: egur
Low Navarrese: egur
Lapurdian: egur
Zuberoan: églr
Roncalese: egur
Comments: Cf. PNC *gōrV 'pole, piece of log'.
Proto-Basque: *e=her̄i / *aiher̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to find out, notice, guess, divine 2 to announce, communicate 3
propensity, inclination, penchant 4 supposition, assumption, guess 5 rancor, grudge
Bizkaian: igarri 1, iragarri 2
Gipuzkoan: igarri, igerri 1, aier-kunde 3
High Navarrese: igerri 1
Low Navarrese: aiher 3, 5, (Aldude) aiher-kunde 5
Lapurdian: aiher 3, 5
Baztanese: aier 3, aier-kunde 5
Zuberoan: áiher , 4, 5
Comments: The form igerri is not found in Azkue, but is cited by Michelena (1961:
69), who also connected the western verb igerri, igarri with the noun *aiher̄. There is a
wide semantic range that can be distilled as 'guess, suppose' > 'supposition (of
wrongdoing)' > 'grudge', etc.
Proto-Basque: *e=hu-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to weave 2 cloth 3 weaving (craft) 4 to braid
Bizkaian: eio 4, eun 1, 2, 3
Gipuzkoan: eo 1, eun 2
High Navarrese: eo 1
62
Low Navarrese: eho 1, ehun 2
Lapurdian: eho 1, ehun 2, (arc) ehein 1
Zuberoan: eh ,, éhln ,, ,
Roncalese: eo 1
Comments: *e=hu-n seems to be the oldest form (cf. PEC *=irχ_wVn), generally
changed to e(h)o, possibly influenced by *eiho 'to grind' (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *e=isa-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to be
Bizkaian: izan, ixan, (arc) izen
Gipuzkoan: izan
High Navarrese: izan
Low Navarrese: izan
Lapurdian: izan
Zuberoan: íoan
Roncalese: izan
Proto-Basque: *e=ka-n / *e=ko
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: ascend, go up, climb
Bizkaian: igo, igon, igan, iyo
Gipuzkoan: igo, iyo
High Navarrese: igan, (Ulzama) ien
Low Navarrese: ikhan
Salazarese: igan
Lapurdian: ikhan, (arc) ikan
Zuberoan: igáñ
Roncalese: igan
Comments: Michelena (1961: 231-2) remarked on several verbs, including this one, in
which voiced and voiceless consonants historically vary (here: /k/ vs. /g/). He thought
these were traces of an ancient alternation, now leveled in most modern forms.
C u d tzhis ref ectz
d accentzua patztzerns (cf. Verner’s Law)? The a tzernatzi n f Bsq *-
rd- / *-rt- < PSC lateral affricates (see Bsq *urde ‘pig’ / *urte ‘year’) was apparentz y
conditioned by PSC accent.
Proto-Basque: *e=kar̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
63
Meaning: 1 bring 2 bear fruit, produce; fruit 3 be resolved, decided 4 to allege 5 to
give
Bizkaian: ekarri 1, 2, 5
Gipuzkoan: ekarri 1, 5
High Navarrese: ekarri 1, 4, (Ulzama) karri 1
Low Navarrese: ekharri 1
Lapurdian: ekharri 1
Baztanese: karri 1
Zuberoan: ekharri 1, 3
Roncalese: ekarri 1
Comments: Cf. PNC *=Hīq_V(r) 'to pull, take out; to drag, carry'.
Proto-Basque: *e=kenSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 take away, remove 2 remove oneself, leave 3 require, charge (a price)
Bizkaian: ken-du 1, 2, 3
Gipuzkoan: ken-du 1, 2, 3
High Navarrese: ken-du, (Ulzama) eken-du 1, 2, (Berrueta) gen-du 1, 2
Low Navarrese: khen-du 1, 2
Salazarese: gen-du 1, 2
Lapurdian: ken-du 1, 2
Baztanese: eken-du 1, 2
Aezkoan: eken-du 1, 2
Zuberoan: khén-tzl ,,
Roncalese: gén-tu 1, 2
Comments: Cf. PNC *HVq_Vn- 'to take, snatch'.
Proto-Basque: *e=ku-śi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to see
Bizkaian: ikusi, ekusi, ekosi, ukusi
Gipuzkoan: ikusi, ekusi
High Navarrese: ikusi
Low Navarrese: ik(h)usi, (Baigorri) khusi, (Aldude) kusi, (arc) inkusi
Lapurdian: ikhusi
Baztanese: kusi
Zuberoan: ikhúsi
Roncalese: ekusi
64
Proto-Basque: *e=kusi
Meaning: to wash
Bizkaian: ikuzi, (Orozko) ukuzi
Gipuzkoan: ikuzi
High Navarrese: ikuzi
Low Navarrese: ikhuzi
Lapurdian: ikuzi
Zuberoan: ikhloi, (Gèoe) lkhloi
Roncalese: ekuzi, ekuz
Comments: Compared by H. Berger (1959) with Burushaski *ɣurc- 'to sink (in water,
earth), dive, immerse.'
Proto-Basque: *e=ɫhe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 word, speech 2 bit of news, gossip, anecdote 3 dispute, quarrel
Gipuzkoan: ele 3
High Navarrese: ele 1
Low Navarrese: elhe 1
Lapurdian: elhe 1
Baztanese: ele 1, 2
Zuberoan: é he ,
Roncalese: ele 1
Comments: Cf. PNC * ĕHwV 'word'.
Proto-Basque: *e=ɫh r̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 thorn 2 spine (of chestnut) 3 hawthorn 4 hawthorn-place (place name)
Bizkaian: elorri 3
Gipuzkoan: elorri 3
High Navarrese: elorri 3
Low Navarrese: elhorri 3
Salazarese: illurri-tze 3
Lapurdian: elhorri 3
Baztanese: Elgorri-aga 4
Zuberoan: e hórri 1, 2
Roncalese: illurri 3
65
Comments: F r NC ‘arr w' ~ Bsq 'tzh rn’ cf. Coech šíp ‘arr w’, šipek ‘d g-rose,
hawtzh rn’, Rus. šip ‘tzh rn, prick e’; Te ugu mulu, mullu ‘tzh rn, prick( e)’,
etc.; muliki ‘arr w, arr whead’, etzc.
Proto-Basque: *e=ɫhu-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: snow
Araban: erur
Bizkaian: erur, edur, eur
Gipuzkoan: elur
High Navarrese: elur
Low Navarrese: elhur
Salazarese: elur
Lapurdian: elhur
Baztanese: elur
Aezkoan: elur
Zuberoan: é hlr
Roncalese: elur
Comments: *-r̄ is the frequent fossilized plural or collective marker. BNV also
has elhauso 'avalanche' < *eɫh(u-) + *Hauśl, (q.v., and e=auśi 'to fall'), shortened in
ANV, BZT, SAL to lauso; also a full form in ZBR (arc) elhurauso.
Proto-Basque: *e=man
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to give
Bizkaian: emon, (Oñatze) emun, (Berme ) m n
Gipuzkoan: eman
High Navarrese: eman
Low Navarrese: eman, emon
Salazarese: emon
Lapurdian: eman
Baztanese: eman
Aezkoan: eman
Zuberoan: ẽ́tmãn
Roncalese: emon
Comments: Cf. PY *pVn- 'to give'. PY *p can come from PSC *p, *b, or *m: in this case
probably *m; cf. PY *pan- 'to sit' in relation to Bsq *e=men̄i 'to put'.
Proto-Basque: *e=meni
66
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to put, place, set
Araban: ifini
Bizkaian: imiñi, ipiñi, (arc) imeni, (arc) ifini, (arc) ibini
Gipuzkoan: ipini, ipiñi, (arc) ifeñi
High Navarrese: ipiñi, ipeiñi, ifiñi
Low Navarrese: imiñi
Salazarese: imiñi
Lapurdian: (arc) ibeni, (arc) ifeini
Comments: It is difficult to know which form is original, after various assimilations
or dissimilations. External comparison supports *e=meni = BZK-arc imeni. In the
North (BZT, ZBR, RNC) this verb is obsolete and has been supplanted
by *e=sari (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *e=ncu-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to hear 2 to smell (perceive odors) 3 famous, renowned 4 competent
Bizkaian: entzun 1, 2, 3
Gipuzkoan: entzun 1
High Navarrese: entzun 1
Low Navarrese: entzun 1, 2 (Baigorri)
Lapurdian: entzun 1
Zuberoan: et̃́ntzoln ,, 4
Roncalese: entzun 1
Comments: ̃́
Proto-Basque: *e=o
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to hit, strike, beat
Bizkaian: jo
Gipuzkoan: jo
High Navarrese: jo
Low Navarrese: jo
Salazarese: xo
Lapurdian: jo
Zuberoan: jo
Roncalese: xo
67
Comments: Cf. PNC *=HiʁwE(r) 'to beat'.
Proto-Basque: *e=oHa-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to go
Bizkaian: joan, juan, fuan, fan
Gipuzkoan: joan, fan
High Navarrese: joan, goan, gan
Low Navarrese: juan
Salazarese: fan
Lapurdian: goan, gan
Baztanese: gan
Aezkoan: fan
Zuberoan: j an, juan, jun [žũn]
Roncalese: [xwan], fan, [šwan]
Comments: There are many localized developments of joan > [xwan] > [fan], etc. See
Michelena (1961: 173). As pointed out by Jacobsen (1995) some northern dialects have
forms with -h-: noha 'I am going', etc. Comparison with PNC *=iχ_wV 'to go, come,
enter' is also possible.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1 20
Proto-Basque: *e= śi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to sew
Bizkaian: josi
Gipuzkoan: josi
High Navarrese: josi
Low Navarrese: josi
Lapurdian: josi
Zuberoan: josi
Comments: The semantzic difference (Bsq) ‘sew’ ~ (PNC) ‘weave’ ~ (Kryo) ‘spin’ seems
ordinary: cf. Ger. nähen ‘tz sew’ ~ Litzh. nýtis ` ever f a
m’ ~ Gk νή- ‘tz spin’, Latz. nē- id., etc.
Proto-Basque: *e=per̄
Meaning: partridge
Bizkaian: eper
68
m’, Letztz. nīts ‘partz f a
Gipuzkoan: eper
High Navarrese: eper
Low Navarrese: epher
Lapurdian: epher
Zuberoan: épher
Roncalese: eper
Comments: Hardly derived from Lat. perdīx. Cf. PY *pǝʔr 'a kind of duck', if the latter
is not borrowed from Samoyed (PU *pErV 'a kind of duck' > Selkup pūria 'Ente; Anas
clangula', pūr(N) 'Entenart'; Kamass: pшrш, pшre 'Entenart; Mergus merganser').
Proto-Basque: *e=purdi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: buttocks, rump
Bizkaian: iperdi, eperdi, (Markina, Oñatze) ipurdi, (arc) ipirdi
Gipuzkoan: ipurdi
High Navarrese: epurdi
Low Navarrese: (Aldude) purdi
Salazarese: ipurdi
Lapurdian: iphurdi
Baztanese: purdi, ipurdi
Zuberoan: iphlrdi
Proto-Basque: *e=r̄ai
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 entrail(s) 2 lung(s) 3 pluck
Bizkaian: errai 1, errai-ki 3, gibel-errai 3
Gipuzkoan: errai, arrai 1, gibel-arrai 3
High Navarrese: errai 1, gibel-errai 3
Low Navarrese: errai 1, gibel-errai 3
Lapurdian: errai, arrai 1, gibel-arrai 3, gibel-errai 3
Zuberoan: errái ,, gibe -errái
Roncalese: errai 1, gibel-errai 3
Comments: Gibel-errai most widely refers to 'pluck' (major organs of an animal: heart,
lungs, liver, spleen, used as food). Not to be confused with a similar
word *er̄ain 'kidneys, loin, back' that is from a Romance reflex of Latin rēn- 'kidney'
(Michelena 1961: 144).
Proto-Basque: *e=r̄a-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
69
Meaning: say, tell, call, name
High Navarrese: erran
Low Navarrese: erran
Salazarese: erran
Lapurdian: erran
Baztanese: erran
Zuberoan: erran
Roncalese: erran
Comments: The eastern Bsq root, opposed to western *e=śa-n.
Proto-Basque: *e=rec
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 corner, edge, bank 2 side 3 fringe (of garment) 4 part(ing) of hair 5
comparison, relation
Bizkaian: ertz 1, 3, 4
Gipuzkoan: ertz 1, 3
Low Navarrese: eretz 2, 5
Lapurdian: eretz 2, 5
Proto-Basque: *e=rori
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to fall
Gipuzkoan: erori
High Navarrese: erori
Low Navarrese: erori
Lapurdian: erori
Zuberoan: erori
Comments: Cf. PNC *Hraʎwe 'to fall, go down'. Normally PNC *-ʎ- [voiceless lateral
fricative] corresponds to Bsq *-ɫh- (between vowels). There has been assimilation
and/or dissimilation in play; or early loss of /h/ in Bsq *e=rlɫhi or *e= lɫhi > *erl i >
erori?
Proto-Basque: *e=saguSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to know (conocer, connaitre)
Bizkaian: ezagu-tu, ezau-tu, (arc) ezaun
Gipuzkoan: ezagu-tu
70
High Navarrese: ezagu-tu, zagu-tu
Low Navarrese: ezagu-tu
Salazarese: ezagu-tu
Lapurdian: ezagu-tu, zagu-tu
Baztanese: ezagu-tu
Aezkoan: ezagu-tu
Zuberoan: eoágl-tzl
Roncalese: ezagu-tu
Comments: Trask (1997) posits an original form *ezagun, still used as the adjective
'familar, well-known'.
Proto-Basque: *e=śa-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: say, tell, narrate, relate
Bizkaian: esan
Gipuzkoan: esan
High Navarrese: (Larraun) esan
Comments: The western Bsq root, opposed to eastern *e=r̄a-n.
Proto-Basque: *e=sari
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to set, put 2 to sit, seat oneself 3 to give way, sag, be prostrate
Bizkaian: ezarri 2, 3
Low Navarrese: ezari 1
Salazarese: izarri 1
Lapurdian: ezari 1
Zuberoan: ezari 1
Roncalese: isari ,, (Vidáng o) ioari ,
Comments: See also *e=ar̄i and *e=śeri. These three verbs have contaminated each
other and are hard to separate at the synchronic level.
Proto-Basque: *e=sari
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: measure, dimension, size
Low Navarrese: izari
Lapurdian: izari
Zuberoan: izari
71
Comments: Comparison suggested by Bouda (1949, no. 24). The Bsq word has an
archaic structure corresponding to PSC *=(V)c(w)ălV, reordered in PNC *=ă cŬm, a
common phenomenon in verbal roots.
Proto-Basque: *e=śene
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 milk 2 sap
Araban: ezne 1
Bizkaian: ezne, esne 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: ezne, esne 1, 2
High Navarrese: ezne, esene 1
Low Navarrese: ezne, esne 1
Salazarese: ezne 1, 2
Lapurdian: esne 1
Baztanese: ezne 1
Zuberoan: eznẽ́t ,
Roncalese: ezne 1, 2
Comments: Bsq *ś is the expected correspondence to PNC *š, and this is attested in
the ANV variant esene. The sibi antz-nasa c ustzer in tzher dia ectzs is res ved eitzher as
/śn/ r /sn/, m re c mm n y tzhe atztzer, acc rding tz Azkue. For (BN) zen-bera 'soft
cheese', etc., see Bsq *sen-[-bera], a distinct etymon.
Proto-Basque: *e=seo, *e=se-ki
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to set fire, kindle 2 to burn 3 heat, ardor
Bizkaian: (Markina, Txorierri) izio 1, (arc) exeki 2
Gipuzkoan: izeki 2, (Etxarri-Aranaz) iziki, izigi 1
High Navarrese: izeki 1, 2, 3, iziki, izigi 1
Low Navarrese: ixeki 2
Lapurdian: (arc) {iechequi} /ješeki/
Roncalese: ixeki 2
Comments: *-ki is a known verbal suffix (Trask 1997: 227). Bouda (1948) Bsq +
Circassian sǝ-.
Proto-Basque: *e=śeri
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to sit; to become; to put, place
Bizkaian: jasarri, (Arratia, Durango, Lekeitio, Markina) jesarri
72
Gipuzkoan: eseri, esegi, isiri
Salazarese: eseri
Roncalese: eseri, xaseri
Comments: BZK jesarri, jasarri and RNC xaseri seem to be blended with *e=ar̄i (q.v.).
cf. a s (R-Uotzárroz) xasi ‘tz sitz, setz, bec me’ < *e=aśi; perhaps this is a relic of the
unsuffixed verb.
Proto-Basque: *e=stzar̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: throat
Bizkaian: eztarri
Gipuzkoan: eztarri
High Navarrese: eztarri, iztarri
Low Navarrese: iztarri
Zuberoan: ixtzárri, ixtzárre
Roncalese: eztarri, iztarri
Comments: Cf. PNC *s_wĔri ~ *ris_wĔ 'throat, neck', with PNC
tense *s_ corresponding to Bsq *st.
Proto-Basque: *e=sun-ki
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to extinguish, put out (light)
Araban: itzaungi
Bizkaian: itzungi
Gipuzkoan: izungi
Comments: Cf. PEC *=Hi[š_]wVn 'to extinguish, go out (of light)'. Within EC there is
variation between *s and *š. The affricate -tz- in ARB and BZK influenced by the
synonym itzali (see*i=cal) of similar meaning (suggested by Michelena 1961). Bouda
(1949) Bsq + Avar s:ʷi-n-.
Proto-Basque: *e=śuri
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to flow, spill
Bizkaian: isuri
Gipuzkoan: isuri
High Navarrese: isuri
Low Navarrese: isuri
Lapurdian: isuri
73
Zuberoan: ixuri, ixur [íšur]
Roncalese: usuri
Comments: If tzhis c mparis n is va id, tzhe PSC iquid is *ŕ, since PSC *r w u d yie d
Basque *r̄.
Proto-Basque: *e=te-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to break, break off 2 to tire, be fatigued
Bizkaian: eten
Gipuzkoan: eten
High Navarrese: eten
Low Navarrese: ethen
Lapurdian: ethen
Zuberoan: ethen
Roncalese: eten
Proto-Basque: *e=tz r̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to come 2 to get along, agree, adapt 3 eloquence, inspiration 4 luck (in
games)
Bizkaian: etorri 1, 2, 3, 4
Gipuzkoan: etorri 1, 2, 3, 4
High Navarrese: etorri 1, (Ulzama) torri 1, 2
Lapurdian: ethorri 1
Baztanese: torri 1, 2
Comments: Eastern dialects prefer *e=augin 'to come' (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *e=ući
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to take 2 to take hold, seize, grasp 3 to sustain, keep, maintain 4 sock it!
smack it! (in pelota game)
Bizkaian: eutsi 1, 2, (Arratia, Txorierri) eutsin 3
Gipuzkoan: eutsi 2
High Navarrese: eutsi 2
Low Navarrese: (Aldude) eutxi 4
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1 20
74
Proto-Basque: *e=uci
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to leave, abandon; let, permit
Bizkaian: itzxi, (arc) {echi} /eči/
Gipuzkoan: utzi, (arc) eutzi
High Navarrese: utzi, (arc) iutzi
Low Navarrese: utzi,
Salazarese: eutzi
Lapurdian: utzi
Zuberoan: ǘtzoi
Roncalese: eitzoi, eitzou, útzou
Comments: Cf. PEC *=ič̣_wV(r) ~ *=ić̣_ʷV(r) 'to run' ('run away' in Andian langs.).
Proto-Basque: *e=uka-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to have (general) 2 to have, possess, keep 3 having
Araban: eukaite 3
Bizkaian: euki 2
High Navarrese: ukan 1
Low Navarrese: ukhan, ukan, (arc) ukhen 1
Lapurdian: ukhan 1
Zuberoan: ǘkhen ,
Roncalese: ékun ,
Comments: Michelena (1961: 83) cites {eukaite}, a verbal noun from the extinct
Araban dialect. The hypothetical *e=du-n 'to have' provides finite forms in all dialects,
universally for the auxiliary, and in constructing periphrastic verbs, e.g. (c) hartu
dut 'I took it' (earlier today) or 'I have taken it', and in northern ('French') dialects *du- also supplies finite forms of the verb of possession 'to have'.
Proto-Basque: *e=uɫi
Meaning: fly (insect)
Araban: euli
Bizkaian: euli, (arc) eulli
Gipuzkoan: euli, elbi
High Navarrese: uli
Low Navarrese: u i, (Amikuse) l i
Salazarese: eulli
Lapurdian: uli
75
Baztanese: uli
Aezkoan: auli
Zuberoan: l i, l i, l l, l l
Roncalese: é u
Comments: Cf. Bur *haú -al- 'butterfly, moth'; cf. Archi hil(i)ku 'fly', an isolated form in
NC, if < *huli-ku.
Proto-Basque: *e=uli
Meaning: 1 rain 2 fine rain 3 heavy rain
Araban: euri 1
Bizkaian: euri 1, eul-antz 2, eul-bera 3
Gipuzkoan: euri, eudi, ebi 1
High Navarrese: euri, eudi, auri 1
Low Navarrese: euri, ebri, (Amikuse) elri ,
Salazarese: euri, ebri 1
Lapurdian: uri 1
Baztanese: uri 1
Zuberoan: eubri, elri, (Garaoi) ebri, (Bark xe) ébi ,
Roncalese: euri 1
Comments: Related to *hur 'water', with the *e=/*i= prefix, often associated with
uncountable nouns (cf. *e=lhu-r̄ 'snow', *i=soc 'frost, ice', *i=sar̄ 'star').
Proto-Basque: *e=urte-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: go out, leave
Araban: irten
Bizkaian: urten
Gipuzkoan: irten, erten
Proto-Basque: *epe-l
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 lukewarm, tepid 2 feeble, lacking energy
Bizkaian: epel 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: epel 1, 2
High Navarrese: epel 1
Low Navarrese: ephel 1
Lapurdian: ephel 1, (Ainhoa) 2
Baztanese: epel 1
Zuberoan: ephel 1
76
Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) epe
Proto-Basque: *erdi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: half, middle, center
Bizkaian: erdi
Gipuzkoan: erdi
High Navarrese: erdi
Low Navarrese: erdi
Salazarese: erdi
Lapurdian: erdi
Baztanese: erdi
Aezkoan: erdi
Zuberoan: érdi
Roncalese: erdi
Proto-Basque: *er̄e
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: burn
Bizkaian: erre
Gipuzkoan: erre
High Navarrese: erre
Low Navarrese: erre, (arc) erra
Lapurdian: erre
Zuberoan: érre, érra
Roncalese: erre
Comments: Cf. *er̄-hauć, *hauś-t-=er̄e 'ashes, dust', under *hauć.
Proto-Basque: *er̄eka
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: gully, riverbed, streambed, arroyo
Bizkaian: erreka
Gipuzkoan: erreka
High Navarrese: erreka
Low Navarrese: erreka
Lapurdian: erreka
Zuberoan: erreka
Roncalese: erreka
77
Comments: The word has several other meanings (see Azkue). Romance forms like
Gascon rèc, arrèc ‘br
k, stzream’ are pr bab y fr m Vasc nic.
Proto-Basque: *er̄esa- ( r *e=r̄esa-l)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: tree
Araban: errexal
Comments: A mystzeri us Bsq w rd, atztzestzed n y in Landucci’s (,56 ) dictzi nary f
Araban. The reconstruction shown is very provisional. There is not much foundation
for a botanical suffix -l: but cf. Bsq (B) zume-l ‘kermes ak’ ~ Budukh ǯum-ǝ ‘c rne ’,
etc. Nevertheless, the core of the Bsq word, *er̄es- or *e=r̄es-, is semantically and
phonetically a match for PNC *rä̆śwē.
Proto-Basque: *ergi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 steer (young ox) 2 small steer
Gipuzkoan: ergi 1
High Navarrese: ergi 1
Low Navarrese: ergi 1
Salazarese: ergizko 2
Lapurdian: ergi 1
Zuberoan: érgi ,
Roncalese: ergi 1
Proto-Basque: *ergui / *ergu-nedi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 hare 2 weasel
Araban: ergunedi 2
Bizkaian: erbi ,, erbiñude
Gipuzkoan: erbi ,, erg nei, ergaiñude, erbiñude, erbiñure
High Navarrese: erbi 1, (Arakil) erguniri
Low Navarrese: erbi 1
Lapurdian: erbi 1
Zuberoan: erbi 1
Roncalese: erbi 1
Comments: For 'weasel', a compound word, see the separate entry for *-nedi.
Proto-Basque: *erhac
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
78
Meaning: 1 a kind of small broom 2 (bot.) Spanish broom 3 basket used by fishermen
to carry fish
Bizkaian: erratz 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: erratz 1, 2
High Navarrese: erratz 1
Low Navarrese: erhatz 1, 2
Lapurdian: erratz 1, 3
Zuberoan: erhátzo ,
Roncalese: erratz 1
Comments: The semantzic re atzi n f ‘heap, stzack’ (NC) and ‘br
m’ (Bsq) is rdinary:
cf. Albanian gjeth ‘ eaf, f iage’ ~ Midd e German quast ‘c ustzer, wisp ( f f iage,
stzraw)’ ~ Swedishkvast ‘br
m’, etzc.
Proto-Basque: *erho
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to kill 2 killer
Bizkaian: (arc) ero 1, eralle 2
Zuberoan: érh ,, erhai e
Comments: This is an archaic Bsq word for 'kill', now mostly displaced by *hil (q.v.);
cf. PNC *HīrχA 'to beat, hit, throw'. The word for 'killer' is from *erhai-le, with the
common agent suffix *-le (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *erɫuɫi (?)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 salamander 2 scorpion 3 slow, lazy man, 'homme peu vif'
Bizkaian: elubia
Low Navarrese: harruli 1
Salazarese: arruli 1
Lapurdian: harruli 1
Baztanese: arruli 1
Zuberoan: er úri ,, , , er ustzri ,
Roncalese: arreuli 1
Comments: Some forms may be blended with *har̄i 'stone' (salamanders and
scorpions are 'stone crawlers'), or *erle 'bee'. There have been irregu ar ‘expressive’
phonetic transformations, common in words for creeping animals. The comparison
with PNC *Ł_ăɦrV 'snake' is very tentative.
Proto-Basque: *er̄ ic
79
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 precipice, cliff 2 fissure, abyss (between mountains and rocks)
Gipuzkoan: erroitz 1
High Navarrese: erroitz 1
Low Navarrese: erroitz 1, 2
Salazarese: erroitz 1
Lapurdian: erroitz 1
Baztanese: erroitz 1
Proto-Basque: *esSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to get married 2 wedding, marriage
Bizkaian: ez-kon-(du) 1, ez-tai, ez-tegu, ez-kon-tza 2
Gipuzkoan: ez-kon-(du) 1, ez-tai, ez-tei 2
High Navarrese: ez-kon-(du) 1, ez-tai, ez-tei 2
Low Navarrese: ez-kon-(du) 1, ez-tei, ez-kon-tza 2
Lapurdian: ez-kon-(du) 1, ez-tai, ez-tei 2
Zuberoan: eo-kún-tzl ,, eo-tzéi
Roncalese: eo-tzéi
Comments: The element *es- resembles the Archi element as- in as-mus deqIes 'to
marry', as:ǝ-ʎ:ln:l 'husband and wife' (NCED). It is compounded with *-kon(unknown element); *-t-ai(possibly = (c) jai ‘ce ebratzi n, h iday’); *-t-egu (prob.
= *egun ‘day’).
Proto-Basque: *ese
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: not
Araban: ez
Bizkaian: ez, (arc, Bermeo, Gernika, Mundaka, Plentzia) ze
Gipuzkoan: ez
High Navarrese: ez
Low Navarrese: ez
Salazarese: ez
Lapurdian: ez
Baztanese: ez
Aezkoan: ez
Zuberoan: ez
80
Roncalese: ez
Comments: In archaic B ze was used when followed by subjunctive or imperative
verb f rms. In Aokue’s tzime (~ ,900) tzhis usage f ze was still current in Bermeo,
Gernika, Mundaka, and Plentzia. Mitxelena proposed *eze (our *ese), Trask *eza ~ *eze,
with the variants ze ~ ez arising from different accentuations of phrases.
Proto-Basque: *esko
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: wax
Gipuzkoan: ezko
Low Navarrese: ezko
Lapurdian: ezko
Zuberoan: ezko
Comments: In this analysis Bsq *esko is syncopated in the usual way, from *e=Seko, or
the like. BZK, GIP ezko 'damp, moist' is probably unrelated (see Bsq *hese / *heśe 'fresh,
moist').
Proto-Basque: *eśku
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: hand
Bizkaian: esku
Gipuzkoan: esku
High Navarrese: esku
Low Navarrese: esku
Salazarese: esku
Lapurdian: esku
Baztanese: esku
Aezkoan: esku
Zuberoan: éskl
Roncalese: esku
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1 20
Proto-Basque: *es-kur̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 acorn 2 beechnut 3 fodder (for sheep and cattle) 4 tree
Bizkaian: ezkur 1, (arc) ezkur 4
81
Gipuzkoan: ezkur 1
High Navarrese: ezkur 1
Low Navarrese: ezkur 1
Lapurdian: hezkur 1
Zuberoan: éoklr
Roncalese: ezkur 3
Comments: This looks like a compound of *es- or *hes- ‘tzree’ (= a reduced f rm
of *haice, q.v.) + *kuṙ, i.e. ‘tzree-fruitz’. Cf. *es-pel ‘b x tzree’.
Proto-Basque: *espa-ra
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: gadfly, horsefly
Bizkaian: ezpara, espara, ezpada
Gipuzkoan: ezpara, espara, ezpada
High Navarrese: ezpada
Low Navarrese: espare, ezpada, lespada
Salazarese: ezpatabe
Lapurdian: lespada, lespara
Zuberoan: espari
Roncalese: ezpada
Comments: Uncertain connection with PSC *ṗV̆nʒĕ,́ if we assume metathesis + suffix.
Cf. Circassian bāʒa 'fly', and the metatheses in Old English wæfs, wæps ~ wæsp 'wasp',
Lat. vespa vs. Lith. voapsvoà, etc. Some (Hubschmid, Michelena) have proposed a
derivation of the Bsq word from some reflex of Lat. vespa.
Proto-Basque: *es-pel
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 box (tree) 2 broom (implement)
Bizkaian: ezpel 1
Gipuzkoan: ezpel 1
High Navarrese: ezpel 1
Low Navarrese: ezpel 1
Salazarese: ezpel 2
Lapurdian: ezpel 1
Zuberoan: ezpel 1
Roncalese: ezpel 2
Comments: Cf. PNC *pħī V 'a kind of foliage [deciduous] tree' (asp, poplar). The first
element *es- seems to be a reduced form of Bsq *haice 'tree' (q.v.), cf. also *es-
82
kur̄ 'acorn, beechnut'. Brooms were sometimes made from box twigs. Azkue cites the
Pyrenean words ezpelezko ezpela ‘br
fr m g rse’, txiniztezpel ‘br
m made fr m b x’, otakezpela ‘br
m made
m made fr m juniper’, etzc.
Proto-Basque: *esti
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 honey 2 sweet 3 soft, meek 4 wet, damp
Bizkaian: ezti 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: ezti 1
High Navarrese: ezti 1, 3
Low Navarrese: ezti 1, 3, 4
Lapurdian: ezti 1, 3
Baztanese: ezti 1, 2
Zuberoan: éotzi ,, , 4
Roncalese: ezti 1, 2
Comments: For phonology cf. Tab. ic:i, Agul it:e-f 'sweet', etc. The Bsq development
was possibly *emsti > *ẽsti > *esti. One of the cases of Bsq *-st- ~ PNC tense sibilants:
cf. Bsq *baste-r̄'corner, edge' (q.v.) ~ PNC *whǝ̆rʒ_ĭ 'edge, tip'. Bouda (1948) compared
Bsq ezti + Avar hlc̣:ó, etc.
Proto-Basque: *eulsi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 heap of unthreshed grain 2 heap, bundle (of hay or other herbs)
Gipuzkoan: eultze, ultzi 1
High Navarrese: eultze, ultzi 1
Low Navarrese: (Orreaga) ulzi 1
Salazarese: eultzi 1, alzau 2
Baztanese: eultzi 1
Aezkoan: aultzi 1
Roncalese: eu tzoi ,, (Vidáng o) e tzou ,
Comments: The Bsq contrast between original *ls and *lc has been neutralized in
modern Bsq, usually as /lc/ ltz but /ls/ lz in some remote areas.
Proto-Basque: *gac
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: salt
Araban: gatz
Bizkaian: gatz
83
Gipuzkoan: gatz
High Navarrese: gatz
Low Navarrese: gatz
Salazarese: gatz
Lapurdian: gatz
Baztanese: gatz
Aezkoan: gatz
Zuberoan: gatz
Roncalese: gatz
Comments: Derivatives: *gasi 'salty, sour', *gasta-na 'cheese', *gas-hur 'whey'. The Bsq
words are related to PEC *c̣_ǟḳwV by metathesis < PSC *ḳǟc̣(w)V, or (without glottal
assimilation)*gǟc̣(w)V.
Proto-Basque: *gai / *e=kai
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 thing 2 material, subject 3 project, idea 4 worthy, able
Bizkaian: gei 1 (arc.), 2, 4
Gipuzkoan: gai 2, 4
High Navarrese: gai 2
Low Navarrese: gai 2, 4, ekhai, ekhei 2
Salazarese: ekei, ekei-gai 2
Lapurdian: gai 2, ekhai 2, ekhei-gai 2
Zuberoan: gei , , ekhéi
Roncalese: gei 2, ekei, ekei-gai 2
Comments: As a suffix -gai, -gei den tzes ‘matzeria f r (s metzhing); pers n/ tzhing
suitzab e r destzined f r (stzh.)’, e.g. irakur-gai 'reading material, ezkon-gai, sen(h)argei 'husband-matzeria , fiancé'. After the fossilized prefix *e= the velar is unvoiced. Cf.
PNC *q̇_wăjē 'thing(s), possession(s), household'.
Proto-Basque: *gaic / *gaiś
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 bad 2 poor, wretched 3 sick, ill 4 wicked 5 bad thing, illness 6 difficult
Bizkaian: gatx 1, 5, 6, gaiso, gaixo 2, 3
Gipuzkoan: gaitz 1, 5, 6, gaiso, gaixo 2, 3
High Navarrese: gaitz 1, 5, 6, gaixto 1, 4, gaizo 2
Low Navarrese: gatx 1, 5, gaixto 1, 4, gaizo 2
Lapurdian: gatx 1, 5, 6, gaixto 1, 4, gaizo 2
Zuberoan: gatx 1, 5, 6, gais-ki 1, gaixto 1, 4, gaizo 2
84
Roncalese: gais-ki 1, gaixto 1, 4, gaizo 2
Comments: A prolific Bsq root: only some of many forms and meanings are shown
here.
Proto-Basque: *gain
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 summit, peak 2 surface, exterior 3 above
Bizkaian: gan 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: gain 1, 2
High Navarrese: gain 1, 2
Low Navarrese: gain 1, 2, 3
Lapurdian: gain 1, 2, 3
Zuberoan: gañ ,, ,
Roncalese: gain 1, 2
Comments: Cf. Tsakhur q̇lm 'summit, top'. *gain is found in many compounds, e.g.
lepa-gain 'nape', soin-gain 'shoulder', be-kain 'eyebrow' (*begi-t-gain), etc.
Proto-Basque: *galSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to lose 2 loss 3 damage, harm
Araban: gal-te 2
Bizkaian: gal-du 1, kal-te 3
Gipuzkoan: gal-du 1, kal-te 3, (Andoain) gal-era 2
High Navarrese: gal-du 1, kal-te 3, (Esteribar) gal-era 2
Low Navarrese: gal-du 1, kal-te 2, 3
Lapurdian: gal-du 1, kal-te 2, 3
Zuberoan: gá -dl ,
Roncalese: gal-tu 1, gal-te 2
Comments: The forms with initial /k/ are by voicing assimilation to the suffix *-te.
Proto-Basque: *ga ca-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 arm 2 armpit 3 bosom, chest 4 side (of body, from armpit to hip) 5 lap
Bizkaian: galtzar 1, galtzar-pe 2, kaltzer-pe 2, (Markina) kaltzar-pe 2
Gipuzkoan: galtzar 1, galtzar-be 2
High Navarrese: galtzar 1, galtzar-be 2
Low Navarrese: galtzar 3, 4, 5, galtzar-pe, galtzarre 2
Lapurdian: galtzar 1, 3, 4, 5, galtzarr-aspi 2, (arc) galzar-be 2
85
Zuberoan: galtzar 2
Comments: Cf. PNC *qărć̣wV̆ 'shoulder, arm', with Bsq *ga car̄ dissimilated < *garcar̄. This word is not related to galtzak 'pants, trousers', a loan from Romance. The
morph -be, -pe in words for 'armpit' is a reduced form of *behe 'below' (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *gali
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: wheat
Bizkaian: gari / galGipuzkoan: gari / galHigh Navarrese: gari / galLow Navarrese: gari / galLapurdian: gari / galZuberoan: gari / galRoncalese: gari / galComments: The variant gal- appears in compounds, e.g. gal-buru 'ear (lit. head) of
wheat'.
Proto-Basque: *ganc
Meaning: 1 animal fat, lard 2 paunch, belly
Bizkaian: gantz 1
Gipuzkoan: gantz 1
High Navarrese: gantz 1
Low Navarrese: gantz, ganz 1, 2
Lapurdian: gantz 2
Baztanese: gantz 1
Zuberoan: gantz, ganz 1, gantzopil 2
Roncalese: gantz 2
Proto-Basque: *gapa-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: bramble, blackberry bush
Bizkaian: (Oñatze) kapar
Low Navarrese: (Amikuse) gapar
Zuberoan: khápar
Comments: The c mm n semantzic tzhread in Bsq and EC w u d seem tz be ‘r
partz f a p antz,
w bush, creeping p antz tzhatz spreads by r
tz,
w
tzs’, r tzhe ike.
Tentatively, the PSC form was *G(w)āpV, with voicing assimilation in PEC *GwābV,
and unvoicing assimilation in BZK and ZBR.
86
Proto-Basque: *(gara-)gar̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: barley
Bizkaian: garagar
Gipuzkoan: garagar
High Navarrese: garagar
Low Navarrese: garagar
Lapurdian: garagar
Zuberoan: garagar
Roncalese: garagar
Comments: For the first element see *gali 'wheat'. The second element has a tzri ed /r̄/
and is phonetically comparable with PEC *q̇[ǝ̄]rV, etc.
Proto-Basque: *garhi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: thin, slender, slim
Low Navarrese: gari
Lapurdian: gari
Zuberoan: gárhi
Comments: Only attested in "French" (northeastern) Bsq. Cf. PEC *q̇_warHV 'narrow'
> Agul qI:ure- 'thin, emaciated', etc..
Proto-Basque: *gar-/*gar̄Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 high, tall; height 2 brain 3 nape 4 neck 5 bald (head)
Bizkaian: garai ,, garaun, garun , garand
, gar nd 4, (Oñatze) karaun , garr nd
3
Gipuzkoan: garai 1, garondo 4, (Andoain) garrondo 3
High Navarrese: garai 1, garondo, garrondo 3
Low Navarrese: garai 1, garkhora 3, garondo 4, (Aldude) garsoil 5
Salazarese: garai 1, garando 3
Lapurdian: garai 1, garhaite 3, garhondo 4, garsoil 5
Baztanese: garai 1
Aezkoan: garai 1
Zuberoan: garai ,, garkh tzxe, gárkh tzx
Roncalese: garai 1, garando 3, garondo 4
87
Comments: *garai 'high, tall; height' may be an old case form 'at the head'. Otherwise
the word is attested in many compounds.
Proto-Basque: *gaste
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: young (adj.); young person, youth
Bizkaian: gazte
Gipuzkoan: gazte
High Navarrese: gazte
Low Navarrese: gazte
Lapurdian: gazte
Zuberoan: gazte
Roncalese: gazte
Comments: A unique case of the correspondence of Bsq *-st- ~ PNC *-rč̣- (~ -rc̣-́ ). It is
indirectly supported by other Bsq *-st-/-st- ~ PNC *-rC- matches: cf. e.g. Bsq *baster̄ ‘edge, margin, c rner’ ~ PNC *whǝ̆rʒĭ ‘edge, tzip’.
Proto-Basque: *gau
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: night
Bizkaian: gau
Gipuzkoan: gau
High Navarrese: gau
Low Navarrese: gau
Salazarese: gau
Lapurdian: gau
Baztanese: gau
Aezkoan: gau
Zuberoan: gai
Roncalese: gau, (Uotzárr o) gai
Comments: Chirikba (1985) compared Bsq + PLezg. *χI:an: 'evening', etc. Much earlier
Uhlenbeck (1924) compared Bsq gau with Tsakhur χIam 'night', along with other
unrelated NC words.
Proto-Basque: *geHeɫi ~ *i=keɫ(a) ~ * =keɫV
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 meat 2 (large) morsel (of any food) 3 (fresh) beef 4 lean meat 5 fattened ox
6 piece (of meat, cheese)
88
Bizkaian: okela 1, geeli, geli 3
Gipuzkoan: okela 1, geeli, geli 3
High Navarrese: okela 2, ikela 5, geli 3, 4
Low Navarrese: ikhel 5
Lapurdian: okela, okeli 2, 6, (arc) geheli 3
Baztanese: geli, geli-ki 4
Zuberoan: okela 2, 6
Roncalese: geli, geli-ki 4
Comments: Bsq okela is conventionally derived from Lat. buccella 'mouthful, morsel',
which has reflexes in Old Italian and Alpine regions referring to dough-based foods,
not meat, and none in Iberia. Cf. instead PEC *q̇ɦwĕɫV̄ 'large female domestic animal
(cow, mare)'. Unusually, Bsq has variants with no prefix (*geHeɫi), vs. prefix
*i= (*i=keɫa), or prefix *o= (*l=keɫV).
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1 20
Proto-Basque: *gehi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 quantity 2 more 3 (the) most, principal, first(-born) 4 elder, senior
Bizkaian: gei 1, geiago 2, geien 3
Gipuzkoan: gei 1, geiago 2, geien 3
High Navarrese: gei 1, geiago 2, geien 3
Low Navarrese: gehi 1, gehiago 2, gehien 3
Lapurdian: gei 1, geiago 2
Zuberoan: gehi 1, gehiago, gehigo 2, 4, gehien 4
Roncalese: gei 1, geiago 2, geien 3
Comments: In this analysis Bsq *gai / *e=kai 'thing, material' (q.v.) is a distinct etymon.
Proto-Basque: *gernu
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: urine
Bizkaian: garnu
High Navarrese: gernu
Low Navarrese: gernu
Lapurdian: gernu
Baztanese: gernu
Comments: Assuming metathesis < PSC *(x)ḳǝ̄rɦnwV̄ = *ɦnǝ̄r(x)ḳwV̄.
89
Proto-Basque: *gesi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: dart, arrow
High Navarrese: gezi
Lapurdian: gezi
Comments: Azkue lists the word only as ANV (Esteribar) and S.P. (Sylvain Pouvreau,
author of a 17th century unpublished Basque dictionary). However Michelena (in a
1957 article) noted that this word is common Bsq, in both Spanish and French parts.
It is also included in Euskara Batua.
Proto-Basque: *gibe-l ~ *bige-l
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 liver 2 back (part, space) 3 rump, arse 4 quietness, calm
Bizkaian: gibel, (arc) kibel 1, 4
Gipuzkoan: gibel 1
High Navarrese: gibel, (Lezaka) bigel 1, 2
Low Navarrese: gibel 1, 2
Salazarese: gibel 1, 4
Lapurdian: gibel 1, 2
Zuberoan: gíbe ,, ,
Roncalese: gibel 1, 4
Comments: Cf. PNC *gǝ̄bǝ̄ ~ *bǝ̄gwǝ̄ ‘side’. F r semantzics, n tze especia y
Tindi beǵa (~ beǵaw) 'thigh, hip' in relation to ZBR gíbe 'rump, arse'.
Proto-Basque: *giči
Meaning: few
Bizkaian: gitxi
Gipuzkoan: gutxi
Baztanese: gutxi
Comments: Similar to *guti (q.v.), but the -č- is irregular, and possible points to a
different etymon that has contaminated with the former: gutxi [guči]
ks ike a
hybrid. Cf. the otherwise isolated Lezgi ʁweč̣i 'small' and Abkhaz a-χʷ(ǝ)č̣ǝ́ 'small'.
Proto-Basque: *gilc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 key (of a lock) 2 keystone (of an arch)
Bizkaian: giltz 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: giltza 2
90
High Navarrese: giltza 1, 2
Low Navarrese: giltz, gilz 1
Lapurdian: giltz 2
Baztanese: gilz 1
Zuberoan: giltz 1
Roncalese: giltz 1
Comments: Bsq (c) giltz 'joint, node (of bones, plants)' is probably an anatomical
extension of this word..
Proto-Basque: *gison
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: man
Bizkaian: gizon, (Bermeo, Lekeitio) gixon
Gipuzkoan: gizon, gixon
High Navarrese: gizon
Low Navarrese: gizon, (Amikuse) gizun
Salazarese: gizon
Lapurdian: gizon
Baztanese: gizon
Aezkoan: gizon
Zuberoan: gíoun
Roncalese: gizon
Comments: The sibilant x /š/ in s me
ca dia ectzs f BZK and GIP is ph netzic, n tz
expressive (i.e., in tzh se dia ectzs /s/ changes tz /š/ genera y aftzer /i/); in s me tzher
dialects (BZK-Markina, BNV, ZBR, BZT) gixon is diminutive 'little man',
ZBR gixot 'miserly, stingy person'. Cf. Aquitanian CIS(S)ON in male names.
Proto-Basque: *goipe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 rendered fat, grease 2 fat, plump
Bizkaian: koipe 1
Gipuzkoan: koipe 1
High Navarrese: koipe, goipe 1, 2
Low Navarrese: (Aldude) goipe 1
Lapurdian: goipe 1
Baztanese: koipe 1
Zuberoan: goipe, goiphe 1, 2
91
Comments: Cf. PEC *ḳāmpā ~ *ḳāmpǝ̄ 'sour cream, butter', with a common loss of *m in
clusters..
Proto-Basque: *g nga-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 windpipe, trachea 2 esophagus
Gipuzkoan: gangar 2
Baztanese: gongar 1
Comments: The GIP form is probably by vowel assimilation (umlaut).
Proto-Basque: *g p -r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: small earthen bowl
Low Navarrese: gopor, gophor
Lapurdian: gopor
Comments: Alternatively, cf. PEC *gä̆ṗē 'a kind of vessel'.
Proto-Basque: *g r̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 red 2 raw 3 robust, fresh 4 rude, cruel 5 yolk of egg 6 meat of roasted
chestnut
Araban: gorri 1, corrinco 5
Bizkaian: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, gorringo 5, 6
Gipuzkoan: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, gorringo 5
High Navarrese: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, gorringo 5
Low Navarrese: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, gorringo 5
Salazarese: gorri 4, gorringo 5
Lapurdian: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, gorringo 5
Baztanese: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, gorringo 5
Zuberoan: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, 4, gorrinko 5
Roncalese: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, gorrinko 5
Proto-Basque: *g r̄, *g g r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 deaf 2 (physically) hard, (mentally) hard, cruel
Bizkaian: gor 1, gogor 2
Gipuzkoan: gor 1, gogor 2
High Navarrese: gogor 2
92
Low Navarrese: gor 1, gogor 2
Salazarese: gogor 2
Lapurdian: gor 1, gogor 2
Baztanese: gogor 2
Aezkoan: gogor 2
Zuberoan: gor 1, gogor 2
Roncalese: gogor 2
Comments: For the semantic relationship of 'deaf' and 'hard' (~ PEC 'stone'), cf. Eng.
'hard of hearing', 'stone deaf', Span. durl de lídl (Hualde 1995).
Proto-Basque: *g śe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 hunger 2 hungry 3 ambitious
Bizkaian: gose 1, 3
Gipuzkoan: gose 1, 2
High Navarrese: gose 1, 2, 3
Low Navarrese: gose 1, 2, 3
Lapurdian: gose 1
Zuberoan: gose 1, 2
Roncalese: gose 1
Comments: Cf. PNC *gašē ~ *šēga 'hunger'. Bouda (1948) compared Bsq +
Lak k:aši, etc., as two decades earlier by Trombetti and Uhlenbeck.
Proto-Basque: *goso
Meaning: 1 sweet, tasty 2 pleasant, agreeable 3 soft, gentle 4 pleasure, sweetness 5
juice
Araban: c̣
Bizkaian: gozo 1, 3
Gipuzkoan: gozo 1, 3, 5
High Navarrese: gozo 3
Low Navarrese: gozo 3, 4, goxo 1, 2
Lapurdian: gozo 3, 5, goxo 1, 2
Baztanese: gozo 5
Zuberoan: góo 4, góx ,,
Roncalese: goxo 1
Comments: goxo /g š / was rigina y an expressive f rm f *goso, now with distinct
meanings. Cf. Bur. *gaśár-um 'salty-sweet (of tea); sweet, tasty (like sugar)'. There has
probably also been some blending with Spanish gozo 'pleasure, joy' (< Lat. gaudium).
93
Proto-Basque: *gu
Meaning: we
Bizkaian: gu
Gipuzkoan: gu
High Navarrese: gu
Low Navarrese: gu
Salazarese: gu
Lapurdian: gu
Baztanese: gu
Aezkoan: gu
Zuberoan: gl, gu-, giRoncalese: gu
Proto-Basque: *gu tz- (in *gu tz-sur̄in)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: kidney
Bizkaian: kuntzurrun, guntzurrun, (Araba) gultzurrun
Gipuzkoan: gultzurrin, gultzurdun, gultzurdin, geltzurrin, giltzurrin
High Navarrese: giltzurdin, gultxurrun, (Lezaka) giltzurrin, (Esteribar) giltzurrun
Low Navarrese: giltzurdin, (Aldude) giltzurrin
Salazarese: giltzurrin, giltzurrun, giltzurdin
Lapurdian: geltzurrin, giltzurrin
Baztanese: gultxurrin
Zuberoan: gl tzolrrln
Roncalese: gi tzourrin, be tzoarrún, be tzourrún, be tzxurrin, (Uotzárr o) be tzourrin
Comments: *gult- exists only in compounds with *-sur̄in (q.v.). A bewildering array of
variantzs, in which tzhere are severa sec ndary ‘f k-etzym
with *urdin ‘b ue, gray’, *gilc ‘j intz’, and *belc ‘b ack’ (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *[g]une
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: place, space, situation, moment
Bizkaian: une
Gipuzkoan: une
High Navarrese: gune, une
Low Navarrese: gune, (Amikuse) glne
Lapurdian: gune
Baztanese: gune
94
gica ’ ass ciatzi ns
Zuberoan: gǘne, lne
Roncalese: gune
Comments: une < *bune < *gʷune, a change that only partially carried through.
Proto-Basque: *gur-di
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 wagon, cart 2 wheel
Araban: gurdi 1
Bizkaian: burdi 1, burpil 2, (Txorierri) gurdi 1
Gipuzkoan: gurdi 1, gurpil, kurpil 2
High Navarrese: (Lezaka) burdi 1
Comments: A western Bsq isogloss: eastern dialects prefer *organa 'wagon, cart', of
uncertain origin. The words meaning 'wheel' are a compound: *gurt- + *bil 'round
thing'; cf. Bsq *bil(ibil)'round', *bil 'round thing'.
Proto-Basque: *gurhi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 fat, grease 2 butter 3 juice (vegetable or meat) 4 custard
Bizkaian: (arc) guri 1
Gipuzkoan: gurin 2, 3, 4
High Navarrese: guri, gurin 2, 3, 4
Low Navarrese: guri 1
Baztanese: guri 2
Zuberoan: gurhi, gorhi 1, 2
Comments: Cf. (ANV, BNV, LAB, RNC) urin ‘butztzer, grease, fatz’, (ZBR) úrin > úin id.,
etc., assuming an early change of *gu > *bu > u. But since ZBR, for example, also
has gurhi (with initial /g/ and internal /rh/) this could only come about by
interdialectal borrowing. Alternatively this *urin could be an unrelated word..
Proto-Basque: *gusMeaning: all
Bizkaian: guzti, (Txorierri) duzti
Gipuzkoan: guzti, (Andoain) guzi
High Navarrese: guzi
Low Navarrese: guzi
Salazarese: guzi
Lapurdian: guzi, (arc) guzti
Zuberoan: gǘoi
Roncalese: guoi, (Uotzárr o) guou
95
Comments: Txorierri /d/ by a sporadic assimilation. So far this word has eluded any
external etymology.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1 20
Proto-Basque: *guti
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: few, a little
Bizkaian: (gitxi)
Gipuzkoan: (gutxi)
High Navarrese: guti
Low Navarrese: guti
Salazarese: guttu
Lapurdian: guti, gutti
Baztanese: (gutxi)
Zuberoan: gǘtzi
Comments: Variantzs witzh /č/ have been atztzributzed tz expressive pa atza ioatzi n, butz
more likely to a separate etymon: *giči.
Proto-Basque: *habe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 beam, rafter 2 column 3 sticks used to prop plants 4 tree 5 pillar
Bizkaian: abe 1, (arc) 4
Gipuzkoan: abe 1, 2
High Navarrese: abe 1, 2, 3
Lapurdian: habe 1
Zuberoan: hábe ,, 5
Comments: Some writers have used this word to denote the (Holy) Cross.
Proto-Basque: *hać
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 breath, breathing 2 stench, stink 3 air, atmosphere 4 anger
Bizkaian: ats 2, egur-ats, egur-as 3, as-erre, as-arre 4
Gipuzkoan: asa 1, ats 2, egur-ats, egur-as 3, as-erre, as-arre 4
High Navarrese: ats 1
Low Navarrese: hats 1, has-erre 4
Lapurdian: hats 1, 2, has-erre, has-arre 4
96
Baztanese: as-erre, as-arre 4
Zuberoan: hats 1
Roncalese: ats, as 1, 2
Comments: The words for 'air, atmosphere' are literally 'day breath' (*egur-hać), the
words for anger probably 'hot breath' (cf. *er̄e 'to burn'). As far as we know, the only
NC cognates are in Nakh languages (*ħač̣ 'odor').
Proto-Basque: *Hace
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 back part, posterior 2 stranger, outsider 3 track, footprint 4 tail
Bizkaian: atze 1
Gipuzkoan: atze 1, atze-gi 4
High Navarrese: atze 1
Low Navarrese: hatz 3
Salazarese: atze 2
Lapurdian: atze 2, hatz 3
Zuberoan: atze 2
Comments: For meaning cf. Ubykh ǯa 'back part' (< *'back half').
Proto-Basque: *hac, *be=hac
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 finger 2 fingernail 3 toe 4 hoof 5 thumb 6 inch 7 paw
Bizkaian: atz 1, 6; beatz, biatz 3, atzazal, atzazkol, atzoskol 2
Gipuzkoan: azkazal, azkazkal 4, beatz, biatz 1, 5, beatzal, beatzazal 2
High Navarrese: azkazal 4, beatz, biatz 1, 5
Low Navarrese: hatz 7, behatz 1, 5, (Aldude) bihatz 1, 5
Salazarese: atz 7
Lapurdian: hatz 7, 8, behatz 2, (Ainhoa) behatz 2, 5
Baztanese: beatz-andi 5
Zuberoan: hatzo 7, behatzo ,, 5, ehi-behatzo 5, aoaokǘ l, aolokl l
Roncalese: atz 7
Comments: Only some of the many derivates of this prolific root are listed. The
homonyms *hac 'track, footprint' and *hac 'breed, race' are separate etyma:
see *hace 'back part' and *hasi'grow', respectively.
Proto-Basque: *(hac)-tzapa-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 finger 2 paw 3 claw (of bird), talon 4 (worker's) hand
97
Bizkaian: atzamar 1
Gipuzkoan: atzapar 3
High Navarrese: atzapar 3, (Esteribar) aztapar 2
Low Navarrese: aztapar 2
Lapurdian: atzapar 3
Baztanese: aztapar 2
Zuberoan: aotzápar , 4
Roncalese: aztapar 2
Comments: Analyzed here as a compound of Bsq *hac 'finger' (q.v.) +
PSC *[ṭ]wǝbí 'finger'. The difficult cluster /tst/ was simplified to /st/ in the East, /ts/ in
the West, and in BZK folk etymology has changed the last two syllables to match
*hamaṙ ‘tzen’ (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *haga
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: long pole, rod; rod (measurement)
Bizkaian: aga
Gipuzkoan: aga
High Navarrese: aga
Low Navarrese: haga
Lapurdian: haga
Zuberoan: hága
Proto-Basque: *hagin
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 tooth (incisor) 2 to bite 3 molar tooth 4 eye-tooth, canine 5 teeth (teeth and
molars)
Bizkaian: agin 1, aginka egin 2
Gipuzkoan: agin 3, ortzagin 4, 5
High Navarrese: agin 3, ortzagin 5
Low Navarrese: hagin 3, ortzagin 5
Lapurdian: hagin 3, ortzagin 5
Zuberoan: hágin , rtzoagin 5
Roncalese: ortzagin 5
Comments: See also *le-t-hagin 'eye-tooth, canine tooth, fang', *horc 'tooth'.
Proto-Basque: *hag(w)une ~ *gahune
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
98
Meaning: foam, froth
High Navarrese: hagun, (Garazi) agun
Salazarese: agun
Lapurdian: habuiñ, (Ainh a) hab in
Zuberoan: gahǘn
Roncalese: águn
Proto-Basque: *haice
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 tree 2 suffix on tree names 3 wild tree
Bizkaian: (Markina, Txorierri) zu-gatz 3
Gipuzkoan: (Bidania, Usurbil) zu-gaitz 3, (Andoain) zu-aitz 1
Low Navarrese: zu-haitz 1, -tze 2
Lapurdian: zu-haitz 1
Zuberoan: ol-haitzo, ol-haintze 1, -tze 2
Roncalese: atze 1
Comments: ZBR -haintze probably blended with *-hamu (q.v.). Cf. the similar, but
originally distinct, *haraic 'oak'. A reduced form *(h)es- appears in some words: see
Bsq *es-pel 'box (tree)',*(h)es-kur̄ 'acorn'.
Proto-Basque: *(H)aiɫa
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 tail (of animals) 2 stem (of fruits, leaves)
Bizkaian: ailla 1, 2
Comments: Cf. PEC *χǖɫV 'stalk, grass'.
Proto-Basque: *HaincSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 (hard) frost 2 very strong ice 3 very cold wind
Bizkaian: antzoigar, (Oñatze) aintzoigar, (Or ok ) intzoiar , (Ga dakan )
Gipuzkoan: antzigar, intziar, (Andoain) aintzigar
Comments: A compound of *Hainc- + *eihar̄ 'dry'. Cf. PNC *jămʒĂ 'snow'.
Proto-Basque: *hai(n)cur̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 hoe 2 spade 3 pickax, mattock
Bizkaian: atxur 2
Gipuzkoan: aitzur 2
99
High Navarrese: aitzur 2
Low Navarrese: haitzur, aintzur 1, 2
Lapurdian: haintzur 2
Zuberoan: háitzolr ,, ,
Roncalese: aintzur 1
Comments: It is unclear whether the words mean 'hoe' or 'spade': Span. azada can
mean eitzher. Larrasquetz (,9 9) has 'pi che (mais n n bêche ni h ue)' (f r ZBR).
Jacobsen (1995: 131) mentions "Eastern forms for 'hoe' ... (h)aintzur, antxur, and altxur,"
and mentions the association (probably secondary) with *ɦaic 'rock' (q.v.). Several
external parallels are possible: PNC*HăjʒV̄ 'chisel'; PNC *Hrājc_ū 'wooden plow,
mattock'; PEC *ɦwā źV 'axe'; or *=ämźŬ 'to plow, sow', or perhaps some
contamination between two or more of these. *hai(n)cur̄ may have
influenced *haiskora 'axe' (usually derived from Lat. asciola). Cf. also Trask (1997: 289).
Proto-Basque: *hain, *honi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 so, so much 2 many, much 3 complete, complete number
Bizkaian: ain 1
Gipuzkoan: ain 1, anitz 2
High Navarrese: ain 1, (Esteribar) anitz 2
Low Navarrese: hain 1, hanitz 2, honi 3
Salazarese: anitz 2
Lapurdian: hain 1, anhitz 2
Aezkoan: anitz 2
Zuberoan: hain, han 1, hanitx 2
Roncalese: ain 1, anitx 2
Comments: H. Berger (1956) compared Bsq honi with Bur. *jṓn.
Proto-Basque: *hai(n)stz / hai(n)stzu-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 knife 2 (large) shears 3 pincers, pliers
High Navarrese: ainzto 1, aiztur 2
Low Navarrese: haiztur 2, haixtur 2
Salazarese: aiztur 2
Lapurdian: haiztur 2, haixtur 2
Baztanese: aiztur 2
Zuberoan: háxtzlr
Roncalese: ainzto, aizto 1, aiztur, aizter, ainzter 2, ainztur 3
100
Comments: Apparently some of these words and Bsq *hai(n)cu-r̄ ‘h e, axe’ (q.v.) have
cross-contaminated with each other and with *ɦaic ‘r ck’ (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *ha, *ha-u(r)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: this (near deictic)
Bizkaian: au
Gipuzkoan: au
High Navarrese: au, (Elkano) gau
Low Navarrese: hau, haur
Salazarese: kau
Lapurdian: hau
Baztanese: au
Aezkoan: gau
Zuberoan: hau(r)
Roncalese: kau(r)
Proto-Basque: *ha[l]i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: thread, yarn, wire
Bizkaian: ari / alGipuzkoan: ari / alHigh Navarrese: ari / alLow Navarrese: hari / halLapurdian: hari / halZuberoan: hari / halRoncalese: ari / alComments: The variant *hal- appears in derivates and compounds,
e.g. haliko (BNV), halliko (ZBR), aliko (RNC) 'ball of thread'. Cf. PEC *χ_āɫV 'sinew,
thread'.
Proto-Basque: *hamaSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: ten
Bizkaian: amar, amaGipuzkoan: amar, amaHigh Navarrese: amar, amaLow Navarrese: hamar, hama-
101
Lapurdian: hamar, hamaZuberoan: hámar, hamaRoncalese: amar, amaComments: Cf. PEC *χ_ŏmHχ_ɨ ~ *mHŏχ_ɨ 'handful'. 'Ten' < 'hand' is common in the
world's languages.
Proto-Basque: *ha[m]ar̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: worm
Bizkaian: aar, (arc) haar
Gipuzkoan: ar
High Navarrese: ar
Low Navarrese: har
Lapurdian: har
Zuberoan: har
Roncalese: ãr
Comments: haar was an Old BZK recording from 1596 (Michelena 1961: 114).
Evidence for nasal only in RNC. Words for worms, snakes, lizards often show
irregular reflexes: cf. * inda(ra), *śuśker̄ 'lizard', *erluli 'salamander'.
Proto-Basque: *hamu
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: tree
Low Navarrese: zu-hamu
Lapurdian: zu-hamu
Zuberoan: ol-hain, ol-háñ, ol-háintzoe
Comments: Cf. PNC *ʁwōnV 'tree'. Compound with *sul (q.v.). ZBR zü-háintze seems
to be contaminated with *haice 'tree' (q.v.).
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *(H)apar̄
Meaning: 1 foam, froth 2 (coarse) beeswax (residue in hive)
Bizkaian: (Araba) apar 2
Gipuzkoan: apar 1
Baztanese: apar 1
102
Comments: Attested only in non-aspirating dialects, so we do not know whether the
Proto-Bsq word was *Hapar̄ or *apar̄. If the former, cf. PY *χɔpVr 'foam' (Kott hāpar,
etc.).
Proto-Basque: *Hapo
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 hoof (of larger animals) 2 hoof (of smaller animals)
Bizkaian: apo 1, apatx 2
Proto-Basque: *haraic
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 oak tree 2 tree (in general)
Bizkaian: aritz, aritx, aretx 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: araitz, areitz, aritz 1
High Navarrese: aritz 1
Low Navarrese: haritz 1
Lapurdian: haritz 1
Baztanese: aritz 2
Zuberoan: háritzx, háitzx ,
Roncalese: aretx 1
Comments: Bsq *haraic may be related (with metathesis: *ʔăɫʔăjʒV) to
PNC *ʔăjʒăɫʔV 'hardwood tree (rowan, cornel)'.
Proto-Basque: *harc, *hars-kone
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 bear 2 badger
Araban: {arç} ,
Bizkaian: artz 1, azkonar 2 (Arratia, Orozko, Txorierri) azkunar 2
Gipuzkoan: artz 1, azkonar 2
High Navarrese: artz 1, (Larraun) azkonar 2, (Esteribar) azkon, azkona, aixkona 2,
(Lezaka) azkanarro 2
Low Navarrese: hartz 1, (Garazi) azkoin 2, (Aldude) azkon 2
Salazarese: artz 1, azkon 2
Lapurdian: hartz 1, azkona 2, azkuin 2, azkanaro, azkenarro 2
Baztanese: azkon 2
Zuberoan: hartzo ,, harokṹ, haokṹ
Roncalese: artzo ,, aok ĩ
103
Comments: Michelena (1961) identifies this word with the Aquitanian name Harsus.
The word for 'badger' is a compound of *har̄c + *klne (+ -ar̄ in some dialects). For the
second component see *-kone.
Proto-Basque: *har̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: stone
Bizkaian: arri
Gipuzkoan: arri
High Navarrese: arri
Low Navarrese: harri
Salazarese: arri
Lapurdian: harri
Baztanese: arri
Aezkoan: arri
Zuberoan: harri
Roncalese: arri
Proto-Basque: *haro
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: weather, season
Bizkaian: aro
Gipuzkoan: aro
High Navarrese: aro
Low Navarrese: haro
Lapurdian: haro
Zuberoan: hár
Roncalese: aro
Comments: Cf. ZBR harl-hún 'good weather', haro-gaitz 'bad weather'; used in names
of months, e.g. LAB ost-aro 'May (leaf season)', ere-aro 'June (sowing season)', etc. Cf.
PEC *h[ă]ɫʔa'steam': the semantzic chain ‘stzeam, breatzh, air ~ wind, weatzher’ is
common.
Proto-Basque: *(H)aro
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 knot of tree 2 *stick, pole
Bizkaian: ara-ka 1
Roncalese: ara-kaldi 2
104
Comments: RNC arakaldi is g ssed as 'tzanda de pa s / v ée de c ups de bātz n',
implying underlying *(H)aro 'stick, pole': for formation cf. besa-ka (BNV) 'rama(s) de
un árb ' < *beśl'arm'.
Proto-Basque: *har̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 proud, haughty 2 stylish, free in one's ways 4 daring, audacious 5 jolly
person
Bizkaian: arro 1
Gipuzkoan: arro 1
Low Navarrese: harro 1, 5
Salazarese: arro 1
Lapurdian: harro 1, 5
Baztanese: arro 1
Zuberoan: hárr
, 4, 5
Roncalese: arro 1
Proto-Basque: *har̄(-tu)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 take, receive 2 comprehend, understand 3 treat (well or badly)
Bizkaian: ar-tu 1, 3
Gipuzkoan: ar-tu 1, 3
High Navarrese: ar-tu 1
Low Navarrese: har-tu 1, 2
Lapurdian: har-tu 1
Zuberoan: hár-tzl ,
Roncalese: ar-tu 1, 2
Proto-Basque: *haś
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: naked, bare
Low Navarrese: has
Salazarese: as
Lapurdian: has
Zuberoan: has
Roncalese: as
105
Comments: An eastern word: in the west (EB) biluzi 'naked', murritz or soil for 'bare'
are used. Cf. PNC *ɦǝ̄cĔ
̣́ 'hollow, empty'; and Bsq *huć and *ɦuća - the words may be
partially blended.
Proto-Basque: *hasi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to grow, breed, cultivate, bring up 2 seed, semen 3 lineage, breed, race
Bizkaian: azi 1, 2, (Orozko) az 3
Gipuzkoan: azi 1, 2
High Navarrese: azi 1, 2
Low Navarrese: hazi 1, 2, (Aldude) 3
Lapurdian: hazi 1, 2
Zuberoan: hazi 1, 2, (Ligi) hatz 3
Roncalese: azi 1, 2, 3
Proto-Basque: *haśi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to begin, start
Bizkaian: asi
Gipuzkoan: asi
Low Navarrese: hasi
Salazarese: asi
Lapurdian: hasi
Zuberoan: hási
Roncalese: asi
Proto-Basque: *hauć
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 ashes 2 powder 3 Ash Wednesday
Bizkaian: auts 1, 2, errauts 1
Gipuzkoan: auts1, 2 auster, austerre 1
High Navarrese: auts, auster 1, errauts 2, (Lezaka) austerri 3
Low Navarrese: hauts 1, herrauts 2
Lapurdian: hauts 1, auster 1, herrauts 2
Baztanese: errauts 2
Zuberoan: hautzs, hautzx ,, erháutzs, erhautzx
Roncalese: auts 1, errauts 2
Comments: The compounds *er̄-hauć and *hauś-t-er̄e contain *er̄e 'to burn'.
106
Proto-Basque: *haundi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: big, great
Bizkaian: aundi, andi
Gipuzkoan: andi, aundi
High Navarrese: andi
Low Navarrese: handi, (Aldude) haundi
Lapurdian: handi, haundi
Zuberoan: hã́tndi
Roncalese: ándi
Proto-Basque: *hau-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: child
Gipuzkoan: aur
Low Navarrese: haur
Salazarese: aur
Lapurdian: haur
Baztanese: aur
Zuberoan: haur
Roncalese: aur
Comments: In BZK the common word for 'child' is instead sein (see *śa- / *śe- / *śl [kin element]), or ume (for 'young animal' as well: see *hume). Bsq *hau-r̄ is parallel
in form with Chechen-Ingush χlwχa-r 'lamb', i.e. both have a fossilized plural *r suffix, common in Bsq and EC languages.
Proto-Basque: *hauśi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to break, tear
Bizkaian: ausi
Gipuzkoan: ausi
High Navarrese: autsi
Low Navarrese: hautsi
Salazarese: autsi
Lapurdian: hautsi
Zuberoan: háutzse, hautzx
Roncalese: áutzse
107
Comments: Most etymologists connect this word with *hauć ‘ashes, p wder’ (q.v.),
but this association is secondary, and the western form ausi < *hauśi is probably
original.
Proto-Basque: *hauśp
Meaning: 1 lungs 2 bellows
Bizkaian: auspo, aspo 2, (Markina, Orozko) auspo 1
Gipuzkoan: auspo, aspo 2
High Navarrese: auspo, aspo 2
Low Navarrese: hausko 2
Salazarese: ausko 2
Lapurdian: hausko 2
Baztanese: ausko 2
Zuberoan: hauspo, haspo 2
Roncalese: ausko 2
Comments: Probably contaminated with *hauć 'ashes, dust'. Cf. PNC *q_wǝ ɵV(rV̄) /
*χ_wǝ ɵV(rV̄) 'lung'; Bur *qhurpat 'lungs' ??
Proto-Basque: *hegaSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to fly 2 flying
Bizkaian: egaatu, egabanatu 1, egan 2
Gipuzkoan: egaatu 1, egan 2
High Navarrese: egaz egin 1
Low Navarrese: (h)egaldatu 1
Zuberoan: hega tzatzl ,
Comments: Cf. *hegal 'wing'. Both words have probably contaminated each other.
Proto-Basque: *hegal
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 wing 2 loin, flank (of cow) 3 fin (of fish)
Bizkaian: egal 2
High Navarrese: egal 1, 3
Low Navarrese: hegal 1, 3
Salazarese: magal 1
Lapurdian: hegal 1, 3
Baztanese: egal 1
Zuberoan: hegal 1, 3
Roncalese: egal 1, magal 1
108
Comments: This word has other secondary meanings: 'eave (of roof)', edge (of table)',
'brim (of hat)', etc. Cf. *hega- 'to fly', which may have contaminated this word (i.e.,
original *e=gal, changed to *hegal). The magal forms are either blended with *magal 'lap, flank' (q.v.), or a prefixed formation with the fossilized prefix *ma=.
Proto-Basque: *hegi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 crest, ridge 2 small plateau overhanging a cliff 3 border, edge, corner
Bizkaian: egi 1
Gipuzkoan: egi 1
High Navarrese: egi 1
Low Navarrese: hegi 1, 2
Lapurdian: hegi 1, 2
Zuberoan: hegi 1, 3
Roncalese: egi 1
Comments: This word is thought to be the source of the common suffix -egi ~ -tegi ~ degi ‘p ace, h use f’, as in (c) jaur-egi ‘pa ace’ (‘ rd’s p ace’), abel-tegi ‘stzab e’, ardandegi ‘tzavern, wine sh p’, and many tzhers.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *helSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to come 2 to arrive
Bizkaian: el-du 2
Gipuzkoan: (Andoain) el-du 2
High Navarrese: (Ondarrabia) el-du 1
Low Navarrese: hel-du 1, 2
Lapurdian: hel-du 1
Zuberoan: hé -tzl ,,
Proto-Basque: *[h]el- / *-ha i / *aɫha
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to bite 2 to be sore, inflamed 3 meal(time) 4 grazing, pasture
Bizkaian: el-du 2, -ari 3
Gipuzkoan: el-du 1, ala 4, -ari 3
High Navarrese: -ari 3, (Oyarzun) ala 4
109
Low Navarrese: -(h)ari 3, alha 4
Salazarese: -ari 3
Lapurdian: -(h)ari 3, alha 4
Zuberoan: -(h)ari , á ha 4
Roncalese: -ari 3, ala 4
Comments: Bsq *[h]el- / *-ha i / *aɫha seem to be permutations of the same original root
(cf. PEC *=iʡwV 'to feed on, eat, bite'). Bsq *-hali 'meal(time)' occurs only in
compounds: (B-arc)gosaari ‘breakfastz’ (< *glśa-hali: see *glśe ‘hunger, hungry’); (Zarc) barazkari ‘midday mea , unch’, (c) bazkari id. (cf. *barace ‘garden’);
(BN) auhari ‘dinner (supper)’, (Z) aihá(r)i, (R) aigári, (B, G, BN, L) afari, (L) aphari, (B,
G) apari, (Sal) abari, etc. (cf. *gau ‘nightz’?), etzc.
Proto-Basque: *hera-ki
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to boil (trans.)
Bizkaian: irakin
Gipuzkoan: irakin
High Navarrese: irakin
Low Navarrese: herakin, erakin, irakitu, (Amikuse) erakitu
Salazarese: iraki
Lapurdian: irakin
Zuberoan: heráki, iraki
Roncalese: eraki, erakitu
Proto-Basque: *herći
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 tight, narrow, cramped 2 worried, exhausted 3 nasal congestion, catarrh 4
to close 5 to squeeze, press
Araban: itsi 4
Bizkaian: es-tu 1, 2, 3, (arc) itsi 4
Gipuzkoan: es-tu 1, 2, 3, itxi 4
High Navarrese: es-tu 1, 2, itxi 4, (Elkano) ertxi 4
Low Navarrese: hertsi, hetsi 1, 4, hers-tu 5
Lapurdian: hertsi, hetsi, hers-tu 1, 4
Baztanese: ertsi 4
Zuberoan: hertzsi, hérsi ,, 4
Roncalese: ersi 1, ers-tu 5
110
Comments: For internal -r- cf. Proto-Lezghian: *ʡirč̣Vn- ( ~ ħ-) > Rutul =ir(i)č̣a- 'to
press, squeeze'.
Proto-Basque: *her̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: people, population, nation, country
Bizkaian: erri
Gipuzkoan: erri
High Navarrese: erri
Low Navarrese: herri
Lapurdian: herri
Zuberoan: hérri
Roncalese: erri
Comments: From the probable PSC original meaning Bsq *her̄i has become broader
(‘pe p e, natzi n’ + tzhe and tzhey ccupy), whi e PNC *ʡwǝ̆hri is m re restzrictzed (‘partz
f tzhe pe p e wh fightz in war’).
Proto-Basque: *her̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 root (tree, plant, tooth) 2 nipple (of udder) 3 udder
Bizkaian: erro 1, 2, erra-pe 3
Gipuzkoan: erro 1, 2
High Navarrese: erro 1, 2
Low Navarrese: erro 1, erra-pe 3
Lapurdian: erro 1, 2, erra-pe 3
Baztanese: erra-pe 3
Zuberoan: herr ,, herrá-pe 3
Roncalese: err ,, ra-pé
Comments: Initial *h preserved only in ZBR. Loss of /h/ in LAB, BNV probably due to
inter-dialectal borrowing.
Proto-Basque: *Herug(ʷ)i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 salamander 2 scorpion
Bizkaian: (Zornoza) eruge 1, (Lekeitio, Markina) erube 1
Gipuzkoan: arrubi 1, 2, (Andoain) arrobi 2
High Navarrese: (Oyarzun) arrobi 2, (Irun, Ondarrabia) arrobio 1
Low Navarrese: harrobi 2
111
Lapurdian: harrubi 1, 2, (Ainhoa) harrobi 2
Zuberoan: arrogi 2
Comments: Cf. Bsq *erɫuɫi 'salamander, scorpion', which seems to be partially
blended with this word. Some forms appear to have been influenced by *har̄i 'stone':
cf. LAB harrobi 'cavern, quarry' < *har̄i + *hlbi.
Proto-Basque: *hese
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 fresh, wet, moist, green (plant) 2 lascivious, sensual
Bizkaian: eze 1, 2, ezo 1, ezko 1
Gipuzkoan: eze, ezko 1
High Navarrese: eze 1, 2
Low Navarrese: heze 1, ezti 1
Lapurdian: heze 1, 2
Zuberoan: heze 1, ezti 1
Roncalese: eze 1
Comments: A s witzh /ś/: BNV, LAB hese 'fresh, moist, green', BZK ese id.
Proto-Basque: *hestu-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 link (of a chain) 2 (finger-)ring 3 mesh (of a net) 4 strand (of yarn) 5 ring
(general)
Bizkaian: el-aztun 2, 5, er-aztun, err-aztun 2, 5, er-eztun 2, 5, (Arratia, Otxandiano) eleztun 2, 5
Gipuzkoan: el-aztun 2, 5, er-aztun 2, 5
High Navarrese: er-aztun 2, 5
Low Navarrese: erh-aztun 2, 5
Salazarese: eztun 4, extun 1
Lapurdian: er-aztun, (Ainhoa) err-aztun 5
Baztanese: er-aztun 2, 5
Zuberoan: lotzln ,, , 5, erh-áotzln , 5
Roncalese: er-eztun 2, 5
Comments: Most of the words are compounds with Bsq *elhi 'finger' (q.v.). The
change tz tzri ed /r̄/ (err-) is unusual and secondary. One of the words in which Bsq *st- corresponds to a tense NC sibilant/affricate (here *-c̣_-).
Proto-Basque: *heuga[l]i / *heu[l]agi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
112
Meaning: 1 abundant 2 to increase, multiply
Bizkaian: ugari 1, ugal-du 2
Gipuzkoan: ugari 1, ugal-du 2
High Navarrese: ugari 1
Lapurdian: heuragi 1 (Leizarraga)
Zuberoan: heuregi 1 (Oihenart)
Comments: Note the metathesized variants in PNC *HāχuɫV / *Hā χV as well as in
Bsq.
Proto-Basque: *hi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: thou (familiar)
Araban: i
Bizkaian: i
Gipuzkoan: i
High Navarrese: i
Low Navarrese: hi
Salazarese: i
Lapurdian: hi
Baztanese: i
Aezkoan: i
Zuberoan: hi
Roncalese: i, (Vidáng o) yi
Comments: The root also exists as the verbal affix (initial) *h-, (medial) *-ga-, (final) *k (second person singular familiar). The medial and final affixes are specifically
masculine, opposed to feminine *-na-, *-n. This is the only instance of grammatical
sex marking in Bsq.
Proto-Basque: *higuni
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 hatred, loathing 2 to hate, loathe 3 hateful, loathsome 4 (man) to put away
one's wife 5 (bird) to abandon one's eggs 6 to wean (a child) 7 hated 8 become hated
Bizkaian: iguin 1, iguin-du 2, (arc) {ygui, yguy} 1, 7
Gipuzkoan: igui-tu 2
High Navarrese: iguin 1, 2
Low Navarrese: higuin 1, 2, 4, 5
Salazarese: iguin 1
Lapurdian: higuin 1, 3, 4, 5, higuin-du 6
113
Zuberoan: higlin 4, 5, (Bark xe) hlgl̃́t 7, hlgl̃́tn-tzl 8
Roncalese: ugun 1
Comments: Chamali jiχan- 'to hate' is especially close to the Bsq words.
Proto-Basque: *hil
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to die; dead 2 to kill 3 to put out, extinguish (lights)
Bizkaian: il 1
Gipuzkoan: il 1, 2
High Navarrese: il 1
Low Navarrese: hil 1, 3
Salazarese: il 1, 2, 3
Lapurdian: hil 1, 2, 3
Baztanese: il 1, 2
Zuberoan: hil 1, 3
Roncalese: il 1, 2, 3
Proto-Basque: *hil-, *hiɫaSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 moon, 2 month, 3 moon in 4th qtr. ('high moon')
Araban: irargi 1
Bizkaian: iretzargi, i argi, i argi, irargi ,, i a-betze , i -g ra , (G ñi, O oa) i ergi ,
Gipuzkoan: ilargi, illargi 1, illa-bete 2, il-gora 3
High Navarrese: ilargi, illargi 1, illa-bete 2, il-gora 3
Low Navarrese: ilhargi 1, hila-bete, ila-bethe 2, (Otxagabia, Salazar) ilaski 1
Salazarese: ilaski 1
Lapurdian: ilhargi 1, hila-bete 2
Baztanese: illargi 1
Zuberoan: hila-bethe 2
Proto-Basque: *hir̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 laugh, laughter 2 mockery 3 smile 4 to smile 5 hurly-burly, hubbub
Bizkaian: irri 2, irri-barre 3
High Navarrese: irri-abar 3
Low Navarrese: irri 1, 2, hirrun-harrun 5, (Hazparren) hirri-skina-tu 4
Lapurdian: hirri 1, 2, hirrun-harrun 5
Zuberoan: hirrun-harrun 5
114
Proto-Basque: *hiro
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 pus 2 rottenness, decay 3 tinder (from the interior of a tree)
Bizkaian: iro 3
Gipuzkoan: iro 3
Lapurdian: hiro 1
Zuberoan: hír
,
Comments: Cf. PEC *x[ē]rxV 'slime; spittle, snot', which seems to be a reduplicated
form in comparison with Bsq *hiro, consistent with PSC *x[ē]ŕV́.
Proto-Basque: *hobe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 better 2 more
Bizkaian: oba 1
Gipuzkoan: obe 1
High Navarrese: obe 1
Low Navarrese: hobe, hobe-ki 1
Salazarese: abo-ro 2
Lapurdian: hobe, hobe-ki 1
Zuberoan: hóbe, h bé-ki ,, habó-ro 2
Roncalese: obe 1, ob-ro 2
Comments: Cf. especially Archi hiba-t:ut- 'good' (comp. by Bouda, 1948). Bsq *hobe is
used as a comparative of *hon 'good' (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *hobi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: grave, tomb
Bizkaian: obi
Gipuzkoan: obi
High Navarrese: obi
Low Navarrese: hobi
Lapurdian: hobi
Zuberoan: hobi
Roncalese: obi
Comments: This word is a homonym of Bsq *ho[gu]i 'gum, tissue around teeth' (q.v.)
in some dialects, but is of distinct origin. Cf. PNC *fiwɨ 'grave'.
Proto-Basque: *hoc
115
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: cold (n., adj.)
Bizkaian: otz
Gipuzkoan: otz
High Navarrese: otz
Low Navarrese: hotz
Salazarese: otz
Lapurdian: hotz
Baztanese: otz
Aezkoan: otz
Zuberoan: hotz
Roncalese: otz
Comments: As a verb: *hos-tu > hoztu, oztu.
Proto-Basque: *h ć
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 noise, sound 2 fame, reputation 3 passion, longing, mania, strong
inclination 4 search(ing)
Bizkaian: ots 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: ots 1, 2
High Navarrese: ots 1, 2
Low Navarrese: hots 1, 2
Lapurdian: hots 1, 2, 3
Baztanese: ots 4
Zuberoan: hots 1, 2
Roncalese: ots 1, 2, 4
Comments: Bsq-NC phonetic similarity is apparent, but semantic correlations are
more difficult. S.A. Starostin reconstructed PSC *kwɨ̄́jcV̆ ‘spiritz, appearance, dem n’.
Note especially the semantic similarity of Bsq (L) hots ‘stzr ng inc inatzi n’ and
Archi kus ‘habitz’.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *hogei
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: twenty
116
Bizkaian: ogei
Gipuzkoan: ogei
High Navarrese: ogei
Low Navarrese: (Aldude, Garazi) hogoi, (Amikuse) hogei
Salazarese: ogei
Lapurdian: h g i, (Urruña) g i
Baztanese: ogei
Aezkoan: ogei
Zuberoan: hógei
Roncalese: ógei, géi
Comments: This morpheme is also present in the higher numerals (EB) hogeitamar '30'
(*hlgei eta hamar̄ '20+10'), berrogei '40', hirurogei '60', and laurogei '80' (a vigesimal
system). Such systems are also characteristic of North Caucasian and Burushaski.
Proto-Basque: *ho[g]i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: gums (flesh of mouth)
Bizkaian: oi
Gipuzkoan: oi
Low Navarrese: hobi
Salazarese: oegi
Lapurdian: hobi
Baztanese: ogi
Zuberoan: hobi
Comments: Apart from Pyrenean dialects (SAL, BZT) the original (labialized) *g(w) has
changed to /b/ or disappeared.
Proto-Basque: *hoin
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: foot
Bizkaian: in, ñ
Gipuzkoan: oin
High Navarrese: oin
Low Navarrese: huin, huñ
Salazarese: oin
Lapurdian: oin
Baztanese: oin
Aezkoan: oin
117
Zuberoan: huin, huñ
Roncalese: oin
Comments: The phonetic development is not very transparent, perhaps PSC *ʡĭnɢwV́
> pre-Bsq *hliŋ(V), witzh /ŋ/ regu ar y changed tz /n/ in fina p sitzi n.
Proto-Basque: *hols (*holc)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 plank 2 wall (made of planks) 3 cupboard, sideboard, dresser
Bizkaian: oltzar 1
Gipuzkoan: (arc) olz 2
High Navarrese: (arc) olz 2
Low Navarrese: oltz 2
Salazarese: oltza 2
Lapurdian: holtz 3
Zuberoan: holtz 2
Comments: Azkue cites oltza 'stack of planks' as common Bsq. As noted by Michelena
(1961, chapter 14) the phonemic contrast between Proto-Bsq *ls and *lc is neutralized,
but differently in different dialects. German Holz is a chance resemblance.
Proto-Basque: *hon
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: good
Araban: on
Bizkaian: on
Gipuzkoan: on
High Navarrese: on
Low Navarrese: on, (arc) hon, (Donibane-Garazi) hun
Salazarese: on
Lapurdian: on
Baztanese: on
Aezkoan: on
Zuberoan: hun
Roncalese: on
Comments: The most archaic PSC form seems to be *=kUn- (> PAvar-Andian *kʷVnV-,
Bsq *hon, Urart. gunǝ), with a common metathesis to *=ĭnkwV in most EC langs.
Derivation from Lat.bonum is implausible.
Proto-Basque: *hona
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
118
Meaning: , here, hitzher
n w
here (itz is), v icì, beh d!
Bizkaian: ona 1, 2, 3
Gipuzkoan: ona 3
High Navarrese: unat 1
Low Navarrese: huna 1, 3, hunat 1
Lapurdian: huna 1, 3, hunat 1
Zuberoan: huna 1, 3
Comments: These words are obviously derived from the demonstrative *ho- (q.v.),
with the similar extension in *-n- common to Bsq and NC.
Proto-Basque: *hor
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: dog
Bizkaian: (arc) or
Low Navarrese: hor, or
Lapurdian: or
Zuberoan: hor, ho
Comments: An archaic word for 'dog': cf. PEC (oblique base) *χ_Hwĕj-rV- 'dog'. In
Bsq it is largely supplanted by *saku-r̄ (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *horc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 tooth (incisor), teeth (general) 2 set of teeth
Gipuzkoan: ortz 2, ortzagin 2
High Navarrese: ortz 1, ortzagin 2
Low Navarrese: hortz 1, ortzagin 2
Lapurdian: hortz, hortx 1, ortzagin 2, (Ainhoa) ortx 1
Zuberoan: hortz, hortx 1, ortzagin 2
Roncalese: rtzo ,, rtzoagin , (Uotzárr o) rtzx ,
Comments: The palatal variants hortx, ortx are used in speaking to children ("voc.
puer." per Azkue). See also Bsq *hagin and *le-t-hagin.
Proto-Basque: *H r̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 leaf (of a tree) 2 leaf (of maize, cabbage, lettuce) 3 fallen (dry) leaf
Bizkaian: orri 1, or-bel 3
Gipuzkoan: orri 2, or-bel 3
119
High Navarrese: or-bel 3
Lapurdian: horri 1
Comments: Cf. *ɦlrś-to, which Michelena (1961: 368) thought to be a diminitive
of *Hlr̄i.
Proto-Basque: *ho-ri
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: that (mesial)
Bizkaian: ori
Gipuzkoan: ori
High Navarrese: ori, (Elkano) goi
Low Navarrese: hori
Salazarese: kori
Lapurdian: hori
Baztanese: ori
Aezkoan: gori, goi
Zuberoan: hori, hoi
Roncalese: kori
Comments: As with some other Bsq demonstratives, there are anomalies: Pyrenean
forms kori, gori.
Proto-Basque: *hori
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: yellow
Bizkaian: ori
Gipuzkoan: ori
High Navarrese: ori
Low Navarrese: hori
Salazarese: ori
Lapurdian: hori
Baztanese: ori
Aezkoan: ori
Zuberoan: hó i
Roncalese: ori
Comments: ZBR hó i was originally an expressive palatal form, now the default
word.
Proto-Basque: *huć
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
120
Meaning: 1 empty 2 pure 3 error, fault, defect 4 lack, want 5 vain, idle 6 barren, sterile
(tree)
Bizkaian: uts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Gipuzkoan: uts 1, 2, 3
High Navarrese: uts 1, 2, 3, 5
Low Navarrese: huts 1, 2, 3
Lapurdian: huts 1, 2, 3
Zuberoan: hltzs, hltzx ,, ,
Roncalese: uts 1, 2, 3, 6
Comments: Cf. Bsq *ɦuća - the words may be partially blended. Cf. also Bsq *haś.
Proto-Basque: *hume
Meaning: 1 young (of animals) 2 infant, child (human) 3 womb
Bizkaian: ume 1, 2, (Bermeo, Mundaka) ime 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: ume 1, 2
High Navarrese: ume 1, 2
Low Navarrese: hume 1, umuntzi 3
Lapurdian: hume 1
Baztanese: ume 1, 2, umoi 3
Zuberoan: hǘme ,, , hlm i , himuntzoi
Roncalese: ume 1
Comments: "Used in northern dialects exclusively for animals" (Aulestia & White),
though Larrasquet cites ZBR hǘme 'parfois enfant (garç n u fi e)' as a sec ndary
meaning. Cf. perhaps Burushaski (H,N) =ɣúmar 'internal organs' (belly, bowels),
(Y) =ɣómar-ći 'in the stomach, inside'. The Bsq words for 'womb' cited
have *onci 'vessel' (q.v.) or *ohe 'bed' as second element.
Proto-Basque: *hu[m]ki
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to touch 2 touch, feeling (n.)
Bizkaian: uku-tu, iku-tu 1
Gipuzkoan: iku-tu 1, (Andoain) uki-tu 1
High Navarrese: uki-tu 1
Low Navarrese: hunki-(tu) 1
Salazarese: onki-tu 1
Lapurdian: hunki-(tu) 1, Gethari) uki 2
Baztanese: uki-tze
Aezkoan: uki-tu 1
121
Zuberoan: húnki-(tzl) ,
Comments: Cf. PEC *fimḳwV 'fist'. The match of eastern Bsq /nk/ ~ western /k/ is
unusual. Trask thought it had to be due to sporadic insertion of the nasal in the East,
but other explanations are possible. PSC *m in non-initial positions is unstable in Bsq
and usually disappears in clusters. We have tentatively reconstructed Bsq *hu[m]ki-,
though so far we know of no other cases of Bsq *-mk-.
Proto-Basque: *h[u]nc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: owl
Bizkaian: ontza
Gipuzkoan: ontza
High Navarrese: (Lezaka) ontza
Low Navarrese: huntz
Salazarese: untz
Lapurdian: huntz
Baztanese: untz
Aezkoan: untz
Zuberoan: hlntzo
Roncalese: untz
Comments: The Bsq word represents a metathesis of the type PSC *ɦ(w)ɨ̄nć̣ĭ, versus
PNC *ɦnɨ̄ć̣(w)ĭ ~ *ɦć̣(w)ɨ̄nĭ. Whether the original Bsq vowel was *u or *o is unclear (see
Michelena 1961: 57). *u would be more consistent with PNC *ɨ̄.
Proto-Basque: *hunc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: ivy
Bizkaian: untz
Gipuzkoan: untz
Low Navarrese: huntz
Lapurdian: huntz
Zuberoan: hlntzo
Comments: With a common change of *lc > /nc/: cf. a convergent change in
Godoberi hanč̣ir 'weed', etc.
Proto-Basque: *Hunce
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: rabbit
122
Gipuzkoan: untxi
High Navarrese: untxi, entxea
Roncalese: untxe
Comments: These forms probably have expressive palatals < *Hunce. Cf.
PNC *ɦwV ǯĔ 'marten, weasel; hedgehog' (Andi lnži 'hedgehog', etc.).
Proto-Basque: *hune
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 marrow 2 pith 3 brain
Araban: uña ,, ,
Bizkaian: un 1, 2, gar-un, gara-un, kara-un 3
Low Navarrese: hun 1, 2, 3
Salazarese: un 3
Lapurdian: huiñ ,, , (c astza ) fuiñ ,,
Zuberoan: hln ,, , blr-hln
Roncalese: un 1, 3
Comments: This etymon competes with, and partially merges with *mune (q.v.), of
distinct origin. Per Mitxelena (1961) and Trask (1995) Bsq *mune and *hune are
"regional variants" of the same word, and suggest Schuchardt's derivation from
Lat. fune- 'rope'. Since both words can coexist in the same dialect (e.g.,
BZK un 'marrow, pith' vs. muin 'germ, sprout'; SAL un-ak'brains' vs. muña 'marrow,
pith') we think the words are of distinct origin (PSC*hwĭʔnV, *mV̆́ɦnū, resp.), but there
has been phonetic and semantic blending.
Proto-Basque: *hur
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: water
Araban: ur
Bizkaian: ur
Gipuzkoan: ur
High Navarrese: ur
Low Navarrese: ur
Salazarese: ur
Lapurdian: ur
Baztanese: ur
Aezkoan: ur
Zuberoan: hur
Roncalese: ur
123
Proto-Basque: *hur̄Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 near, close 2 next
Bizkaian: ur, urre, urren 1, urra 2
Gipuzkoan: urren 1
High Navarrese: urbil 1
Low Navarrese: hurren, hurbil, (Garazi) hurran 1
Salazarese: urran 1
Lapurdian: hurbil 1, hurko 2
Baztanese: urran, urren 1
Zuberoan: hl an ,
Roncalese: ullan 1
Comments: Eastzern /huĺan/ by expressive pa atza ioatzi n, ike /h ĺi/ f r *hori 'yellow'.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *hur̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 hazelnut 2 hazel tree 3 walnut
Araban: unsaur 3
Bizkaian: ur 1, urratx, urretx 2, intxaur 3, (arc) ynsaur 3
Gipuzkoan: ur 1, urritz 2, intxaur 3
High Navarrese: ur 1, urritz 2
Low Navarrese: hur 1, eltzaur 3
Salazarese: urrutx 2, giltzagur 3
Lapurdian: hur 1, urritz 2, eltzaur 3
Baztanese: ur 1, urritz 2
Aezkoan: etxabur 3
Zuberoan: hlr ,, ǘrrltzx , intzoáur
Roncalese: ũr ,, (Uotzárr o) urratzoe , (Vidáng o) urrutzx , etzoagur, itzoagur
Comments: Cf. PNC *ʔwōrƛ̣_V 'nut'; the same comparison as Bouda (1948). Words for
'hazel tree' are compounds of *hur̄ + *haice 'tree' (q.v.); words for 'walnut' from an
obscure first element + *hur̄. The astz may a s den tze tzher tzypes f nutz (see Aokue
under INTS̃́AUR).
Proto-Basque: *hu-ra
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
124
Meaning: that (distal); also = 'he/she/it'
Bizkaian: ura
Gipuzkoan: ura
High Navarrese: ura, (Elkano) gura
Low Navarrese: hura
Salazarese: kura
Lapurdian: hura
Baztanese: ura
Aezkoan: gura
Zuberoan: húra
Roncalese: kura
Comments: "It is perfectly clear that this distal demonstrative [*hu-ra] is the source of
the modern 'definite article' (absolutive singular -a, absolutive plural -ak)" (Trask
1997: 199).
Proto-Basque: *huri
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: village, town, city
Araban: {huri}
Bizkaian: uri, (arc) {huri}
Gipuzkoan: uri
High Navarrese: iri
Low Navarrese: hiri
Salazarese: iri
Lapurdian: hiri
Baztanese: iri
Zuberoan: hiri
Roncalese: iri
Comments: Possibly also Iberian {ili}, as in Illiberris, old name of Granada, etc.; cf.
numerous Bsq place names like Hiriberri, Uribarri ‘new tz wn’.
Proto-Basque: *hur̄uSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: far
Araban: urruti
Bizkaian: urrun, urrin, (arc) hurrun
Gipuzkoan: urruti, (Etxarri) irruti
125
High Navarrese: urrun, (Lezaka) urruti
Low Navarrese: urrun
Salazarese: urrun
Lapurdian: urrun
Zuberoan: hlrrln
Roncalese: urrin
Proto-Basque: *Husi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to divide, portion out, share
Bizkaian: uzi-tu
Gipuzkoan: uzi-tu
Lapurdian: huzi
Comments: Cf. PNC *=V̄rs_wE 'to cut (in parts); to shear, clip' > Avar s:u- / =us:-, etc.
Comparison suggested by Bouda (1949).
Proto-Basque: *ɦaic
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 rock 2 stone
Bizkaian: atx 1
Gipuzkoan: aitz 1
High Navarrese: aitz 1
Low Navarrese: (Baigorri) haitz 1, (Aldude) 2
Lapurdian: aitz 1
Zuberoan: atx 1
Roncalese: atx 1
Comments: Trask (1995) refers to Michelena's reconstruction *anitz / *anetz, though
we find no evidence for a nasal in Bsq.
Proto-Basque: *ɦaise
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: wind
Araban: axe
Bizkaian: axe
Gipuzkoan: aize
High Navarrese: aize
Low Navarrese: aize
Salazarese: aize
126
Lapurdian: haize
Baztanese: aize
Aezkoan: aize
Zuberoan: áioe
Roncalese: aize
Proto-Basque: *ɦanka
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 leg, paw (of animal) 2 leg (human) 3 hip 4 buttock
Bizkaian: anka 1
Gipuzkoan: anka 1
High Navarrese: anka 1
Low Navarrese: hanka 3
Lapurdian: hanka 2, 3
Baztanese: anka 1
Zuberoan: anka 3
Roncalese: anka 4
Comments: Often thought to be of Germanic origin: cf. MHG hanke 'Schenke , Hlftze'
> Fr. hanche, It., Sp. anca 'haunch', etc. "The absence of [the change of *-nk- > -ng-]
points to a rather late borrowing" (Trask). However, the meanings (esp. in BZK, GIP,
ANV) are quite different from 'haunch'.
Proto-Basque: *ɦaragi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: meat, flesh
Gipuzkoan: aragi
High Navarrese: aragi
Low Navarrese: haragi
Lapurdian: haragi
Zuberoan: arági
Roncalese: aragi
Proto-Basque: *ɦaran
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: valley
Bizkaian: aran
Gipuzkoan: aran
High Navarrese: aran
127
Low Navarrese: haran
Lapurdian: haran
Zuberoan: aran
Roncalese: aran
Proto-Basque: *ɦard
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: tinder
Bizkaian: (Araba) erdai
Gipuzkoan: (Zegama) arda-gai
Low Navarrese: ardai
Lapurdian: hardo
Zuberoan: ardai
Comments: Base form *ɦardl, other forms compounded with *gai 'thing, material'
(q.v.). Azkue explains that this tinder is made from a kind of fungus (amadou). This
word was secondarily confused and blended with Bsq gardu, kardu 'thistle', which is
distinct and a loanword from Romance (carduus).
Proto-Basque: *ɦaseri / *a=seɦari
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: fox
Bizkaian: azagari, azeri, azari, (arc) azebari, azeari, (Arratia, Orozko, Txorierri)
azegari
Gipuzkoan: azeri, azari
High Navarrese: azeri, (Larraun) azari
Low Navarrese: hazeri, (Baigorri) azeri
Salazarese: axari
Lapurdian: hazeri, (Ainhoa) axari
Baztanese: azari
Zuberoan: axéri, exéri
Roncalese: axeri, axari
Comments: Trask (1995, 1997) following Michelena (1961) derives this word from a
personal name, Acenari. In this analysis that proposal is considered semantically and
historically improbable, since nothing is known about the character or personality of
the person designated as Acenari, that would lead to his name becoming the Bsq
word for 'fox', as there is for the fictional Reynard > French renard.; furthermore the
diversity of the Bsq forms indicates ancient origin, thus, in this analysis, this ancient
word comes from PSC *c(V)hwō ĕ́ 'fox'.
128
Proto-Basque: *ɦauśin ~ *ɦaśuin
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: nettle
Bizkaian: asun
Gipuzkoan: asun, osin
High Navarrese: asuiñ, asuñ, sin
Low Navarrese: hausin
Lapurdian: hausin, hasuin, asuiñ
Aezkoan: asuin, asuñ
Zuberoan: ásln
Comments: Cf. PEC *ɦwǝ̄mš_wi. The Bsq-NC match is phonetically perfect (PSC *-musually drops out in Bsq, and/or creates a diphthong, from PSC clusters with
sibilants), though original semantics are a little unclear. NCED has the general gloss
‘caraway’, tzh ugh tzhis is tzhe meaning n y in Lak, Dargi, and Leogian, and tzhe
der
meaning may have been more general (e.g. Tsezi lš 'grass', Tabasaran Dlbek haIšam ‘weed’).
Proto-Basque: *ɦaus
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 neighbor 2 neighborhood, quarter
Bizkaian: auzo 1, 2, ausotar 1
Gipuzkoan: auzo 1, 2, ausotar, austar 1
High Navarrese: auzo 1, ausotar 1
Low Navarrese: hauzo 1, 2, (Amikuse) aizo 1, 2
Lapurdian: hauzo 2
Baztanese: auzo 2
Zuberoan: áio ,, , aio g
Roncalese: aizo 1, 2
Proto-Basque: *ɦerce / *ɦeśtze
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: intestine
Bizkaian: este
Gipuzkoan: este
High Navarrese: este, ertze
Low Navarrese: hertze, herze
Salazarese: erze
129
Lapurdian: hertze, erze
Baztanese: ertze, erze
Zuberoan: ertzse, érxe
Roncalese: ertzoe, eroe, érxe
Comments: There is dialectal variation of -rc- / -śt-, as in *blrc / *blśt 'five' (q.v.), *ɦlrci
/ *ɦlśti ‘sky, stz rm’ (q.v.), and s me tzher w rds. This appears tz be an
m rph
d
gica a tzernatzi n, atzer f rma ioed as dia ectza . Leioarraga (,6 c.) rec rded
{ha sarrak} 'entzrañas', which appears tz be an tzher permutzatzi n f tzhis root
(i.e., ha śar̄, dissimilated < *ɦerśa-r̄).
Proto-Basque: *ɦerde / *ɦe de-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: drivel, drool
Bizkaian: adur, (Markina, Oñatze) e der
Gipuzkoan: (Gabiria, Iziar) bilder
High Navarrese: erde
Low Navarrese: helder, heldor, (Aldude) herde
Salazarese: erde
Lapurdian: helder, heldor, (Ainhoa) herde, elder
Baztanese: erde
Zuberoan: é der
Roncalese: elder
Comments: *ɦe der̄ appears to come from *ɦerde-r̄, by dissimilation; BZK adur by a
different dissimilation. Cf. PNC *ɦămƛ̣ă 'sweat'. Bsq *lirdi (q.v.) is a distinct word that
has blended with this one to some extent. The GIP variant < (fossilized
prefix) *be=/*bi= + *ɦe der̄. Cf. also Bsq *ɦerdl-il 'blight. rust'.
Proto-Basque: *ɦerd , *ɦerd -il
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 rust (of iron) 2 rust (of plants), blight 3 moldy, musty
Araban: ordeitu 3
Bizkaian: erdoi 1, 2, ordei 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: erdoi 2, (Renteria) ordoi 1, 2
High Navarrese: erdoil 1, (Lezaka) erdoi 2
Low Navarrese: herdo 2, erdoil 1, 2
Lapurdian: herdo 2, erdoil 1, 2, (arc) herdoilla 1, 2
Baztanese: erdoil 2
Zuberoan: herd
130
, erd i , erdó a ,,
Roncalese: erdoil 1
Proto-Basque: *ɦesu-ṙ
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: bone
Bizkaian: azur
Gipuzkoan: ezur
High Navarrese: ezur
Low Navarrese: hezur
Salazarese: ezur
Lapurdian: hezur
Baztanese: ezur
Aezkoan: ezur
Zuberoan: éolr
Roncalese: ẽour
Comments: Evidence for nasal only in RNC. Michelena (1961) reconstructs *enazur;
but nasality in RNC may sometimes have other explanations. Cf. PEC *HɨśɨwV(ɫī) 'side' ('rib' in Tsezian).
Proto-Basque: *ɦibai
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: river
Bizkaian: ibai
Gipuzkoan: ibai
High Navarrese: ibai
Low Navarrese: hibai
Lapurdian: hibai, (arc) ibaso
Zuberoan: ibai
Comments: Cf. PNC *jimχ_wĂ 'river', with a change of PSC *-mχw- > Bsq *-b-: cf. the
change of PSC *-mGw- to Bsq -b- in *ho[g]i > hobi 'gums' (q.v.). The archaic ibaso (*ɦibaśl) is a formation parallel to Bsq *i=ća-śl ‘sea’ (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *ɦ d e
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 cloud 2 thunder
Bizkaian: odai, odei, edoi, odoi, orai, orei, oroi 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: odai, odei, oroi 1, 2
High Navarrese: odei, orei 1, 2
131
Low Navarrese: hodei, odoi, hedoi 1, 2, (Aldude) hedoi 1
Salazarese: odei, odoi 1, 2
Lapurdian: hedoi 1
Baztanese: edoi 1
Zuberoan: déi ,
Roncalese: déi, d i ,,
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Back: 1
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *ɦ g(ʷ)en
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: t, fault, blame, sin 2 harm, injury 3 fraud, deceit 4 decay, downfall 5
innocent (without fault)
Bizkaian: oben 1, 2, 4, oben-baga 5, (arc) ogen 3
Gipuzkoan: oben 1
High Navarrese: oben 1
Low Navarrese: hogen 1, 2, hogen-gabe 5, (Aldude) hoben 1
Salazarese: oben 1
Lapurdian: hoben-gabe 5
Baztanese: oben 1, oben-gabe 5
Zuberoan: ógen ,, , gen-gábe 5
Roncalese: ogen, oben 1
Comments: This is one of the words in which old /g/ has regionally changed to /b/,
conditioned by a labial vowel.
Proto-Basque: *ɦ aic
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: colostrum, first milk
Bizkaian: oratz, oreitz, (Elorrio) ogitz
Gipuzkoan: oreitz
High Navarrese: oritz
Low Navarrese: horitz, (Hazparren) olitz
Lapurdian: horitz
Zuberoan: óritzo
Roncalese: oritz
Comments: One of the words in which the change of -l- > -r- was not complete (here
in Hazparren).
132
Proto-Basque: *ɦ nda-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 sand, beach 2 bottom 3 remnant, residue
Bizkaian: ondar 1
Gipuzkoan: ondar 1
High Navarrese: ondar 2
Low Navarrese: hondar 2
Lapurdian: hondar 1, 2, (arc) hundar 1
Zuberoan: úndar
Comments: See the note to *ondo.
Proto-Basque: *ɦ rci / *ɦ śtzi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 sky 2 storm 3 thunder 4 Thursday 5 rainbow 6 cloud
Bizkaian: osti 2, 3
Gipuzkoan: osti 2, 3, ost-egun 4
High Navarrese: ost-egun 4
Low Navarrese: ortzi 2, ortzantz, ihurtzuri 3, ost-egun 4, hortz-adar, ortz-adar, orzadar, oltz-adar 5, ortz-egun 4, orzi-adar 5, (Hazparren) ortzi 3, orzi-adar 5, (Aldude)
orz-egun 4
Lapurdian: ortzantz, ihurtzuri 3, hortz-adar, holtz-adar 5
Baztanese: ortz-egun 4, ortz-adar, oltz-adar 5
Zuberoan: t rtzoe , roantzo , stz-égln 4, stz-ádar 5
Roncalese: (Isaba) stz-égun 4, (Uotzárr o) ro-égun
Comments: Apparently {Urcia} (*ɦlrcia) was an ancient name for the sky-god, like
Jove/Jupiter, Zeus, etc., thus *ɦlrc-egun or *ɦlśt-egun 'Thursday'. See the discussions
by Michelena (1961: 130, 363-4) and Trask (1997: 277-79). There is similar alternation
of -rc- / -śt- in a few other Bsq words, e.g. *ɦerce / *ɦeśte ‘intzestzine’, *blrc / *blśt ‘five’
(q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *ɦ rś-to
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: leaf
Gipuzkoan: osto
High Navarrese: ostro, osto
Low Navarrese: hosto
Salazarese: osto
133
Lapurdian: hosto
Zuberoan: óstz , (arc) rstz
Roncalese: osto
Comments: The ZBR writer Oihenart (17th c.) used the form orsto 'leaf'. See
metathesis in ANV ostro. Cf. PEC *ʔărć̣V ‘a kind f reed’.
Proto-Basque: *ɦ si
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 germ (of grain) 2 shoot that becomes a head of grain 3 to germinate,
sprout
Gipuzkoan: ozi 2, (Andoain) ozi 1, ozitu 3
High Navarrese: ozi 2
Low Navarrese: ozi 1, ozitu 3
Lapurdian: hozi 1, hozitu 3
Baztanese: ozi 1, ozitu 3
Comments: The Bsq-NC comparison requires metathesis: PSC *śwĭ́ʔē ~ *ʔwĭ́śē, the
latter > Bsq *ɦlsi.
Proto-Basque: *ɦ śin
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 deepest part of a river 2 abyss 3 sea 4 whirlpool
Bizkaian: osin 1
Gipuzkoan: osin 1, 3, 4
High Navarrese: osin 1
Low Navarrese: osin 1
Lapurdian: hosin, usin 1, 2
Zuberoan: osin 1
Comments: RNC usin 'avalanche' is rather < *e=auśi 'to fall'; cf. *Hauśl 'blizzard' (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *ɦuća
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 poor, trifling 2 dry, barren, sterile 3 shrunken, shriveled
High Navarrese: utsal 1
Low Navarrese: hutsal 1, 3
Salazarese: utsal 1, 2
Lapurdian: hutsal 1
Zuberoan: ltzsa ,,
Roncalese: utsal 1
134
Comments: Cf. also *huć: these words appear to be contaminated or blended.
Proto-Basque: *ɦu ca-hur̄ (?)
Meaning: walnut
Araban: unsaur
Bizkaian: untxaur, intxaur, (arc) insaur
Gipuzkoan: intxaur
High Navarrese: intxaur,
Low Navarrese: heltzaur, giltzaur, (Amikuse) intzaur
Salazarese: giltzagur
Lapurdian: heltzaur, eltzaur
Baztanese: giltzaur
Aezkoan: etxabur
Zuberoan: intzoáur, (Garaoi) intzoag r
Roncalese: etzagur, (Vidangoz) itzagur
Comments: An interesting word with many local variants. It is apparently a
compound with an obscure first element + *hur̄ 'hazelnut' (q.v.). Words with gappear to be blended with *gilc'joint, node'.
Proto-Basque: *iainko
Meaning: God
Bizkaian: Jainko
Gipuzkoan: Jainko
High Navarrese: Jainko, Inka
Low Navarrese: Jinko, (arc) {Ieyncoa}, (Aldude) Inka
Lapurdian: Jainko, Jinko, (Ainhoa) Inkoa
Baztanese: Jinko
Zuberoan: Jinko
Comments: The forms Ink(o)a occur in oaths: Ala Inkoa!, Ala Inka! 'By God!'. Azkue
also cites Jaungoiko (BZK, GIP, ANV), but possibly this longer word ('lord who is on
high') is a "folk-etymology which attempts to rationalize the old name [Jainko] into
something more obviously Christian" (Trask 1997: 323). The etymology remains
mysterious.
Proto-Basque: *ibar̄
Meaning: valley
Bizkaian: ibar
Gipuzkoan: ibar
Low Navarrese: ibar
Lapurdian: ibar
135
Zuberoan: íbar
Comments: More specifically, "fertile low-lying land between mountains" (Trask).
Connections to Bsq *ɦibai ‘river’ (q.v.) r ip(h)ar, ifar ‘n rtzh’, if any, are unc ear. Cf.
Burushaski *bar'valley, ravine'.
Proto-Basque: *iću
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: blind, blind person
Bizkaian: itsu
Gipuzkoan: itsu, itxu
High Navarrese: (Esteribar) itsu
Low Navarrese: itsu
Lapurdian: itsu
Baztanese: itsu
Zuberoan: ǘtzsl
Roncalese: utsi
Comments: Cf. PNC *=Vc_V ( ~ *=Vć_V) 'dark, blind'.
Proto-Basque: *idun
Meaning: 1 neck, collar 2 throat
Bizkaian: idun 1, idun-azur 2
Comments: A BZK word with no secure external cognates.
Proto-Basque: *ihas
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: last year
Bizkaian: igaz, igez, (Otxandiano) ijez, ijaz (Txorierri) iez
Gipuzkoan: igaz
High Navarrese: igaz
Low Navarrese: iaz
Salazarese: xaz
Lapurdian: iaz, yaz
Zuberoan: ihaz
Roncalese: xaz
Comments: Cf. PEC *ś_wăjV 'last year'. For PSC we posit metathesis: *śwắjHV ~
*jHắśwV, the latter > Bsq *ihas. NCED suggests the possibility of a laryngeal in the
PEC form, because of the pharyngeal vowel in Archi šʷaIš.
Proto-Basque: *iɫha-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
136
Meaning: 1 bean(s), haricot 2 pea(s) 3 vetch 4 heather
Bizkaian: idar 3, (Mundaka, Txorierri) irar 2
Gipuzkoan: illar 3
High Navarrese: illar 1, 4
Low Navarrese: illar 1
Lapurdian: (Ainhoa) illar 1, (arc) hillare 4, (Senpere) illar 3
Baztanese: illar 1, 3
Zuberoan: í har ,, i har-biríbi
, i har-xúri , i hárre 4
Comments: Cf. PNC *hōwɫ[ā] 'bean(s), lentil'. The relevance of words for 'heather' is
uncertain, since the heather plant (Erica) is so different from the pulses, and Bsq
words for heather (i harre, gi ar, gindarra, iñarra, añara, etc.) are phonetically diverse
and probably indicate blending of originally distinct roots.
Proto-Basque: *iɫhu-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 dark 2 night
Araban: i uñ ,
Bizkaian: illun 1
Gipuzkoan: illun 1
High Navarrese: ilun, illun 1, 2
Low Navarrese: ilhun 2, (Aldude) 1
Salazarese: ilun 1, 2
Lapurdian: ilhun 1
Aezkoan: ilun 1
Zuberoan: ǘ hln ,
Roncalese: u ún ,
Comments: The phonetic development may have been PSC *ƛēʔ V > (pre-Bsq) * iɫhun > Bsq *iɫhu-n, with a dissimilation of laterals attested in other cases.
Proto-Basque: *inhi
Meaning: rush, cane, reed
Bizkaian: ii
Gipuzkoan: ii
Low Navarrese: ihi
Lapurdian: ihi
Zuberoan: ihi [ĩ́thĩ]
Comments: There is some similarity to the synonym *si(n)Hi (q.v.), attested only in
BZK, but it is difficult to reconcile phonetically with *inhi.
137
Proto-Basque: *i=cal
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 shade, shadow 2 protection 3 gloomy, frightening place 4 to cover,
darken 5 to put out (lights)
Bizkaian: itzal 3
Gipuzkoan: itzali 5
High Navarrese: itzal 1, itzali 5
Low Navarrese: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4, 5
Salazarese: itzal 2, itzal-go 2, itzal-gune 1
Lapurdian: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4
Zuberoan: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4
Roncalese: itzal 2
Comments: Cf. PNC *Hč̣ō V̄ 'black', Bsq *b=elc 'black', a different formation from the
same root.
Proto-Basque: *i=ća-ś
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: sea
Bizkaian: itxaso
Gipuzkoan: itxaso
High Navarrese: itsaso
Low Navarrese: itsaso
Lapurdian: itsaso
Zuberoan: itzxás
Roncalese: itxaso
Comments: Analyzed here as PSC *čä́HV ‘sa tz’ witzh a f ssi ioed c ass
prefix *i= (mass/uncountable nouns) and suffix *-śl, found also in (L-arc) ibaso ‘river’
(see *ɦibai). Azkue cites *-śl only as the kinship suffix *-śl (q.v.). It is not clear
whether *-śl in itsaso and ibaso is identzica witzh itz (‘chi d f sa tz’ = ‘sea’?) r tzhe
diminutive -txo (*-čl), or neither.
Proto-Basque: *i=di
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: ox
Araban: idi
Bizkaian: idi, (Eibar, Lekeitio) iri
Gipuzkoan: idi
138
High Navarrese: idi
Low Navarrese: idi
Salazarese: idi
Lapurdian: idi
Baztanese: idi
Aezkoan: idi
Zuberoan: idi
Roncalese: idi
Comments: A universal Bsq word, with very little phonetic variation (BZK iri). One
of the Bsq words in which PSC nasals are lost in *-NH- clusters.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *i=d r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 dry, arid 2 dry land (opposed to sea)
Gipuzkoan: idor 1
High Navarrese: idor 1, 2
Low Navarrese: idor 1
Salazarese: idor 1
Lapurdian: idor, ador 1
Zuberoan: íd r ,
Roncalese: idor 1
Comments: PSC *=iŁ_V(r) > *irdlr̄ > *idlr̄. See note to *a=glr̄.
Proto-Basque: *i=dul-ki
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 block of wood, 2 pedestal
Bizkaian: idulki 1
Gipuzkoan: idulki 2
Comments: External comparison suggests the original segmentation *i=dul-ki.
Proto-Basque: *i=har̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: maple tree
Lapurdian: ihar
139
Comments: This word is cited in Lac ioquetza’s (,888) dictzi nary f p antz names, butz
tzherwise seems “ bscure" (Trask ,997: 07).
Proto-Basque: *i=hunc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: dew
Araban: iunz
Bizkaian: iruntzo, (Gernika) irauntzo, (Arratzia, Or ok , Tx rierri), iñ ntzo, (Tx rierri,
Zigoitia) euntz
Gipuzkoan: intz
High Navarrese: intz
Low Navarrese: ihitz
Salazarese: intz
Lapurdian: ihintz
Baztanese: intz
Zuberoan: ĩ́thĩtzo
Roncalese: intz
Comments: BZK /r/ is difficult to explain. Cf. PNC *xwɨ̆mc̣_wɨ̄ 'dirt, bog'.
Proto-Basque: *i=ɫhintzi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: firebrand, ember
Bizkaian: ilinti, ilindi, illenti, illeti
Gipuzkoan: illeti
High Navarrese: illeti
Salazarese: illendi
Lapurdian: ilhendi, illeti
Zuberoan: i híntzi
Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) i intzi, (Vidáng o) i indi
Comments: Cf. ilindi (ANV, BZT, SAL, LAB) 'dead ear of wheat', probably < *'dry
thing'. Some northern dialects have expressive variants itxindi, itxendi.
Proto-Basque: *i=śać
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 broom (plant) 2 broom (implement) 3 tail (of animal) 4 sorghum
Bizkaian: gisats 1
Gipuzkoan: isats 1, 3
High Navarrese: isats 1, 2
140
Low Navarrese: iats, jats 1, 2, 4
Lapurdian: isats, itsats 1, 2, jats 1, 2, 4
Baztanese: itsats 1, 2
Zuberoan: jats 4
Roncalese: isats 1
Comments: isats 'tail' listed in Diccionario "IKAS" as general GIP. According to Azkue,
restricted to the village of Beterri (for the meaning 'tail'). More generally 'broom'
(made from furze, or other 'broom' plant of the Genisteae tribe).
Proto-Basque: *i=sar̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: star
Bizkaian: izar
Gipuzkoan: izar
High Navarrese: izar
Low Navarrese: izar
Salazarese: izar
Lapurdian: izar
Baztanese: izar
Aezkoan: izar
Zuberoan: izar
Roncalese: izar
Proto-Basque: *i=serdi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 sweat 2 sap
Bizkaian: izardi 1, (arc) izerdi 1
Gipuzkoan: izerdi 1
High Navarrese: izerdi 1, 2
Low Navarrese: izerdi 1, 2
Salazarese: izerdi 1, 2
Lapurdian: izerdi 1, (arc) 2
Baztanese: izerdi 1, 2
Zuberoan: izerdi 1
Roncalese: izerdi 1, 2
Comments: F r tzhe semantzics f ‘sweatz ~ b
b
d’ cf. Ice andic sveiti ‘sweatz; (p etzic)
d’, Swedish (dia .) svoeitt, švoeitt, etc., 'blood (of a slaughtered animal), blood (from
a sore)’, O d Eng ish swǣtan ‘tz sweatz, tz b eed’, etzc.
141
Proto-Basque: *i=soc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 frost, ice 2 dew 3 drizzle
Bizkaian: (Markina) izotz 1
Gipuzkoan: izotz 1
Low Navarrese: (Aldude) izotz 1
Salazarese: izotz 1
Lapurdian: izotz 1, (Ainhoa) izotz 3
Baztanese: izotz 1
Zuberoan: ío tzo ,
Roncalese: io tzo ,, (Uotzárroz) izotz 2, 3
Comments: The NC attestation of *ʒwVnć(w)V is very limited. Bsq *s = PNC *ʒ is well
established, but other matches of Bsq *-c ~ PNC *-nć- are unknown. Thus this Bsq-NC
comparison is quite tentative.
Proto-Basque: *i=s r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: root
Roncalese: izorro
Comments: Cf. Lezgi, Agul sur 'ramson' < PEC *sɨwirV, generalized > (any) 'root' in
Bsq (or specialized in NC)?
Proto-Basque: *i=śtzu
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: spittle, saliva
Gipuzkoan: istu
High Navarrese: iztu, ixtu
Comments: An expressive form that phonetically matches PEC *šHătV, with the usual
syncope < *i=śutu, or the like. This and other similar forms (txistu, listu, lixtu, etc.) are
the results of much cross-contamination and blending with Bsq *tu ‘tz
spitz’, * ić ‘sa iva’, etzc.
Proto-Basque: *i=tain
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: tick (parasite)
Low Navarrese: ithain
Zuberoan: itzhain, itzhã́tñ
142
Roncalese: itain
Comments: Cf. PNC *ṭaHnā (~ -ǝ̄) 'nitz'.
Proto-Basque: *i=til
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 puddle, small pool, pond 2 small puddle
Gipuzkoan: istil 1, ixtil 2
High Navarrese: (Esteribar) istil 1, ixtil 2
Low Navarrese: istil 1, ixtil 2
Lapurdian: istil 1, ixtil 2
Baztanese: itil 1, istil 1, ixtil 2
Zuberoan: istil 1, ixtil 2
Comments: In this analysis *i=til (BZT) is original (cf. Kryz w=iṭi 'drop, dripping',
etc.), and the variants istil, ixtil are contaminated by *i=śtu 'saliva, spittle' (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *i=tzur̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: fountain, spring
Bizkaian: iturri
Gipuzkoan: iturri
Low Navarrese: ithurri
Salazarese: iturri
Lapurdian: ithurri
Zuberoan: ltzhǘrri
Roncalese: uturri
Comments: Cf. especially Karata ṭlr- 'to drop, drip, flow'. For 'spring, source' the
compound *itur̄-begi 'fountain-eye' is used (cf. Span. ojo, Arabic, Hebrew ʕayin with
this sense), or *itur̄-su ɦl 'fountain-hole'. Some other forms from this root seem to be
Bsq *e=to ‘tz dr wn’ and *i=to- ‘gutztzer’.
Proto-Basque: *iseSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: aunt
Bizkaian: izeko, (arc) ezeko
Gipuzkoan: izeba, izeko
High Navarrese: (Lezaka) izeba
Low Navarrese: izeba, (Aldude) izea, (Hazparren) izoa
Lapurdian: izaba, (Ainhoa) izoa
143
Baztanese: izoa
Aezkoan: izo
Zuberoan: izeba, izaba
Comments: For the element *-ba, see separate record.
Proto-Basque: *ista- (*i=sta-)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 groin 2 thigh 3 hamstring, back of knee
Bizkaian: iztai, iztei 1, iztar, izter 2, (arc) iztegi 1
Gipuzkoan: iztar 2
High Navarrese: izta-tu 3
Low Navarrese: (Amikuse) izta-zain 3, (arc) ixter 2
Salazarese: izter 2, izta-zain 3
Lapurdian: izter 2
Zuberoan: íxtzer , ixtze-oáñ
Roncalese: iotza-oaĩ
Comments: An interesting SC comparison, with limited NC attestation (Circassian),
but based on Burushaski cognates, probably archaic.
Proto-Basque: *isu
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 fright, terror 2 untamed, shy, rude, unsociable
Bizkaian: izu 1, (Markina) uzu 2
Gipuzkoan: izu 1, 2
High Navarrese: izi 1
Salazarese: izi 1
Lapurdian: izi 1
Zuberoan: izi 1
Roncalese: izi 1
Comments: Cf. PNC *ħVmć̣V 'fear, fright'.
Proto-Basque: *kaheka
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: (female) owl
Low Navarrese: (Amikuse) kaheka
Zuberoan: kaháka
Comments: A localized (northern) onomatopoeic word, but it may have cognates in
Burushaski and Yeniseian words for birds of prey.
144
Proto-Basque: *kaiku
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: wooden bowl (used for milking sheep)
Bizkaian: kaiku
Gipuzkoan: kaiku
High Navarrese: (Esteribar) kaiku
Lapurdian: (Ainhoa) kaiku
Baztanese: kaiku
Comments: Michelena (1961) and Trask (1995) try to derive this word from an
obscure Latin word caucu-, which seems historically unlikely for this lowly
shepherd's implement. Furthermore, the development of Lat /au/ > Bsq /ai/ is only
eastern (e.g. ZBR, RNC gáiza ‘tzhing’ < causa, which is gauza in the West), and kaiku is
attested mainly in the West.
Proto-Basque: *kain
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: fog, mist, large storm clouds
Bizkaian: kain
Comments: This word was attested in 1496, in the early text Refranes y sentencias, as
{cayna} 'niebla, vaho, nubarrones'.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1 20
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *kaio
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 a kind of seagull 2 seagull (a large variety, ashy white in color) 3 skua
Bizkaian: (Lekeitio) kaio 2
Gipuzkoan: kaio, (Zumaya) kaio 2, (Donostia) kaio moriko 3
High Navarrese: (Ondarrabia) kaio 2
Comments: One of the words in which the original nasal (PSC *qV̄́ŋɦǝ̄) has been lost:
cf. Bsq *(e=)kee 'smoke' (PSC *ḳwɨ̆́ŋħV), Bsq *siHi ‘wedge, skewer, spitz’ (PSC *c̣VŋHV́,
etc.
Proto-Basque: *kaka
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: excrement, excretion
145
Bizkaian: kaka
Gipuzkoan: kaka
High Navarrese: kaka
Low Navarrese: k(h)aka
Lapurdian: k(h)aka
Zuberoan: khaka
Roncalese: kaka
Comments: Azkue cites the compounds: beharri-kaka 'earwax', begi-kaka 'eyesand', sudur-kaka 'dried snot'. An expressive word common to many languages.
Proto-Basque: *kako
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 hook 2 two-pronged hoe 3 clothes rack 4 point (of antler) 5 key 6 keystone
7 pole
Bizkaian: kako 1, 2, 3, 7
Gipuzkoan: kako 1
Low Navarrese: gakho 5
Lapurdian: gako, gakho 5, 6
Baztanese: kako 1
Zuberoan: khák ,, gakh 5
Roncalese: kako 1, 4
Comments: Some forms with kr- are probably expressive: BNV, LAB krako 'hook', etc.
Proto-Basque: *kankano
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 large fruit-stone, large kernel 2 large awkward man
Bizkaian: (Oñatze) kankan ,,
Salazarese: kankano 2
Baztanese: kankano 2
Comments: Meaning 2 is probably secondary to 1 (cf. Abkhaz: a-ḳaḳán 'nut', etc.).
Proto-Basque: *kasa-l
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 bark (of tree) 2 cup (of acorn) 3 dandruff 4 hoof
High Navarrese: az-kazal, ez-kazal 4
Baztanese: kaxal 2
Zuberoan: (Garaoi) kaoá -da 3
Roncalese: kaxal 1
146
Comments: There has been some blending with Bsq *asa-l 'skin, bark' (q.v.), but is
clearly (from phonetics) a distinct etymon. The ANV words are compounds
with *hac 'finger, paw' (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *keda-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: soot
Bizkaian: kedar, kedarra, gedarra
Gipuzkoan: kedar, kear, kelar
High Navarrese: kedar
Low Navarrese: (Aldude) kedar, (Hazparren) keder, (Mugerre) kelder, (Aldude)
kerrada
Salazarese: gedarre
Lapurdian: kheder, (Ainhoa, Senpere) kelder
Baztanese: kedar
Zuberoan: khedárre, kherrade
Roncalese: gedar
Proto-Basque: *kee, *e=kee
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: smoke
Bizkaian: kee, ke, keiGipuzkoan: kee, ke, keiHigh Navarrese: ke, ki, (Ulzama) eke
Low Navarrese: khe, (Baigorri) eke
Salazarese: eke
Lapurdian: khe, ike
Baztanese: eke
Aezkoan: eke
Zuberoan: khe
Roncalese: eke, (Vidáng o) kee
Comments: Cf. *kino 'bad taste' > BNV kino, LAB khino, ZBR khíñl, RNC kĩl.
Proto-Basque: *keru / *kerać
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 bitter 2 sour 3 stench 4 to stink 5 grudge, rancor
Bizkaian: kirats 3
Gipuzkoan: kirats 3, keru 3
147
High Navarrese: (Elkano) kerats 3, (Lezaka) keru 3
Low Navarrese: kirats, karats 3, 4, (Aldude) keru 3
Salazarese: keru 3
Lapurdian: kirats 1, 2, 3, 4, keru 5
Baztanese: keru 3
Zuberoan: kháratzs, kharatzx ,,
Roncalese: karats 1, keru 3
Comments: First vowel in kirats may have been influenced by *kino (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *kiɫi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: tickle
Bizkaian: kili, kilikili
Gipuzkoan: kilika-tu
High Navarrese: kili, kilika-tu
Low Navarrese: kilika-tu
Lapurdian: kilika-tu
Roncalese: kilika-tu
Comments: An old expressive word, found in many languages (Tamil akkuḷu,
Lakher kili, Tagalog kili 'tickle', etc.).
Proto-Basque: *kiriSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: hedgehog
Bizkaian: kiriki , kirikiri , kirikiñ
Gipuzkoan: kirikirio
Comments: An expressive word, but it matches well with some Cauc. words, e.g.
Agul Burshag q̇iribiri, 'hedgehog', etc. < PEC *q̇HwɨrdV.
Proto-Basque: *koco
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: male (quadruped)
Low Navarrese: kotxo, (Amikuse) khotzo
Lapurdian: (arc) kotzo
Zuberoan: khotxo
Proto-Basque: *k ću
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
148
Meaning: 1 large vessel for keeping milk or water 2 wooden vessel for keeping water
and whetstone 3 vessel used by herdsmen 4 small wooden bowl or basin
Low Navarrese: kotxu 3, (Aldude) kotxu 1, (Hazparren) kotxu 2
Salazarese: kotxu 2
Baztanese: kotxu 2
Zuberoan: kh tzsl, kh tzxl ,, k tzxl-ska 4
Roncalese: kotxu 2
Comments: An eastern Bsq word, this is no doubt the designation of an ancient
artifact, with a close phonetic and semantic match in PEC *q̇_HečwV.
Proto-Basque: *koko
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 egg (child's word) 2 food (any kind) (child's word)
Bizkaian: koko 1
Gipuzkoan: koko 1
Low Navarrese: koko 1
Salazarese: koko 2
Roncalese: koko 2
Comments: A child's word, but very similar to Tsakhur q̇uq̇ 'egg'. (Children's words
can represent old words that have survived due to their expressive value: cf.
Bsq *čiči 'meat'.) This is possibly the ultimate origin of 'coco-(nut)'. (Basque sailors
calling the new-world nut 'egg-nut'?)
Proto-Basque: *koko / *kuku
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 bug, insect 2 flea 3 weevil 4 louse
Bizkaian: koko 1
Gipuzkoan: kukuso 2, ardi-kuso 2, ar-kakuso 2
High Navarrese: kukus
, (Iruñea) k k s
Low Navarrese: kukuso 2
Salazarese: kuku 2, 4
Lapurdian: kukuso 2
Zuberoan: klkǘs
, kǘkl
Roncalese: kikoso 2
Comments: Cf. PNC *ḳ_ăḳV 'a k. of insect'. GIP words compounded with *a=rdi 'flea'
(q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *k k r̄ ~ *k r-ka
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
149
Meaning: 1 throat 2 gullet 3 to stuff oneself, gorge oneself
Bizkaian: korka-mizta 2, kokorro-tu 3
Low Navarrese: kokor 1
Lapurdian: kokor 1
Roncalese: kokor 1
Proto-Basque: *kola
Meaning: nape
Low Navarrese: gar-khora, (Amikuse, Garazi) gar-kola
Comments: The word is attested in only one dialect, but it is a close match of
PEC *qHwŏɫwV 'neck, collar'. The forms seem to represent two stages of the sound
change *-l- > -r-; but probably -l- was retained in one of the forms as dissimilation
from the rhotic in *gar- (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *kolko (~ *golko)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: breast, (external) chest, bosom, space between shirt and chest
Bizkaian: kolko
Gipuzkoan: kolko
Low Navarrese: golko, golkho
Salazarese: kolko
Lapurdian: golko
Baztanese: kolko
Zuberoan: khó k
Roncalese: golgo
Comments: The supposed derivation from Greek kó pls (e.g. Trask 1995) seems
unlikely, though the latter (or Late Lat. colpus 'gulf') may have blended with, e.g.,
(LAB) golko, as in Bizkaiko Golkoa 'Bay of Biscay'. The Romance words (Ital.,
Span. golfo, etc.) all mean only 'gulf' or 'bay' (geographical), and none mean 'breast,
bosom', while the geographical meaning 'gulf' is restricted in Bsq to LAB golko (per
Azkue), and recently codified in standard Bsq.
Proto-Basque: *-kone
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: badger
Bizkaian: azkonar
Gipuzkoan: azkonar
High Navarrese: (Esteribar) azkon, (Larraun) azkonar
150
Low Navarrese: hazkon, (Garazi) azkoin, (Aldude) azkon
Salazarese: azkon
Lapurdian: azkuin, azkon, azkona, azkonarro, azkenarro
Baztanese: azkon
Zuberoan: harokṹ, haokṹ
Roncalese: aok ĩ
Comments: Bsq *-kone is a close phonetic and semantic match to PY *kūń 'wolverine';
badger and wolverine are both mustelids, but the NC words have shifted to rodents
(mouse, rat). For the first component see *harc 'bear'.
Proto-Basque: *k nk -r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 hump, knob 2 joint (of bones) 3 hunchbacked
Bizkaian: konkor 3
Gipuzkoan: konkor 3
High Navarrese: konkor, kunkur 1
Low Navarrese: konkor, kunkur 1
Lapurdian: konkor 1
Baztanese: kunkur 1
Zuberoan: konkor, kunkur 1
Roncalese: kunkur 1, 2
Proto-Basque: *Koroc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: dung (of livestock)
Bizkaian: gorotz, korotz
Gipuzkoan: gorotz
High Navarrese: gorotz, korotz
Low Navarrese: gorotz, khorotz
Lapurdian: gorotz, korotz
Zuberoan: gorotz, khorotz
Roncalese: gorotz
Comments: Trask (1995), following Corominas & Pascual, derives this word from
Lat. crocea 'saffron-colored' (!). Agud & Tovar mention another fantastic derivation
(Griera) from culotz'the points that lie on burning coal piles'. Cf. instead PEC *ḳ[u]rč̣V
~ *ḳ[u]rć̣V, with the simple semantic equation of 'dung' = 'dung'.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
151
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1 20
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *kukuSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 crest, top, summit, peak 2 (cock's) comb, crest (of birds) 3 treetop 4 tassel
(of maize) 5 top stem (of maize)
Bizkaian: (Oñatze) kukur ,, , (Durang ) kukutzo ,, (Gernika) kuku u 5
High Navarrese: kukur 1, 2
Low Navarrese: kukulu 5, (Ostibarre) kukula 2
Salazarese: kukula 3, kukil 1
Baztanese: kukur 1, 2, kukulu 5
Zuberoan: klkǘ a
Roncalese: kuku a , kuki ,, , 4, (Uotzárr o) kuku a
Comments: Some Bsq forms may have been influenced by Lat. cuculla 'hood, monk's
cowl' (Span. cogulla, etc.), but this cannot explain most of the Bsq words. According
to Aulestia & White standard Bsq uses txano or txoto for 'hood' and 'cowl'.
Proto-Basque: *kunca
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: vulva (of cattle)
Baztanese: ema-kuntza
Comments: "Vulva, parte exterior de la vagina en el ganado" (Azkue). A homonym of
the Bsq noun-forming suffix *-kunca, but here it seems to correspond to PSC *xḳħǝ ć̣V.́
Cf. the phonetic development in PY *gVns-.
Proto-Basque: *kur̄V( )
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: crane (bird)
Bizkaian: kurrillo, kurruillo, (Ispaster) kurlo
Gipuzkoan: kurrillo
Salazarese: kurru
Zuberoan: khǘr
Roncalese: kurri
Comments: Some of the forms resemble Romance (Trask 1995: Sp. grulla, etc.), but
Pyrenean kurri, kurru are not derivable from Rom. On the other hand it is likely that
Bsq influenced Sp., i.e. the Sp. form with ending -lla is not found in other Rom.
languages. In current Spanish grúa is used f r ‘mechanica crane, derrick’
152
and grulla for the bird: the latter seems to be a blend of Old Sp. grúa + a Vasconic
form similar to Bsq kurillo. Cf. Bur *qarū́-ỵl 'heron', etc.
Proto-Basque: *kVl
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 shell (of egg, nut) 2 bark (of tree) 3 (finger-)nail 4 empty chestnut,
chestnut shell 5 husk (of maize) 6 chestnut burr
Bizkaian: oskol 1, atz-oskol 3, mokol 1, 5, mokolo 5, koskol 4
Gipuzkoan: koskol 4, 6
High Navarrese: oskol 2
Baztanese: akal 4
Comments: Various compounds (*lś-kl , *klś-kol, *mo-kol(o), *a-kal) involving the
element *kVl < PSC *q̇wăɫV́. *ml- and *a- could represent fossilized class prefixes.
Proto-Basque: *labainSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to slip, slide 2 to polish, furbish (something) 3 slippery 4 flatterer 5 knife,
razor 6 whetstone
Bizkaian: aban , 4, aban-du ,, , abana, abaiña 4
Gipuzkoan: laban, labain 3, 4, labana 4, 5, laban-arri 6
High Navarrese: abaiña 5
Comments: For the semantic connection of 'slip, slide > rub > polish, whet' cf.
German schleifen, Scheifenstein, etc. Bsq retains an archaic syllabic structure, * abaɨ-n- <
*ʎāwE-n- or the like, remodeled in PNC as *ʔāʎwE. There may be some contamination
with reflexes of Lat. novacula ‘rao r’ > Catz. navalla, Port. navalha, Sp. navaja; cf. the
eastern Bsq loanwords (ZBR) nabé a, (RNC) ñab a, (SAL) nabla ‘rao r’.
Proto-Basque: *labe
Meaning: oven
Bizkaian: laba
Gipuzkoan: labe
High Navarrese: labe
Low Navarrese: labe
Lapurdian: labe
Zuberoan: labe
Roncalese: labe
Comments: No external cognates are known.
Proto-Basque: * abur̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
153
Meaning: short, brief
Bizkaian: labur
Gipuzkoan: labur
High Navarrese: (Larraun) labur
Salazarese: labur
Zuberoan: áblr, áblr
Roncalese: labur
Comments: 'short' < 'pounded down'? For phonology, cf. Avar ƛ̣:ab- 'to beat', etc.,
compared with Bsq * abur̄ by Bouda (1948). cf. also (BNV) labo 'myopic, nearsighted'
(short of vision).
Proto-Basque: *lagun
Meaning: 1 companion 2 person, individual 3 inhabitant, resident
Bizkaian: lagun 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: lagun 1, 2, 3
High Navarrese: lagun 1, 2
Low Navarrese: lagun 1
Lapurdian: lagun 1, 2
Zuberoan: lagun 1
Roncalese: lagun 1, 2
Comments: Chirikba (1985) compared this with Proto-Abkhaz-Tapant * ǝgǝ 'slave, old
man', which seems to be an early loanword from ECauc (Lak Lak:- ethnonym: see
NCED under* ĭwŁĔ / *Łĭw V̆). By another route, Bsq *lagun resembles
Armenian aɫaxin 'serving woman, female slave', according to NCED a loanword
ultimately from Hurrian *allae-ɣǝ 'household', which also gave rise to EC words for
slave: Av., Cham. aʁ, Darg. aʁ, Lak. aʁ, Tind. aʁa, Akhv., Kar. aʁe, God. aʁi 'slave',
etc. (see NCED under *ʔV̄ƛ̣V). This is only relevant if the Anatolian migrants who
brought the Vasconic language to western Europe were (in part or all) former slaves
in Anatolia, but so far this is speculative without a better understanding of ancient
population movements.
Proto-Basque: * ahar̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: bramble, creeping thorn
Araban: agar
Bizkaian: lar, (Arratia, Markina, Orozko) laar, (Oñatze) naar, (Otzxandian ) nar,
(Zigoitia) ar
Gipuzkoan: laar
154
High Navarrese: lar
Low Navarrese: lahar
Salazarese: naar, ñar
Lapurdian: lahar, (Ainhoa) laar
Baztanese: lagar, laar
Zuberoan: nahar
Roncalese: nar, ñar
Comments: Widespread but sporadic dissimilations of * ahar̄ > na(ha)r̄. also to *ahar̄ >
agar, ar.
Proto-Basque: *lai
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: two-pronged fork used for loosening soil
Bizkaian: lai(a), laixa
Gipuzkoan: lai(a)
High Navarrese: lai(a), (Oyarzun) lain
Lapurdian: (Biriatu) lai(a)
Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) ai(a)
Comments: Azkue cites this in the form lai, usually heard in the definite form laia.
The Span. word laya apparently comes from this Bsq word (per Diccilnaril de a
engua españl a; see also Trask 1997: 418).Cf. PNC *ƛ̣_VχwV 'rake'.
Proto-Basque: *lainho
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 cloud 2 mist, fog 3 vapor
Bizkaian: aiñ
Gipuzkoan: aiñ , añ
High Navarrese: añ
Low Navarrese: lanho 3
Salazarese: añ , an
Lapurdian: lanho 3
Baztanese: lano 1
Aezkoan: lano 2
Zuberoan: ãnhṹ
Roncalese: lano 2
Comments: Very similar in form and meaning to *lanbro (q.v.), but originally distinct.
Proto-Basque: *lami- / *limi- / *miliSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
155
Meaning: 1 to lick 2 to taste, savor 3 taster, gourmand 4 delicacy, candy
Bizkaian: (Araba) lami-z-tu 2
Gipuzkoan: (Bidania) lami-z-tu 2
High Navarrese: lami-ka-tu 1, lami-ti 3, lami-nurri 4
Low Navarrese: limi-ka-tu 1, (Aldude, Garazi) mili-ka-tu 1, 2
Salazarese: lami-ka-tu, lami-zka-tu 1, lami-ti 3
Lapurdian: mili-ka-tu 1, 2
Baztanese: mili-ka-tu 1, 2, limi-ti 3
Roncalese: lami-ka-tu 1, lami-ti 3, lami-nurri 4
Comments: There could be some influence from Rom. lambere, but the peculiar Bsq
formations (*lam- ~ *lim-) and distribution of forms (in Pyrenean and peripheral
dialects) could indicate survival of an archaic lexeme.
Proto-Basque: *[lamu]
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 day after the day after tomorrow (three days hence) 2 four days hence
Bizkaian: etzoi- im , etzoi- ume, etzoi-a-ramu ,, (Oñatze) etzoidamu ,, (arc) etzoi-luma 1,
(arc) etzi-ka-ramu 2
Gipuzkoan: etzi-damu-atzetik 1
High Navarrese: etzi-damu-atzetik 1, (Esteribar) etzi-damu 1
Low Navarrese: etzi-damu 1, (Larraun) etzi-amu 1
Salazarese: etzi-damu-ago 1
Lapurdian: etzi-damu 1
Baztanese: etzi-damu 1
Roncalese: etzi-damu-ago 1
Comments: The segment *[lamu] only occurs in compounds with *eci ‘day aftzer
tz m rr w’, butz as a separatze m rpheme has tzhe initzia ref ex *l- (rather than the
expected medial reflex *-rd- or *-rt-); subsequently the *l, now in a medial position,
has shifted to /r/ or /d/ in most Bsq dialects, with original /l/ only in some Bizkaian
dialects.
Proto-Basque: *la-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: work
Bizkaian: lan
Gipuzkoan: lan
High Navarrese: lan
156
Low Navarrese: lan
Lapurdian: lan
Zuberoan: lan
Roncalese: lan
Comments: The Bsq-NCauc semantic link is not very precise, but typologically
possible: cf. Old Slavic dě l ‘w rk’ : děti ‘tz putz’. In ST cf. especia y Tibetzan las 'action, act, deed, work' < PST * ǝ̆H 'to act, treat'.
Proto-Basque: *lanbro
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 fog, mist 2 drizzle
Bizkaian: lanbro 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: lanbro 1, 2
High Navarrese: lanbro 1
Low Navarrese: lanbro 1
Lapurdian: lanbo 1
Baztanese: lanbro 1
Zuberoan: lanpu 1
Comments: Also 'cataract (of eye), myopia' in some dialects. *lanbro and *lainho (q.v.)
are very similar, and have merged to some extent.
Proto-Basque: * ance-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 drizzle, fine rain 2 fog 3 frost
Low Navarrese: lantzer 1, lantzara 3
Salazarese: lantzar 1, lantzara 2
Lapurdian: lantzer 1
Zuberoan: ántzoer ,, antzoara
Roncalese: lantxer 2, lantzara 3
Comments: A northeastern Bsq isogloss. Cf. PNC *ʎ_ä̆[m]c̣V 'to sift, to filter'. For
semantics, cf. Swedish sil ‘stzrainer’, sila ‘tz stzrain; tzrick e, p ur ( f rain)’, etzc.
Proto-Basque: * apa-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: bramble
Bizkaian: lapar
Low Navarrese: (Aldude) lapar
Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) apar
157
Comments: Cf. PNC *ƛ̣ăpi 'leaf'. In Bsq the root means 'bramble bush, briar', and there
is some blending among several variants with similar meanings: * apa-r̄,
* ahar̄, and *gapa-r̄, q.v., but all come from distinct etyma.
Proto-Basque: *lape
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: shelter ('refugio bajo el alero de un tejado / abri sous un avant-toit' Azkue)
Zuberoan: lape
Proto-Basque: * ar̄ain
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: threshing floor
Bizkaian: larrain, larren, larrin
Gipuzkoan: larrain
High Navarrese: larrain
Lapurdian: larrain
Zuberoan: larrain
Roncalese: larren, llarne
Comments: From PSC *rVŁV́ ~ *ŁVrV́ 'to thresh'.
Proto-Basque: *larde
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 anguish, worry 2 apprehensive 3 intimidation, fear
Bizkaian: larri 1
Gipuzkoan: larri 1
Low Navarrese: larderia 3
Lapurdian: larri 1, larderia 3
Zuberoan: larde 2, larderia 3
Comments: This could also be related to other PNC roots: cf. *=V̄rƛ̣_V(r) 'to be afraid'
or *Ł_wĕrV 'hard, severe, stern'.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1 20
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: * ar̄e
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 pasture, meadow 2 fallow land 3 heather, desert
Bizkaian: larra 1, larratz 2
158
Gipuzkoan: larre 1
High Navarrese: larre 1
Low Navarrese: larre 1, 3
Lapurdian: larre 1, 2
Zuberoan: árre 1, 2
Roncalese: larratz 2
Comments: PEC *ŁwĕɫV 'enclosure, fence', with lateral assimilation.
Proto-Basque: * ar̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 sadness, anguish 2 anxiety, worry, worried 3 apprehensive 4
intimidation, fear
Bizkaian: larri 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: larri 2
Low Navarrese: larderia 4
Lapurdian: larri 2, larderia 4
Zuberoan: larde 3, larderia 4
Comments: Cf. PNC *Ł_wĕrV 'hard, severe, stern'. Alternatively cf. PEC *=V̄rƛ̣V(r) ‘tz
be afraid’ (NCED ,0 ,) and Bsq *bi= dur̄ ‘fear, frightz’ (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: * ar̄i
Meaning: big, large, voluminous
Gipuzkoan: larri
High Navarrese: larri
Low Navarrese: larri
Lapurdian: larri
Zuberoan: larri
Roncalese: larri
Comments: Cf. Avar ƛ̣:ara 'fetztz, feistz' / 'жирный, тучный' (Zhirk v ,9 6). B uda
(1948) Bsq + Avar.
Proto-Basque: *-lari / *-le
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: agent suffix, suffix of profession
Bizkaian: -lari / -la
Gipuzkoan: -lari / -le
High Navarrese: -lari / -le
Low Navarrese: -lari / -le
Lapurdian: -lari / -le
159
Zuberoan: -lari / -le
Roncalese: -lari / -le
Comments: These seem to be specialized developments of PSC *Łĭw V̆ ~ *ɫĭwŁV̆ 'male,
man', parallel with Nakh: Chechen be χa- ō 'worker', etc. = Bsq. *egi-le 'doer, maker',
etc. Bsq *-lari is usually lumped together with the suffix -ari, claimed to be from Latin
-ārium, but this does not account for the /l/ in words such as guda-lari 'soldier'
(gudu 'war'), margo-lari 'painter' (margo'color, paint'), etc. Possibly both -ari and lari are native Basque.
Proto-Basque: * ar̄u
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: skin, leather
Bizkaian: narru
Gipuzkoan: larru
High Navarrese: larru
Low Navarrese: larru
Salazarese: larru
Lapurdian: larru
Baztanese: larru
Aezkoan: larru
Zuberoan: árrl
Roncalese: larru
Comments: Dissimilation (l > n) in Bzk.
Proto-Basque: *las
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: beam, rafter
Lapurdian: laz
Comments: An isolated LAB word. Cf. PNC *ƛ̣_VćV 'log, pole'.
Proto-Basque: * aś-to
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 straw (of wheat, barley, rye) 2 straw (of maize) 3 straw (of oats)
Bizkaian: lasto 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: lasto 1
Baztanese: lasto 1
Zuberoan: ástz ,
Roncalese: lasto 1, 3
160
Comments: Cf. PNC *ƛ̣ačă 'leaf, kind of plant' (incl.Budukh q̇ǝč̣ 'straw'). The Bsq word
seems to have the diminutive suffix *-to.
Proto-Basque: *lau
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: four
Bizkaian: lau
Gipuzkoan: lau
High Navarrese: lau
Low Navarrese: laur, lau
Lapurdian: laur, lau
Zuberoan: laur
Comments: Michelena compared the Aquitanian names LAURCO (= Lat. Quartus?)
and LAURINA.
Proto-Basque: *legaSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 small stone, pebble, gravel 2 gravelly land
Bizkaian: legar 1
Gipuzkoan: legar 1
High Navarrese: legatx 2
Low Navarrese: legar 1, legartsu 2
Lapurdian: legar 1, legarri 1, legatx, legartsu 2
Comments: PSC *ƛ̣ắnχwV: PSC *ƛ̣̣̊- > Bsq *l- and PSC *-nχ- > Bsq *-g- [ɣ] are regular
changes. Bsq *lega-r̄ 'ulcer, rennet' (q.v.) is a homonym of distinct origin.
Proto-Basque: * egar̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: t, rennet 2 ulcer in the mouth
Bizkaian: legar, alegar 1
High Navarrese: legar 2
Lapurdian: legar 2
Comments: * ega-r̄ 'pebble, gravel' (q.v.) is a homonym of distinct origin.
Proto-Basque: * eher̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to burst, explode, smash 2 to be burst, exploded, smashed
Bizkaian: ler-tu 1, 2
161
Gipuzkoan: ler-tu 1, 2
Low Navarrese: leher 1, leher-tu 1, 2
Salazarese: leer-tu 1, 2
Lapurdian: leher 1, leher-tu 1, 2
Baztanese: leer-tu 1, 2
Zuberoan: leher 1, leher-tu 1, 2
Comments: The radical * eher̄ is used with the auxiliary *e=gin 'to do, make' (q.v.).
Secondarily this word also has meanings like 'to be exhausted, tired, break down',
etc.
Proto-Basque: * eher̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 pine (tree) 2 pine tree (diminutive) 3 pine grove 4 pitch, resin 5 torch
(made from pine branch)
Low Navarrese: ler-ki 5
Salazarese: ler 1, ler-do 4
Zuberoan: (Garazi) leher 1
Roncalese: ler 1, ller-ko 2, ler-doi 3, ler-ki 5
Comments: A northeastern Bsq isogloss: other dialects use pinu (< Rom.). Cf.
PNC *ʎ_ɦwaɫū 'a kind of tree' (Avar 'yew').
Proto-Basque: *lehia
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 wish, desire, zeal 2 haste, hurry 3 persistence, longing
Bizkaian: leia 1, 2, 3
Gipuzkoan: (Andoain) leia 1, 2, 3
Low Navarrese: lehia 1, 2, 3
Lapurdian: lehia 1, 2, 3
Baztanese: leia 1, 2, 3
Zuberoan: ehía ,, ,
Comments: The Bsq form is archaic, reflecting PSC *ŁinHwV, while
PEC *=inŁwV represents a frequent PNC/PEC transposition, common in verbal roots.
Proto-Basque: *leka
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 pod, husk 2 sheath (for knife)
Bizkaian: leka 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: leka 1
162
High Navarrese: leka 1
Low Navarrese: leka 1
Lapurdian: leka 1
Zuberoan: leka 1
Roncalese: leka 1
Comments: Some (e.g. Trask 1997: 308) derive *leka < Lat. thēca 'case, envelope'. Some
Bsq dialects have teka (BZK), theka (BNV,ZBR) 'pod, husk'. Possibly both words, of
distinct origin, have partially merged.
Proto-Basque: *lema
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: rudder
Bizkaian: lema
Gipuzkoan: lema
High Navarrese: lema
Lapurdian: lema
Comments: The Bsq-NC semantic connection is not very compelling, but nevertheless
both rudders and shelves, up to modern times, were made of large flat planks.
Proto-Basque: *lepo
Meaning: 1 neck 2 shoulder
Araban: lepo 1
Bizkaian: lepo 2
Gipuzkoan: lepo 1
High Navarrese: lepo 1
Low Navarrese: lep(h)o 1
Lapurdian: lep(h)o 1
Zuberoan: éph 1
Roncalese: lepo 1
Comments: ? Cf. PST *ƛĕp ( ~ *ƛăp) 'border, side'.
Proto-Basque: * er̄a
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 slip, slide, skid (noun) 2 to slip, slide, skid
High Navarrese: (Arakil) ler-tu 2
Low Navarrese: lerra 1, lerra-tu 2
Lapurdian: lerra 1, lerra-tu 2
Baztanese: lerra-tu 2
Zuberoan: érra ,, errá-tu 2
163
Comments: Cf. PNC *ʔVƛ_V(r) 'to crawl, glide'.
Proto-Basque: *lercoin
Meaning: crane (bird)
Gipuzkoan: lersoin
High Navarrese: lertxun, lertxoin
Low Navarrese: lertzun, lertsun, lertxoin, letxon, letxun
Lapurdian: lertzun, lertxun
Comments: Bouda (1949) compared Bsq with Avar ačen, Darg. ačin,
Chech. eči 'Falke' (not in NCED). Zhirkov has Avar lacen сокол. Xajdak v (,97 ) istzs
Lak, Andi, Darg. ačin, Avar ačen, Chech. eča, also Kumyk ačin, Azeri ačɨn белый
сокол, M ng. način. This looks like a loanword from Azeri (or some other Altaic
language) to scattered Cauc languages, and a chance resemblance with Bsq, not a
genetic Bsq-NC cognate.
Proto-Basque: * er̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: line, file, row
Bizkaian: lerro
Gipuzkoan: lerro
Low Navarrese: lerro
Lapurdian: lerro, lerrun
Baztanese: lerro
Comments: Cf. PNC *ƛ̣_wăr(ɦ)ǝ̆ 'boundary'.
Proto-Basque: *le-t-hagin
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: eye-tooth, canine tooth, fang
Bizkaian: latagin, betagin
Gipuzkoan: letagin, (Ernani) betagin, (Etxarri) matagin
High Navarrese: letagin, litagin, latagin
Low Navarrese: letagin, letain
Lapurdian: litagin, letain
Baztanese: litain
Zuberoan: etzágin
Comments: A compound of *le- (a reduced form of PSC *ʡwĭ ʡí 'eye') +
Bsq *hagin 'tooth' (q.v.). The intervening *-t- is a fossilized oblique marker, familiar
from other Bsq compounds (cf.sutargi 'firelight' < *śu + *-t- + *argi, etc.). Western
Bsq betagin is an innovative reinterpretation, based on Bsq *begi 'eye' (q.v.).
164
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1 20
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: * ić
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 spittle, saliva 2 small drop of liquid (on the ground) 3 small puddle 4
scum (on pond) 5 slime (of slug), slime (on hands) 6 quagmire
High Navarrese: lis-tu 1, lits, litx 2
Low Navarrese: lis-ka 6, (Aldude) lis-ka 4, lis-ka-da 4
Lapurdian: lis-ka 5, (Ainhoa) lis-ka 3, ur-lis-ka 3
Baztanese: lis-tu 1, lix-tu-r 3
Comments: It is possible that some of these words belong instead with Bsq *lincura 'marsh, bog', *lisu-n 'moldy, dirty' (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *limuri
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 moist, humid 2 slippery 3 smooth, soft 4 lewd 5 changeable (of weather)
Gipuzkoan: limuri 3, 4
High Navarrese: limuri 3
Low Navarrese: limuri 2, 5
Salazarese: linburi, limuri 2, 3, 5
Lapurdian: linburi 2, 3
Zuberoan: limuri, linburi 1, 2, 5
Comments: As to the form linburi, there are at least two possible explanations: (1) an
excrescent /b/ before following liquid, typologically similar to Eng. timber, Old
Saxon timber, Old High Ger. zimbar, Old Norse timbr, etc., from the IE root *dem‘bui d’; French chambre < Lat. camera, etc.; (2) Trask unequivocally regarded internal
Bsq /m/ as derived from *nb (HB 133), though Mitxelena was somewhat more
circumspect about this, discussing it at length (Flnética, chapter 18) and noting
secondary cases of /nb/ such as (AN, B, G) ganbela ‘manger’ < Latz. camella(REW 1543).
Some of these may be due to folk hypercorrections.
Proto-Basque: *lindara
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: lizard
Bizkaian: sugelinda, sugelindara, sugelandara
Gipuzkoan: sugelindara
165
Lapurdian: sugekandela, sugekandera
Zuberoan: slskhándera
Roncalese: sugekandera
Comments: Compound with *śuge 'snake' (q.v.), or *śuśker̄ 'lizard' (q.v.). The second
element matches well with PEC *ʎwitʎwiɫV 'lizard'. The northeastern Bsq variant kander/la is blended with *kandela 'candle' (< Rom.), from the candle-like shape of the
animal.
Proto-Basque: *lirai-n / *lerde-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: slender, svelte, lithe
Bizkaian: lirain
Gipuzkoan: lirain
High Navarrese: lerden
Low Navarrese: lerden
Lapurdian: lirain
Zuberoan: érdẽn
Comments: The extent of *lerde-n is uncertain: Azkue cites it as (c) (= common Bsq).
The two variants seem to be the results of metathesis: * irai-n < *ƛ̣ǝ̆ V́-, * erde-n <
* ǝ̆ƛ̣V-́ , or the like. Larrasquet emphasizes that the ZBR word means 'standing
upright' ('personne qui se tient droit').
Proto-Basque: *lirdi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 saliva, drivel, drool 2 slime 3 sticky sap, resin
Gipuzkoan: lerde, lirdi 1, lirdinga 2, 3
High Navarrese: lerde 1, lirdinga 3
Low Navarrese: lerde 1
Salazarese: lerdo 3
Baztanese: lerde 1
Comments: Cf. Bsq *ɦerde / *ɦe de-r̄, distinct in origin, but probably crosscontaminated with this one, as with the vowels in lerde.
Proto-Basque: *listo- / *e=lco
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 hornet 2 wasp 3 gnat, midge, mosquito
Bizkaian: eltxo 3
Gipuzkoan: listor 1, liztor 2, eultxo 3, (Bidania) eltxo 3
166
Low Navarrese: listor, lixtor 1, liztor 2, lista-fin 2, elzo 3, (Baigorri) eltzo 3
Salazarese: elzo 3
Lapurdian: listor 1, liztor 2, eltzo 3
Zuberoan: é tzx
Roncalese: eltxe 3
Comments: In this analysis the PSC root *ƛV́mc̣V has two major reflexes in Bsq: (1)
with no prefix and the common fossilized plural suffix *-r-: *ƛV́mc̣V-r- > * istl-r̄, with
the usual loss of *-m- in a cluster and /st/ reflex corresponding to tense PNC *-c̣_-; and
(2) with the fossilized class prefix *e= and syncope of the root vowel: *e=lco. This root
has blended in some forms with Bsq * lse-r̄ / * eisl-r̄ (q.v.), a similar but
etymologically distinct root. The second element -fin BNV lista-fin is unclear, but
could be a reduced cognate of PEC *pä̆nqwV ‘bee’.
Proto-Basque: *lisu-n, *lincu-ra
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 musty, moldy 2 dirty, filthy 3 marsh, bog
Bizkaian: lizun 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: lizun 1, 2, (Andoain) lintzura, lintzuradi 3
High Navarrese: lizun 1, 2
Low Navarrese: lizun 1
Lapurdian: lizun 1
Zuberoan: lizun 1
Roncalese: lizun 1
Comments: Cf. PNC *ƛwi c̣_wV 'dirt, bog, marsh'. Bsq development was
probably *lilcu-n, *lilcu-ra > *lisu-n, *lincu-ra by dissimilation.
Proto-Basque: *lo
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: sleep (noun)
Bizkaian: lo
Gipuzkoan: lo
High Navarrese: lo
Low Navarrese: lo
Salazarese: lo
Lapurdian: lo
Baztanese: lo
Aezkoan: lo
Zuberoan: lo
167
Roncalese: lo
Comments: The verb 'to sleep, be asleep' is formed by *lo + auxilary verb Cf.
PNC *=HVwƛ̣_Ān `to sleep', *nhewƛ̣_ŭ ( < *mhewƛ̣_ŭ ?) `sleep'; PST *mīɫ `sleep', etc.
Proto-Basque: *lobiSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: farmyard, corral, fence
Low Navarrese: (Amikuse) lobiro
Lapurdian: lobio
Comments: Lobio was recorded by the 17th c. lexicographer Sylvain Pouvreau. Cf.
PEC *ƛ̣wibV 'shed, barn, granary'.
Proto-Basque: *lohi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 mud 2 dirty, impure
Bizkaian: loi 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: loi 1
High Navarrese: loi 1
Low Navarrese: lohi 1, 2
Salazarese: logi 1
Lapurdian: lohi 1, 2
Baztanese: logi 1, 2
Zuberoan: lohi 1, 2
Roncalese: loi 1, 2
Comments: Cf. especially Ingush lok 'sediment'. Distinct from the
homonym *lohi 'body' (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *lohi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: body
Lapurdian: (arc) lohi
Zuberoan: (arc) lohi
Comments: An archaic word used by Haraneder (18 c.) and Oihenart (17th c.). In this
analysis it comes from a metathetic variant of PSC *xwō ɦV́: * ɦōxwV́. Bsq *lohi 'mud'
(q.v.) is an unrelated homonym.
Proto-Basque: * se-r̄ / * eis -r̄
Meaning: 1 hornet 2 wasp 3 small wasp
Low Navarrese: leizor 1, leiza-fin 2
168
Zuberoan: óoer ,,
oe-biña,
oe-bĩ́tã ,
oa-bi 3
Comments: Cf. Avar ƛ̣:lnž ~ ƛ̣:užna ~ ƛ̣:lž 'wasp', with cognates (or loanwords) in
Karata, Akhwakh, Bagwali, Chamali, Botlikh, and Khwarshi (Zhirkov 1936; SKJa; not
in NCED). Bouda (1948) compared Bsq + Avar. The second element -fin, -bi(ña) is
unclear, but could be a reduced cognate of PEC *pä̆nqwV ‘bee’. Cf. Bsq *listo- / *e=lco,
which is of distinct origin but has blended with this root.
Proto-Basque: *lot-tu
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 to tie, bind 2 to grasp, seize 3 to put out (lights) 4 bond, tie 5 bandage
Bizkaian: lotu 1
Gipuzkoan: lotu 1, (Andoain) lotura 4, (Tolosa) lotura 5
High Navarrese: lotu 1, 2, lotura 5
Low Navarrese: lothu 2, (Aldude) lothura 4, 5
Salazarese: lotura 4
Lapurdian: lothu 2, (Donibane) lotura 4, (Ainhoa) lothura 5
Zuberoan: ótzhu
Roncalese: lotu 3
Comments: The stem is *lot- (Trask 1999).
Proto-Basque: * ur̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: earth
Bizkaian: lur
Gipuzkoan: lur
High Navarrese: lur
Low Navarrese: lur
Salazarese: lur
Lapurdian: lur
Baztanese: lur
Aezkoan: lur
Zuberoan: lr
Roncalese: lur
Proto-Basque: * ur̄ui-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 steam, vapor 2 odor, smell
Araban: urruña ,
169
Bizkaian: lurrun, llurrun 1
Gipuzkoan: lurrin 1
High Navarrese: (Lezaka) urrin 2
Low Navarrese: urrin 2
Lapurdian: urrin 2
Baztanese: urrin 2
Zuberoan: ǘrrin
Comments: The disappearance of initial /l/ in most of the dialects is a form of liquid
dissimilation (Michelena 1961: 323).
Proto-Basque: *luse
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: long (things or time)
Bizkaian: luze
Gipuzkoan: luze
High Navarrese: luze
Low Navarrese: luze
Salazarese: luze
Lapurdian: luze
Baztanese: luze
Aezkoan: luze
Zuberoan: loe
Roncalese: luze
Comments: F r Bsq ‘ ng’ ~ PEC ‘narr w’ cf. Gk μακρός ‘ ng, tza ’, etzc. ~
Lat. macer ‘ ean, meager’, Ger. mager ‘ ean, tzhin’, etzc.
Proto-Basque: *maga-l
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 lap 2 flank (of meat) 3 wing 4 hem of garment 5 protection 6 skirts
Bizkaian: magal 1, 2, 4, 5
Gipuzkoan: magal 1, 2, magalak 6
Salazarese: magal 3
Roncalese: magal 1, 3, 4
Comments: Cf. Bsq *hegal 'wing', which seems to be partially blended with this word.
Proto-Basque: *maguli / *malugi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: strawberry
170
Bizkaian: maillugi, mallugi, mailluki, malluki
Gipuzkoan: mailluki, malluki
High Navarrese: magauri, maguri, marauri, mauli, malubi
Salazarese: maurgi, malubi
Baztanese: mauri
Aezkoan: maulubi
Roncalese: margu
Comments: This is etymologically distinct from other Bsq words for 'strawberry'
(see *mar̄uhi / *mahur̄i), and close in form to Bur *maɣar- 'mulberry'. There has
however clearly been some blending of reflexes of *maguli / *malugi with those of
*mar̄uhi / *mahur̄i.
Proto-Basque: *mahać
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: grape
Bizkaian: maats, mats
Gipuzkoan: mats
High Navarrese: mats
Low Navarrese: mahats
Salazarese: mats
Lapurdian: mahats
Baztanese: matx
Zuberoan: mã́thãtzs
Roncalese: mats
Comments: The Bsq-NC comparison requires metathesis such as *mVʕVćV >
Bsq *mahać. Cf. the metathesis in Adyge nāpca ‘med ar’
< *banca < *bVmc:ʷV (NCED). *banca (*bantsa) is remarkably similar to
Miche ena’s *banats ‘grapes’.
Proto-Basque: *makSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 thick, heavy club 2 (shepherd's, bishop's) crook, crosier 3 forked pole,
fork 4 hook 5 cane, staff
Bizkaian: maket 1
Gipuzkoan: (Berastegi) mako 4
High Navarrese: (Arakil) mako 3, (Lezaka) mako 4
Low Navarrese: mako 2, 5
Lapurdian: mako 2, 3, 4, 5
171
Baztanese: mako 3, 4
Roncalese: mako 2
Comments: The status of (c) makila, makhila ‘stzick, cane’ is disputzab e: Miche ena
(1961: 51) and some earlier scholars derive it from Latin bacilla, plural
of bacillum ‘r d’, butz itz seems justz as ike y tz be a natzive deve pmentz f tzhe
root *mak-, or a blend of Bsq *mako + Lat. bacilla.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1 20
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *maku-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: curved, bent, hunched
Bizkaian: makur
Gipuzkoan: makur
High Navarrese: makur
Low Navarrese: makhur
Lapurdian: makhur
Baztanese: makur
Comments: Secondarily, '(morally) crooked, perverse, wrong', etc. However,
Michelena (1961: 271–272) suggested that makur is a ma- derivative of the verb gurtu ‘knee , b w’, tzh ugh witzh utz exp aining tzhe difference in v icing. A tzernatzive y,
this could be a formation related to Bsq *lker̄ 'bent', etc. (q.v. = PNC *=ŏḳŭr), with the
prefix *ma=.
Proto-Basque: *ma g r̄
Meaning: numb (from cold)
Low Navarrese: malgor
Zuberoan: má g r
Comments: Cf. PEC *marχ_a V 'snow', with metathesis *margol > *malgor. For
reordering of liquids cf. Span. milagro, palabra < miraculu, parabola, etc. Larrasquet has
precisely "engourdi par le froid" (for the ZBR word); Aulestia & White have quite a
different gloss: "swollen". A homonym - or dialectal variant not cited by Azkue?
Proto-Basque: *mali / *malSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 weak, feeble 2 soft, mild 3 flexible, elastic 4 to weaken, worsen, spoil
Gipuzkoan: mal-gu 2, 3, mal-so 2
Low Navarrese: mali-no 1, mal-so 2, (Amikuse) mali 1
172
Lapurdian: mal-ba 1, maria-tu 4, (Ainhoa) mal-gu 2, 3
Proto-Basque: *ma ka-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: straw (of vetch)
Low Navarrese: malkar
Roncalese: malkar
Comments: Here, as in some other cases, Bsq preserves the internal *-l- reconstructed
for PEC from circumstantial evidence, though /l/ as such is not attested in any
modern EC language. (Cf. Bsq *hols or *holc 'plank' ~ PEC *ħwǟ s_ǝ̆).
Bsq malk(h)ar 'tzerren muy c stzaner é infructzífer , escabroso' (Azkue) is
semantically incompatible with *ma ka-r̄ 'straw' and is a homonym.
Proto-Basque: *mami(n), mamul
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 flesh (soft and tender part of bread, fruit, meat, fish) 2 pith, starchy part
(of plants) 3 intimate (friend)
Bizkaian: mamin 1, 3
Gipuzkoan: mami 1, 3
High Navarrese: mami 1, 2
Low Navarrese: mami 1, mamul 1
Salazarese: mamola 1
Lapurdian: mami 1, (Ainhoa) mamul 1
Baztanese: mami 3
Zuberoan: mami 1
Roncalese: mami 1, mamul 1
Comments: The supposed derivation from French m'ami 'my friend' (Trask 1997) is
fanciful and anachronistic, though it may have influenced meaning 3. In our analysis
this is a very old expressive word, found in many languages (Lat. mamma, etc.).
Proto-Basque: *mar̄- / *mar̄uhi / *mahur̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 strawberry 2 mulberry, blackberry
Bizkaian: masusta 2
Gipuzkoan: marrubi 1, masusta 2
Low Navarrese: mazura 2, mazuzta 2, (Aldude) mahurri 1
Salazarese: maurri 1
Lapurdian: (arc) marrobi 1, marzusta 2
173
Zuberoan: marhlga , masusa
Roncalese: marouoa, maouoa , (Uotzárr o) maoura ,
Comments: This is etymologically distinct from other Bsq words for 'strawberry'
(see *maguli / *malugi). There has however clearly been some blending of reflexes
of *maguli / *malugi with those of *mar̄uhi / *mahur̄i. Latin marrubiu 'horehound' (Trask
1997: 309: quite a different plant) is probably a chance resemblance. Words for
'mulberry, blackberry' seem to contain *mar̄- (= PEC *(H)mer(ʔ)V) + a mysterious
morph *-SuS(t)a - related to *śaśi 'thorn, bramble'?
Proto-Basque: *marčSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 pruning hook (for a vine dresser) 2 tongs, pincers (for harvesting or
opening chestnuts) 3 fork 4 forked, cleft 5 prop, strut (for holding weak branches up)
6 machete (large knife)
Gipuzkoan: matxarde 2, matxite 6, (Beterri) matxarda 2, (Andoain) matxar 2
High Navarrese: matxarde 5, matxite 6, (Lezaka) matxarde 2
Low Navarrese: martxite 1, matxarde 2, 4, 5
Lapurdian: matxarde 3, 5
Baztanese: matxarde 2
Zuberoan: matzxárde 2, matxite 6
Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) matzxar , matzxarde 5
Comments: Bsq > Span. machete. The latter, or the Bsq words above, are not plausibly
related to Sp. macho 'sledge hammer, anvil' (< Lat. marculus 'small hammer'), since
there is no semantic similarity of 'fork, hook, tong' with 'hammer'. PNC *mirć(w)Ē,
with the meaning 'sickle' in Tsezian and Circassian, is semantically compatible,
especially, with Bsq martxite'pruning hook'. For the element *-arde cf.
Bsq *śaɦarde 'fork', etc.
Proto-Basque: *mardo, *mardu-l
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 strong, vigourous 2 robust, plump 3 smooth, soft 4 in fragile health
Bizkaian: mardul 1, mardo 2
Gipuzkoan: mardul 1
Low Navarrese: mardo 2, 3
Salazarese: mardo 2, 3
Zuberoan: mardo 2, 3, 4
Roncalese: mardo 2, 3
174
Comments: Apparentz y tzhere was a chain semantzic shiftz fr m ‘*ma e, viri e > strong,
r bustz > uxuriantz > s ftz’.
Proto-Basque: *meda-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: narrow, tight
Bizkaian: mear
Gipuzkoan: medar
High Navarrese: medar
Low Navarrese: mehar, (Aldude) mear
Salazarese: mear
Lapurdian: mehar
Baztanese: mear
Zuberoan: mehar
Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) mear
Comments: Probably *mer̄da-r̄ > *medar̄ (cf. PEC *ɦmV̄ƛ̣_V̆ 'thin'), altered in most
dialects to me(h)ar, by analogy with *menhe 'thin' (q.v.). Trask (1997) regards mehar as
a "transparent" derivative of mehe, but that does not explain the clear medial /d/ in
GIP and ANV.
Proto-Basque: *mehe ( < *behe-n ?)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: thin, slender
Araban: be
Bizkaian: mee, me
Gipuzkoan: me
High Navarrese: mee, me
Low Navarrese: mehe
Salazarese: me
Lapurdian: mehe
Baztanese: mee
Zuberoan: mẽ́thẽ
Roncalese: me
Comments: The assocation between *mehe and *medar̄ (q.v.) is secondary, in this
analysis.
Proto-Basque: *mendi
Meaning: mountain
Bizkaian: mendi
175
Gipuzkoan: mendi
High Navarrese: mendi
Low Navarrese: mendi
Lapurdian: mendi
Zuberoan: mendi
Roncalese: mendi
Comments: Cf. Bur *bun[d]- 'mountain pasture, mountain grove, boulder; wild,
mountain-' (compared by H. Berger [1959] with Bsq. mendi). Cf.
Khinalug mɨda 'mountain' (isolated in NC), Georgian mta id. (isolated in Kart.).
Proto-Basque: *mihu-ri
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 seed (of fruit) 2 kernel (of nut) 3 to remove seeds, shell nuts 4 tiny (of
fleas)
Low Navarrese: (Aldude, Amikuse) mihuri 1, 2, (Aldude) mihur-tu 3
Salazarese: miuri 4
Zuberoan: mũhṹri ,, , mũhũrka-tzl
Comments: Aulestia & White (1992) define mihuri as "kernel of corn, piece of ruit, nut
meat, etc."
Proto-Basque: *miko
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 a little, a little bit 2 a tiny bit
Low Navarrese: miko 1, (Garazi) mikitta 2
Salazarese: mikitta 2
Lapurdian: miko
Comments: This word has traditionally been compared with Spanish miga ‘crumb’ <
Lat. mīca; but if so, why Bsq -o? Cf. instead PNC *miḳwV 'small, young one'.
Proto-Basque: *minhi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: tongue
Bizkaian: min, miiñ, miñ, (arc) mĩi, mĩ
Gipuzkoan: mii, mi, min-gain
High Navarrese: mi, mĩ
Low Navarrese: mihi
Salazarese: mi
Lapurdian: mihi
176
Baztanese: min-gain
Aezkoan: mi
Zuberoan: mihi [mĩhĩ]
Roncalese: mĩ, mi
Comments: Trask (1995, 1999) reiterates Michelena's reconstruction *bini 'tongue',
though Jacobsen (1995) suggests instead *mini. However we
think *bini or *mini (without *h) cannot account for the attested BNV forms such as
[mixja] 'the tongue' with strong fricative (Moutard 1975). See the note to *bihi. The
original sibilant remains in BZK GIP mizto (*mis-to) 'sting (of bees or snakes)', lit.
'little tongue' (see Michelena 1961: 186), and *minco (assim. < *milso) 'word, speech'.
Proto-Basque: *moc
Meaning: short
Bizkaian: motz
Gipuzkoan: motz, motx
High Navarrese: motz
Low Navarrese: motz
Salazarese: motz
Lapurdian: motz
Baztanese: motz
Aezkoan: motz
Zuberoan: mutz
Roncalese: motz
Comments: This word is generally believed to be from Romance (cf. Span. mocho 'cut
off', Ital. mozzo, etc.), ult. < an unrecorded Latin *mutium (REW 5792).
Proto-Basque: *moc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 cunnus, female sex organs 2 male sex organs 3 old maid, unmarried
woman
Bizkaian: motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
Gipuzkoan: motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
High Navarrese: motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
Low Navarrese: motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
Salazarese: motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
Lapurdian: motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
Baztanese: motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
Aezkoan: motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
177
Zuberoan: motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
Roncalese: motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
Comments: The form mutx-urdin probably reflects vowel assimilation (o > u) and
expressive palatalization (tz > tx). Since lexicographers have avoided these words,
due to their obscene nature, it is difficult to find detailed information about dialectal
variants, etc. If the Bsq-NC c mparis n is va id, tzhe rigina meaning was ‘pubic
hair’ (cf. Burushaski *=múś-ki) > related meanings.
Proto-Basque: *moko
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: , beak
extzremitzy, p intz
face, façade 4 face-to-face
Gipuzkoan: moko 1, 2
Low Navarrese: mokho 1, 2, 3
Salazarese: moko 2
Lapurdian: mokho 1, 2, 3, mokhoz mokho 4
Baztanese: moko 1, 2
Zuberoan: mokho 1
Comments: Cf. Burushaski *moq- 'face, cheek'.
Proto-Basque: *m k -r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: buttocks, backside
Bizkaian: mokor
Gipuzkoan: mokor
Comments: Cf. PNC *bŏnq̇_ō 'back', with some forms that converge phonetically with
Bsq *mlkl-r̄, e.g. Hinukh moqo-li 'back'.
Proto-Basque: *m ku-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 trunk, base of tree 2 stout log 3 thick branch of a tree 4 stunted, rounded
tree
Bizkaian: mukur 1, mokor 3, (Orozko) mokor 1
Zuberoan: mǘkhlr
Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) m k r 4
Comments: This word is not etymologically related to *mlkl-r̄ 'buttocks' (q.v.) and
other homonyms.
Proto-Basque: *mordo
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
178
Meaning: 1 bunch, cluster, group 2 bunch (of grapes or other vegetation) 3 small
bunch, small group 4 mess, confusion
Bizkaian: mordo 1, 2, morda 2, mordoska 3, mordoillo 4
Gipuzkoan: mordo 1, 2, mordoska 3, (Andoain) mordoillo 4
High Navarrese: mordoska 3, mordoillo 4
Low Navarrese: molkho 2
Lapurdian: molkho 2, mulko 1
Zuberoan: mó kh ,, m rkh
Comments: The r ~ l variation (in preconsonantal position) is very unusual in Basque,
and may be explained as follows: PSC *mä̆r[ƛ]-ḳV, with the resulting cluster resolving
either as *mor-ko or *mol-ko in Bsq.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1 20
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *m ś-k -r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 trunk (of a tree), burl 2 stout log, burl
Bizkaian: moskor 1
Gipuzkoan: moskor 1, mozkor 2
High Navarrese: moskor 1
Comments: This word is frequently conflated with *mlku-r̄ (q.v.), but this is
etymologically distinct. Cf. the suffix in Bur. *muṣ-k 'wood, thicket'.
Proto-Basque: *m śu
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: t, nose 2 face 3 kiss 4 point 5 beak
Bizkaian: mosu 3
Gipuzkoan: musu 1, 2, 3, 4
High Navarrese: musu 3
Low Navarrese: musu 2, (Amikuse) mos-ko 5
Salazarese: musu 2
Lapurdian: musu 2, 3
Baztanese: musu 2
Zuberoan: ml̃́ts-ko 5
Comments: Other derivatives: (GIP) musu-ko ‘muoo e; face, facia , pertzaining tz tzhe
wer ha f f tzhe face’; (ZBR-arc) mus-ko ‘stzing’, (BZK-Oñatze) mus-ki ‘sn tz, mucus’,
179
(BZK, GIP) mus-kilid., (SAL) titi-mus-ko ‘nipp e’. Cf. PEC *mħǝ̆rc̣_ū 'point, edge'. Cf.
Bsq *muśtu-r̄ 'snout, muzzle; edge' and *mutu-r̄, both of distinct origins.
Proto-Basque: *muga
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 boundary, limit 2 occasion, moment 3 season
Bizkaian: muga 1
Gipuzkoan: muga 1, 2
High Navarrese: muga 1, 2
Low Navarrese: muga 1
Lapurdian: muga 1, 2, 3
Zuberoan: muga 1
Roncalese: muga 1
Comments: Cf. PNC *mŏrq_wV̆ 'stripe, line' > Avar muq: 'line', etc.
Proto-Basque: *muki
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 gum, resin (of trees) 2 snot, mucus
Gipuzkoan: muki 2
Baztanese: muki 1, 2
Comments: The regular change of PSC *b(H)VnKV > Bsq *mukV is convergent with
that of some NC languages, e.g. Tabasaran muḳ-ruḳ 'fir tree'. Some Bsq dialects, BNVGarazi, LAB-Ainhoa, have the word muku 'snot, mucus', which is apparently
influenced by, if not borrowed from, Latin mūcum, and the native Bsq and Romance
words have blended.
Proto-Basque: *muɫh
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 mound, small hill 2 small heap, stack 3 pellet, lump
Bizkaian: (Oñatze) m
Lapurdian: mulho, mulo 1, 2, (arc) mulko 1, 2
Zuberoan: mulho 1, 2
Comments: Trask (1995) following Meyer-Llbke (,9 5) derives this word from
"Gallo-Romance" *mū a, but no ultimate source is indicated. We think the source may
be Vasconic < PSC (cf. PNC. *muɦa V, which accounts for the laryngeal in *mulho).
Proto-Basque: *mune
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
180
Meaning: 1 marrow 2 pith 3 brain 4 sap 5 germ, sprout
Bizkaian: muin, muiñ, min 5
Gipuzkoan: muin, muiñ, mun 1, 4
High Navarrese: muin, muiñ ,, , 4
Low Navarrese: muin 1, 3, (Garazi) mun 1, 2
Salazarese: muin 1, 2
Lapurdian: muin, mun 1, 4
Baztanese: muiñ ,, ,
Comments: Per Mitxelena (1961) and Trask (1995) this word and *hune (q.v.) are
"regional variants" of the same word, and suggest Schuchardt's derivation from
Lat. fune- 'rope'. Since both words can coexist in the same dialect (e.g.,
BZK un 'marrow, pith' vs. muin 'germ, sprout'; SAL un-ak 'brains' vs. muña 'marrow,
pith') we think the words are of distinct origin (PSC*hwĭʔnV, *mV̆́ɦnū, resp.), but there
has been phonetic and semantic blending.
Proto-Basque: *muśtzu-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 snout, muzzle 2 corner, edge 3 goatee under the lip
Bizkaian: mustzur ,, , (Ispastzer, Oñatze) mustzar
Comments: Similar to *mutu-r̄ (q.v.), but is etymologically distinct. It fits
phonologically with PEC *mHărčwV 'pus; mucus, snot': cf. the correspondence of Bsq
*-śt- : PNC *-rč- in Bsq *ɦeśte(~ *ɦerce) ‘intzestzine’ ~ PNC *HĂrčV (~ *rHĂčV ~ *čĂrHV)
‘stz mach, ab masum’ (Avar ʕlrčl ), and a few other cases.
Proto-Basque: *mutil
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 boy 2 apprentice 3 servant 4 skilled worker 5 little boy
Bizkaian: mutil 1, 2, mutiko 5
Gipuzkoan: mutil 1, 2, mutiko 5
High Navarrese: mutil 1, 2, 3
Low Navarrese: mutil 1, 3, 4, muthiko 5
Lapurdian: mutil 1, 3, 4
Baztanese: mutiko 5
Zuberoan: mithil 1, 3
Roncalese: mitil 1, 3
Comments: Cf. PNC *mɨ̆ ƛ̣_V̆ 'husband, male, worker'. The phonology requires a
development such as *murti-l > *multil > *mutil (assimilation, then dissimilation).
Proto-Basque: *mutzu-r̄
181
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 snout, muzzle 2 end, edge
Bizkaian: mutur 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: mutur 1
High Navarrese: mutur 1
Low Navarrese: muthur 1, (Aldude) 1, 2
Salazarese: mutur 1
Lapurdian: muthur 1, 2
Baztanese: mutur 1, 2
Aezkoan: mutur 1
Zuberoan: mǘtzhlr ,
Roncalese: mutur 1
Comments: Phonetic development seems to have been *murtu-r̄ > *mutur̄, with
dissimilation. Cf. *mutil < *murti- . *mutu-r̄ is a distinct etymon from *muśtu-r̄, q.v.
Proto-Basque: *nahi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: will, desire
Bizkaian: nai
Gipuzkoan: nai
High Navarrese: nai
Low Navarrese: nahi
Lapurdian: nahi
Zuberoan: náhi
Roncalese: nai
Comments: Cf. PNC *ʔnV̄hV̄ 'shame, fright'. For semantic typology, cf. Latin cup‘wish, desire,
ng f r’ ~ O d Indic kup- ‘bec me agitzatzed, angry’.
Proto-Basque: *nakaSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 mockery 2 repugnance, disgust 3 dirty, foul
Gipuzkoan: naga 2
High Navarrese: nakaitz 3
Low Navarrese: naka 1, nakaitz 3
Lapurdian: nakaitz 2
182
Comments: This comparison is somewhat dubious, since PSC *k normally
corresponds to Bsq *h, also /g/ secondarily in southern dialects. Or is naka a
contraction of *naha-ka?
Proto-Basque: *naś-ka
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 repugnance, disgust, abomination 2 disgusting, abominable 3 to disgust,
be repugnant
Gipuzkoan: naska, nazka 1, nazkagarri 2, naska-tu 3
High Navarrese: nazkagarri 2
Baztanese: naskarri 2
Comments: BZT naskarri < *naś-ka-gar̄i, with haplology.
Proto-Basque: *nega- / *nigaSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 tears, weeping 2 rennet 3 skin rash (scurf, herpes)
Bizkaian: negar 1, (Ubidea) negar 2
Gipuzkoan: negar 1
High Navarrese: negar 1, (Lezaka) negel 3
Low Navarrese: nigar, (Aldude) negal 3, (Garazi) negel 3
Salazarese: negar, near 1
Lapurdian: negar, nigar 1, (Ainhoa) negal 3, (Gethari) negel 3
Baztanese: nigar 1, negal 3
Aezkoan: nigar 1
Zuberoan: nĩ́tgar ,, nege
Comments: Note the general tendency of western Bsq /e/ vs. eastern /i/ in words for
'tears'. There is an old ablaut alternation in PEC: *nĕwq̇ŭ / *nĭwq̇V-̆ , which may have
been redistributed regionally in Bsq.
Proto-Basque: *negu
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: winter
Bizkaian: negu
Gipuzkoan: negu
High Navarrese: negu
Low Navarrese: negu
Lapurdian: negu
Zuberoan: négl
183
Roncalese: negu
Comments: The Bsq-NC comparison requires metathesis: PNC *ʁwĭnʔV
~ PSC *nʔĭʁwV > Bsq *negu.
Proto-Basque: *neke
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: tiredness, fatigue, difficulty, pain
Bizkaian: neke
Gipuzkoan: neke
High Navarrese: neke
Low Navarrese: nekhe
Salazarese: neke
Lapurdian: nekhe
Zuberoan: nekhe
Roncalese: neke
Comments: This word is commonly attributed to Latin nex (accusative necem)
'(violent) death, murder' (Michelena 1961, etc.). It is apparent that there is a big
semantzic gap: tzhere is n hintz f 'vi entz deatzh' r 'murder' in tzhe Bsq meaningsː
Burushaski maq 'rheumatism, pain' is much closer semantically. The nearest Romance
reflexes also have quite different meanings: Spanish anegar 'to drown, to flood' <
Lat. enecāre 'to kill'.
Proto-Basque: *neś-ka
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: girl, unmarried young woman
Bizkaian: neskatxi, neskatxu, (Otxandiano) neskatxo
Gipuzkoan: neskatxa, (Etxarri) nexkaxa
High Navarrese: neskatz k , neskatzxa, (G iouetza) nexkatztz /neškatzt /
Low Navarrese: neskato, nexkato, neskatxa, neskatotxe, (Aldude) nexka, (Amikuse)
neskatoxe
Salazarese: neskatilla
Lapurdian: neskatxa, (Gethari) nexka, nexkato
Baztanese: nexka, neskateko, neskatiko
Zuberoan: neskatzí a
Roncalese: neskatzi a, neskatz , (Vidáng o) nexkaxe
Comments: In RNC the connotation was only 'servant girl, maid', while in other
dialects neska has an unfavorable connotation that is avoided by using various
suffixes: neskato, neskatilla, neskatxa, etc. (see Azkue).
184
Proto-Basque: *ni
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: I
Araban: ni
Bizkaian: ni
Gipuzkoan: ni
High Navarrese: ni
Low Navarrese: ni
Salazarese: ni
Lapurdian: ni
Baztanese: ni
Aezkoan: ni
Zuberoan: ni
Roncalese: ni
Proto-Basque: *niṅi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 child, baby 2 pupil of the eye 3 doll 4 middle, center 5 embryo
Bizkaian: ñiñi ,, (Or ok ) begi-nini 2
Gipuzkoan: ñiñi ,, nini , (And ain) begi-nini 2
High Navarrese: nini-ko 5
Low Navarrese: nini , nini-ka , (A dude) ñiñi
Salazarese: begi-nini 4
Lapurdian: ñiñi ,, nini-k
, ñiñi-ka , (Ainh a) nini ,, begi-nini-k
, ñiñi-ku 2
Baztanese: nini ,, , , niñi-riku 2
Zuberoan: ñiñi ,, nini , begi-nini 2
Roncalese: ñiñi ,, begi-nini 2
Comments: Niniko, ninika are also used in some dialects for 'bud, (off-)shoot' (of
plants). SAL beginini 'middle, center' is obviously a development from 'pupil (center)
of eye'. NC parallels like Lezgi nini 'doll', wilin-nini 'pupil of eye' and Burushaski
(Y) =nini 'pupil' indicate some considerable antiquity of this expressive word.
Proto-Basque: *noSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 who 2 where 3 when 4 how
Araban: nox 3
Bizkaian: no, nor 1, non, nun 2, noiz, nox, nos, noz 3
185
Gipuzkoan: no, nor 1, non 2, noiz 3, nola 4
High Navarrese: nor 1, non 2, noiz 3, nola 4
Low Navarrese: nor 1, non, nun 2, noiz 3, nola 4
Lapurdian: nor 1, non 2, noiz 3, nola 4
Zuberoan: nur 1, nun 2, nuiz 3, nula, nulaz 4
Roncalese: nor 1, non 2, noiz 3, nola 4
Proto-Basque: * ć
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: wolf
Bizkaian: otso
Gipuzkoan: otso
High Navarrese: otso
Low Navarrese: otso
Salazarese: otso
Lapurdian: otso
Baztanese: otso
Aezkoan: otso
Zuberoan: otso
Roncalese: otso
Comments: Cf. Aquitanian personal names OSSON-, OXSON-, as well as the Spanish
surname Ochoa (= Bsq *lčl-a 'the little wolf'). Bouda (1948) compared Bsq +
Batsbi blrc̣, etc.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1 20
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *ohe (*o=he)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: bed
Bizkaian: oe, oge, oi
Gipuzkoan: oe, oge, oi
High Navarrese: oe, obe
Low Navarrese: ohe, (Aldude, Baigorri) ofe
Lapurdian: ohe
Zuberoan: óhe
Roncalese: oe, oi
Comments: Cf. PEC *=aχV-r 'to fall, lie' > Tab. aχin 'bed', etc.
186
Proto-Basque: *oi=hal
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: cloth, fabric
Bizkaian: oial
Gipuzkoan: oial
High Navarrese: oial
Low Navarrese: oihal
Lapurdian: oihal
Zuberoan: óiha
Roncalese: oxal
Comments: Cf. PNC *χw[a] Ł_V 'a k. of clothing'. There are other Bsq meanings, such
as (B, G) oial 'scarf, shawl (for children)', etc. *oi= seems to be a peculiar form of the
fossilized prefix*o=/*u=, occurring only before /h/ (cf. *oi=han).
Proto-Basque: *oi=han
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 forest, woods 2 desert 3 mountain
Bizkaian: (arc) ojan 2
Gipuzkoan: oian 1
High Navarrese: (arc) oian 3
Low Navarrese: oihan 1
Salazarese: oian 1
Lapurdian: oihan 1
Baztanese: oian 1
Zuberoan: óihan ,
Roncalese: ian ,, (Uotzárr o) xan ,
Comments: Bouda (1949) compared Bsq + Chechen ħun, etc.
Proto-Basque: *okSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 plum 2 sloe
Bizkaian: ok-aran 1, txarri-ok-aran 2
Gipuzkoan: (Etxarri-Aranaz) ok-aran 1
Comments: A compound with *ar=han, q.v. *ok-arhan may orig. have designated the
cultivar plum (cf. Lak aq ‘garden’, etzc.) as pp sed tz wi d p ums and s es.
Proto-Basque: * ker̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
187
Meaning: bent, curved, twisted, crooked
Bizkaian: oker
Gipuzkoan: oker
High Navarrese: uker, oker
Low Navarrese: okher
Salazarese: oker
Zuberoan: ókher
Comments: There are abstract meanings ('mistake(n), perverted, evil', etc.), and a
verbal extension *lker̄-tu 'to bend, curve; go wrong,' etc. For semantic typology of Bsq
‘bend, tzwistz’ ~ PNC ‘tzurn, r
’, cf. Irish fillim ‘bend, f d’ ~ Latz. volvere ‘r
,
tzurn’, vallis ‘va ey’ (‘bend’), etc.
Proto-Basque: * ɫha
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 forge, foundry 2 (shepherd's) hut 3 cabin, cottage 4 country house
Bizkaian: ola 1
Gipuzkoan: ola 1
High Navarrese: ola 1
Low Navarrese: olha 1
Lapurdian: olha 3, 4
Zuberoan: ó ha ,
Roncalese: (Vidáng o) õ a
Comments: The semantic change was probably 'hearth, forge' (cf.
PEC *ɦwV aq_ē 'hearth') > 'hut with a hearth, heated hut' > 'cabin, cottage', etc. (Cf.
English stove ~ Norw. stova ‘c tztzage, hutz; ( iving-) r
Ger. Stube ‘r
m’ ( rig. ‘heatzed r
m’, Swed. stuga ‘c tztzage, cabin’,
m’), etzc.) Ol(h)a is an element in numerous Bsq
p ace names, and in m dern Bsq tzhe meaning ‘f rge’ has been extzended tz ‘factz ry’.
Proto-Basque: * ɫhe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 meek, mild, gentle, peaceful 2 meekly, mildly, etc.
Lapurdian: (arc) olhe 1, olhe-ki 2
Comments: Attributed by Azkue to Haraneder (18th c.) and Pouvreau (17th c.), who
wrote in the LAB dialect.
Proto-Basque: * ɫh (* =ɫh )
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
188
Meaning: 1 oats (cultivar) 2 wild oats
Bizkaian: olo 1, alo 2, (Orozko) orlo 1
Gipuzkoan: olo 1
High Navarrese: olo 1
Low Navarrese: olho 1, olha 2
Lapurdian: olo 1
Zuberoan: ó h ,,
Roncalese:
ha, a h
,,
-m
,
a-béur
Comments: Cf. PNC *ʎwɨ̆ʔwV 'millet'.
Proto-Basque: * nća
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: well (adv.), good, benefit (n.)
Low Navarrese: ontsa, untsa
Lapurdian: ontsa
Zuberoan: úntzsa
Comments: Association with *hon 'good' is secondary. ZBR has no aspirate in this
word, though it does in hun ‘g
d’ and derivatzes ike húnki ‘g
d deed,
benefitz’, húntze ‘tz impr ve’, etzc. The supp sed “adverb-forming suffix" -sa is unique
to this word, casting doubt on its reality. Cf. instead PEC *ʡV(n)ǯV 'good'.
Proto-Basque: *onci
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 vessel, container 2 boat, ship (vessel) 3 stomach 4 pot (of clay)
Bizkaian: ontzi 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: ontzi 1, 2
High Navarrese: ontzi 1, 2
Low Navarrese: untzi 1, 2, 3
Salazarese: ontzi 1, 2
Lapurdian: untzi 1, 2, 3
Baztanese: untzi 1, 2, 4
Zuberoan: ṹntzoi ,,
Roncalese: ontzi 1, 2
Proto-Basque: *ondiko
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 misery, misfortune 2 discomfort, unease 3 alas! too bad! 4 to offend,
affront
189
Bizkaian: ondez 2
High Navarrese: ondiko 1, ondikotz 3
Low Navarrese: ondiko 1
Lapurdian: ondiko 1, ondikoz, ondikotz 3
Baztanese: ondikoz 3
Zuberoan: undika-tu 4
Comments: Cf. PEC *ʔuntV 'sickness, defect'.
Proto-Basque: *ondo
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 upper arm, humerus 2 nape, back of neck 3 trunk (of tree)
Bizkaian: bes-ondo 1, gar-ondo, garr-ondo 2, (Orozko) lep-ondo 2
Gipuzkoan: bes-ondo 1, gar-ondo, garr-ondo 2, lep-ondo 2
High Navarrese: gar-ondo, garr-ondo 2
Low Navarrese: gar(h)-ondo 2, leph-ondo 2
Salazarese: lep-ondo 2
Lapurdian: bes-ondo 1, gar(h)-ondo 2, lep-ondo 2, (Ainhoa) ondo 3
Zuberoan: bes-ónd ,
Roncalese: gar-ondo 2, lep-ondo 2
Comments: The words cited for meanings 1 and 2 are only some of the anatomical
words containing *ondo 'joint'. Meaning 3 (also stem, vine) occurs in compounds
like madari-ondo 'pear tree', sagarr-ondo 'apple tree', mahats-ondo 'grapevine'. It is
sometimes difficult to distinguish this word from *ondo 'side, bottom' (q.v.)
and *ɦlnda-r̄ 'sand', and Romance hondo (< Lat.fundum) 'bottom'. These words have
probably merged and blended in Bsq to some extent.
Proto-Basque: *ondo
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 side, bottom 2 (part) next to, after 3 part of forehead around eyes 4
forehead (of cattle) 5 frown (of eyebrows)
Bizkaian: ondo 1, ondo, -ondo 2, betondo 3, 5, (Gernika) adondo 4
Gipuzkoan: ondo 1, ondo, -ondo 2, betondo 5
High Navarrese: ondo 1, ondo, -ondo 2
Low Navarrese: ondo 1, ondo, -ondo 2, bethondo 3
Salazarese: ondo 1, ondo, -ondo 2
Lapurdian: ondo 1, ondo, -ondo 2, bethondo 3
Baztanese: ondo 1, ondo, -ondo 2
Aezkoan: ondo 1, ondo, -ondo 2
190
Zuberoan: ondo 1, ondo, -ondo 2, bethondo 3
Roncalese: ondo 1, ondo, -ondo 2
Comments: It is difficult to separate this word from the homonym *ondo 'joint' (q.v.).
Both of these words have been influenced by Romance words such as
Span. hondo 'bottom, depth, deep', and some blending has taken place. Cf. also
Bsq *ɦlnda-r̄ 'sand, dregs', which etymologists have often confused with either or
both types of *ondo and Span. hondo. The compounds shown (of which there are
many more) involve the elements *begi-t- 'eye' and *a=dar̄ 'horn'.
Proto-Basque: *o=dol
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: blood
Bizkaian: odol
Gipuzkoan: odol
High Navarrese: odol
Low Navarrese: odol
Salazarese: odol
Lapurdian: odol
Baztanese: odol
Aezkoan: odol
Zuberoan: ód
Roncalese: odol
Proto-Basque: *o=hoin
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 thief 2 to steal, rob
Araban: ñ ,, s-tu 2
Bizkaian:
s-tzu, s-tzu , (arc) ns-tzu , (arc) uuñ ,
Gipuzkoan: os-tu 2
Low Navarrese: ohoin 1
Lapurdian: ohoin 1
Baztanese: ooin 1
Zuberoan: ũhúñ ,
Comments: The noun 'thief' is attested mainly in northeastern dialects, while
southwestern dialects have the derived verb *lhlin-ś-tu.
Proto-Basque: * =keɫu
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
191
Meaning: 1 stable 2 yard 3 hall 4 corner, nook
Araban: okelu 4
Bizkaian: okellu 1, okolo, okolu, okoillu 4
Gipuzkoan: okellu 1, okolu 2, okullu, okollu, ikullu 3
Low Navarrese: (Amikuse) okholl
Zuberoan: kh l
Comments: The proposed derivation from Lat. locellum is highly questionable, and
Bsq *l=keɫu matches PEC *qǝ̆ V̆ very well, phonetically and semantically. Michelena
himself (1961: 83) remarks that the specialized meanings of the Romance words
< locellum are quite distant from the Bsq meanings (e.g., Span. lucillo ~ lucilo ‘buria
urn’).
Proto-Basque: * =k c (-ć)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: t, chin 2 snout 3 nape 4 head (intelligence)
Bizkaian: okotz 1, 2
High Navarrese: kokots 1
Low Navarrese: kokots, kokotz 1
Lapurdian: kokots, kokotz 1
Baztanese: kokots 3
Zuberoan: kokots 1
Roncalese: kokots 1, 4
Comments: If the BZK form is archaic (okotz < *o=koc?), the form kokotz/ts seems to be
blended with *kokot ‘nape’ (q.v.), f distzinctz rigin. A tzernatzive y tzhe
reduplicated *kokoc (or *klklć) was original, with dissimilation in BZK. This body part
term may be related to Bsq *a=kać, *ma=keć ‘n tzch, nick’ (q.v., cf. Leogi q̇ac̣ ‘n tzch,
nick’ vs. Rutzu , Tsakhur q̇ac̣ ‘chin’).
Proto-Basque: * =r̄ac
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 needle 2 pin 3 fishhook 4 comb
Araban: orrazi 4
Bizkaian: rratzo , (Oñatze) rraatzo ,, , rraoi 4
Gipuzkoan: orratz 1, 2, orrazi 4
High Navarrese: orratz 1, orraze 4
Low Navarrese: orratz 1
Salazarese: orratz 1, orraze 4
Lapurdian: orratz 1, orraze 4
192
Baztanese: orratz 1, orraze 4
Zuberoan: rrátzo ,, rraoe 4
Roncalese: rrátzo ,, rraoe 4
Comments: Cf. Tsez ric̣u 'wedge', Tab. Kand. ruc̣ 'lock with a hook', metathesized
variants from PNC *c̣ǝ̆wrē (~ *rǝ̆wc̣ē). Cf. Bsq *slr̄lc 'sharp, keen', another permutation
of the same root.
Proto-Basque: *ordu (*o=rdu)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 time 2 hour 3 occasion
Bizkaian: ordu 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: ordu 2
High Navarrese: ordu 2
Low Navarrese: ordu 2
Lapurdian: ordu 2
Zuberoan: ordu 2, 3
Roncalese: ordu 2
Comments: Origin from Lat. lrdō ‘ ine, r w, series, rder’ has been suggestzed butz is
problematic. Cf. instead PNC *ƛăjV 'time, day', Burushaski *j=ult 'time, right
moment', *b=ultu 'day', with Bsq *-rd- in regular correspondence with PNC *ƛ and
Bur *-lt-.
Proto-Basque: *ordV
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 plain, flat ground 2 plain, sown field
Gipuzkoan: ordeka 2
Low Navarrese: ordoki 1
Lapurdian: ordoki 1
Zuberoan: ordoki 1
Roncalese: ordoki 1
Comments: The simplex form (LAB) ordo 'plat, plaine' was recorded by Silvain
Pouvreau (17th cent.).
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1 20
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *oro
Meaning: all
Bizkaian: (arc) oro
193
High Navarrese: oro
Low Navarrese: oro
Lapurdian: oro
Zuberoan: oro
Roncalese: oro
Proto-Basque: * r ć
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: male (animal)
Low Navarrese: orots
Salazarese: orots
Lapurdian: orots
Zuberoan: orots
Roncalese: ór tzs
Comments: For some speakers the word is restricted to the meaning 'calf'. In SAL and
LAB-Ainhoa the word applies also to male dogs (per Azkue). Trombetti compared
Bsq orots, orotxwith Agul urč 'calf' < PNC *wHi ćV.
Proto-Basque: * rtzúć / *e= rtzu-śi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 barefoot 2 take off (shoes, stockings)
Bizkaian: ortoz 1
Gipuzkoan: ortuz 1
High Navarrese: ortuz 1
Low Navarrese: orthuts 1, orthustu 2, urtustu 2
Salazarese: urtuxirik 1, urtuxi 2
Lapurdian: orthus, orthuts 1, urtustu 2
Baztanese: ortotz, ortox 1, ortoxtu 2
Zuberoan: rtzhǘtzs ,, ertzhǘtzsik ,, rtzhǘs-, ertzhǘs- 2
Roncalese: ortuts, urtuxirik 1, urtuxi 2
Comments: Bsq *lrtúć closely matches Bur (Y) hu táṣ 'barefoot' in form. Any
connection with Bsq *hoin 'foot' and *huć 'empty, bare' is secondary (thus,
BNV ointhuts, etc.).
Proto-Basque: * śki (* =śki)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: shoe
Bizkaian: (arc) oski
194
Low Navarrese: oski
Zuberoan: oski
Roncalese: oski
Comments: Derivation from *hoin 'foot' is quite unlikely. Cf. PEC *šwŏq̣̇HwV ~
*q̇HwŏšwV ‘hee , ank e’, witzh tzhe usua sync pe in Bsq: *š(w)ŏq̣̇H(w)i > *lśki.
Proto-Basque: * ś
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 whole, entire, complete 2 healthy
Bizkaian: oso 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: oso 1
High Navarrese: oso 1, 2
Low Navarrese: oso 1, 2
Salazarese: oso 1
Lapurdian: oso 1
Baztanese: oso 1
Aezkoan: oso 1
Zuberoan: ós ,,
Roncalese: oso 1
Comments: Cf. *aśe 'to fill, sate', which seems to be an ablaut variant.
Proto-Basque: * ɫha
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 forge, foundry 2 country house, cabin, cottage 3 shepherd's hut 4 tent
Bizkaian: ola 1
Gipuzkoan: ola 1
High Navarrese: ola 1
Low Navarrese: olha 1
Lapurdian: olha 2, 4
Zuberoan: ó ha ,, ,
Roncalese: (Vidáng o) õ a
Comments: Ol(h)a is an element in numerous place names. Semantic development
seems tz have been ‘heartzh, f rge’ > ‘heatzed r
m’ > ‘cabin’, etzc. (F r tzyp
Eng. stove ~ Norw.stova (stue) ‘c tztzage, hutz; ( iving-) r
cabin’, Ger. Stube ‘r
m’ ( rig. ‘heatzed r
m’, Swed. stuga ‘c tztzage,
m’), etzc.) The meaning ‘f rge’ has been
extzended tz ‘factz ry’ in m dern Bsq.
Proto-Basque: *pać
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
195
gy cf.
Meaning: 1 pomace (of apples) 2 pomace (of grapes)
Bizkaian: batz 1, 2, (Mondragon) pats 1
Gipuzkoan: pats 1, 2
High Navarrese: pats 2, (Lezaka, Oyarzun) pats 1, 2
Lapurdian: phats 2, (coast) fats 1, 2
Comments: Pomace is the residue of pressed pulp, skins and pips of apples, grapes or
any fruit after pressing (= Sp. orujo, Fr. marc). The BZK form batz is the result of
Bizkaian merger of*c and *ć in /c/ = tz (Moutard 1976: 31), and voicing dissimilation
(p > b).
Proto-Basque: *paita
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: duck
Bizkaian: paita
Comments: Could be a wanderwort (Arabic baṭṭ, etc.), but the Bsq phonetic form is
peculiar and may be ancient. Cf. Span. and Port. pato, probably of Moorish (Arabic)
origin.
Proto-Basque: *pataSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: bottle
High Navarrese: pataxa
Proto-Basque: *patza-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 (steep) slope 2 rugged, steep 3 strong liquor, rotgut
Bizkaian: paitar 3
Gipuzkoan: pattar 3, paitar 3, (Irura) patar 3
High Navarrese: patar-su 2, pattar 3
Low Navarrese: patar-su 2
Salazarese: patar 1
Lapurdian: patar 1, patar-su 2
Baztanese: patar 1
Zuberoan: patar 1, patar-su 2
Roncalese: patar 1, patar-su 2
Comments: Pattar /patztar/ ' iqu r' fr m tzhe sense of a 'rugged' drink?
Proto-Basque: *pinc
196
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 membrane (covering egg, nut), dermis (inner skin) 2 ampulla (sac) in skin
3 egg (laid without shell) 4 husk
Bizkaian: mintz 1
Gipuzkoan: mintz 1
High Navarrese: mintz 1 4
Low Navarrese: p(h)intz(a) 2 3
Salazarese: mintz 1
Lapurdian: phintz 2
Zuberoan: phintz 2
Roncalese: mintz, mintzi 1
Comments: Of Latin origin, according to Trask (1995). Aragonese Spanish
has binza 'membrane covering onion or egg'. Jacobsen (1995) criticizes the supposed
derivation from Lat.*vinctiare 'to tie' as "too speculative to be convincing."
Proto-Basque: *pinpilin
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: butterfly
High Navarrese: pinpilin-pauxa, pinpilin-poxa
Lapurdian: pinpirin(a), pinpilin-pauxa
Comments: A worldwide reduplicated word for 'butterfly', but that does not exclude
the Basque-NCaucasian cognacy. The second element -poxa, -pauxa resembles -posa in
Spanishmariposa, thought by some to come from a nursery rhyme "Maria, posa ..."
('Mary, perch ...').
Proto-Basque: *-piri-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: lightning (bolt), thunder (bolt)
Gipuzkoan: oz-min
High Navarrese: oz-min, oz-min-arri
Salazarese: oz-me
Lapurdian: o-priñ, ro-pin, (arc) oz-pirin
Comments: In compounds with *ɦlrs- ‘sky’ (q.v.). Traditzi na y tzhe sec nd e ementz
is *minhi ‘tz ngue’ (Miche ena ,96,: 76), butz here *-pirin is regarded as original
(Haraneder wroteozpirin in the 18th c.) and variants with -pin ~ -min are secondary.
Proto-Basque: *pista
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
197
Meaning: fresh rheum (eye secretion, 'sleep sand')
Bizkaian: pizta
Comments: Cf. PNC *pĭnc̣wĂ ‘resin, juice’ (Lak pic̣ 'sweat, dew', etc.). This is one of
the rare Bsq *-st- correspondences to PNC tense *c̣. The original PSC sense was
evidentz y ‘secretzi n’, whetzher f human b dy (‘rheum’ [Bsq], ‘sweatz’ [Lak]), tzrees
(‘resin, gum, pitzch’ > ‘g ue’ [PY]), r natzure (‘dew’ [Lak, Burushaski] > ‘watzer’ [WC]),
etc.
Proto-Basque: *potSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 testicle 2 kiss 3 female genitals 4 ovary (of animals) 5 hernia
Bizkaian: potro 1, potxin, potxor 3
Gipuzkoan: potra-min 5
High Navarrese: pot 2
Low Navarrese: pot 2
Lapurdian: potro 1, pot 2
Baztanese: pottoin 4
Zuberoan: pot 2
Comments: Many etymologists attribute these words to Romance origin, but
extremely ancient and native words of this general form are found on every
continent, and there is no reason to think Bsq had to acquire them from outside.
Proto-Basque: *pus-ka
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: fart
Bizkaian: uzkar, uzker
Gipuzkoan: puzkar
High Navarrese: puzka, puzkar, puzker
Low Navarrese: puzka, puzkar, uzkar
Lapurdian: puzka, puzker, uzker
Zuberoan: loker
Roncalese: uzker, uzkar
Comments: Forms without initial p- influenced by *u=ski 'rear end, anus', or a blend?
This is a widespread expressive root, with parallels in IE *pezd-, and other language
families.
Proto-Basque: *śa- / *śe- / *-ś
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
198
Meaning: 1 uncle 2 father-in-law 3 parent(s) 4 great-grandparent 5 grand-daughter 6
grandson 7 grand-nephew 8 ancestor 9 great-uncle
Bizkaian: osa-ba 1, gura-so 3, asa-ba 8
Gipuzkoan: osa-ba 1, gura-so 3, asa-ba 8
High Navarrese: osa-ba 1, 2, bura-so 3, asa-ba 1, 9
Low Navarrese: osa-ba 1, bura-so 4, iloba-so 6, arba-so 8
Lapurdian: osa-ba 1, 2, bur(h)a-so 3, arba-so 8
Zuberoan: osa-ba 1, alhaba-so 5, seme-so 6, iloba-s 7, blrl-so 8
Roncalese: osa-ba 1
Comments: This prolific kinship morpheme seems to be related to PNC *=ɨ̆šwĔ 'son /
daughter' (originally with changing class prefixes, as still in some EC langs.). It is
probably present also in Bsq *śeme 'son', possibly a compound of *śe- + *hume 'child,
baby'; and BZK sein 'child'.
Proto-Basque: *śabe-l
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: belly
Bizkaian: sabel
Gipuzkoan: sabel
High Navarrese: sabel
Low Navarrese: sabel
Lapurdian: sabel
Baztanese: sabel
Zuberoan: sábe
Roncalese: sabel
Comments: Also BZK GIP ema-sabel 'womb' ('female-belly').
Proto-Basque: *śagar̄
Meaning: apple
Bizkaian: sagar
Gipuzkoan: sagar
High Navarrese: sagar
Low Navarrese: sagar
Lapurdian: sagar
Zuberoan: sagar
Roncalese: sagar
Comments: It is tempting to compare Bur. śuɣurí 'pear', Lezgi č:üχʷer 'pear', etc. (See
the note to PSC 475.)
199
Proto-Basque: *sagi / *-ski
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 moon 2 sun
Araban: igu-zki 2
Bizkaian: egu-zki 2
Gipuzkoan: egu-zki 2, igu-zki 2
High Navarrese: egu-zki 2, igu-zki 2
Salazarese: ila-ski 1
Lapurdian: egu-zki 2, igu-zki 2
Zuberoan: argi-oági ,
Roncalese: argi-oagi ,, (Uotzárr o) egú-zku 2
Comments: Compounds with *egu- and *hiɫa-, (q.v.).
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1 20
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *śagu
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: mouse
Araban: sagu
Bizkaian: sagu
Gipuzkoan: sagu
High Navarrese: sagu
Low Navarrese: sagu, (Aldude) sabu
Salazarese: sagu
Lapurdian: sagu
Baztanese: sagu
Aezkoan: sagu
Zuberoan: sagu
Roncalese: sagu
Comments: This word appears in compounds, e.g., sagu-zar 'bat' ('old mouse'), satitsu 'shrew' ('blind mouse'), etc.
Proto-Basque: *sahar̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: old, old person
Bizkaian: zaar, zar
200
Gipuzkoan: zar
High Navarrese: zar
Low Navarrese: zahar
Lapurdian: zahar
Baztanese: zagar
Zuberoan: oáhar
Roncalese: zar
Comments: Trask (1997) points out the apparent Aquitanian cognate SA.HAR. Cf.
PNC *swĕrhl 'old, year'.
Proto-Basque: *śa-ɦarde
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: t, large rake or harrow 2 rake 3 pitchfork (w/ 3 prongs) 4 pitchfork (w/ 2
prongs) 5 pitchfork (general) 6 (table-, dinner-) fork
Bizkaian: sarda 1, 5
Gipuzkoan: sarde 2, (Andoain) 4, 6
High Navarrese: sarda 1, sarde 2, (Goizueta) sarde 4
Low Navarrese: sarde 2
Salazarese: sardei 5
Lapurdian: saharde 2, (Sara, Ainhoa) 4, (Sara) 6, (Sara) sardeska 6
Baztanese: sarda 1, sarde 4
Zuberoan: sárde , , sardietza 6, (arc) sahartze 4
Roncalese: sarde 4
Comments: If Bsq *-ɦarde is related to PEC *jă[ ]ƛwV, the segment *śa- indicates some
kind of compound word (there is no Bsq prefix *śa-), perhaps a haplologic compound
with Bsq*śarha-tu 'to clear land', i.e. *śarha-ɦarde > *śáɦarde (?), suggested by the
meaning 'rake'. The oldest meanings denote various kinds of wooden implements,
with varying numbers of wooden prongs or tines, with 'dinner fork' being the most
recent. ZBR sardieta was apparently blended with Rom. (cf. Fr. fourchette).
Proto-Basque: *śai
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: vulture
Bizkaian: sai
Gipuzkoan: sai
Low Navarrese: sai
Zuberoan: sai
201
Comments: For convergent phonetic development, cf. Cham. ṣũj 'eagle',
Tsez cej 'eagle, vulture', etc. Bouda (1948) Bsq + Avar c̣:um, c̣:un 'eagle'.
Proto-Basque: *sain
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 vein 2 root (of plant) 3 nerve 4 root (of hair)
Araban: {çayna}
Bizkaian: zan 1
Gipuzkoan: oain (oaiñ) ,, , 4
High Navarrese: oain (oaiñ) ,, ,
Low Navarrese: zain 1, 2, 3
Lapurdian: zain 1, 2
Zuberoan: oãñ ,, ,
Roncalese: zain 1, 2, 3
Proto-Basque: *saka-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 rough, coarse, rude 2 lewd, immodest 3 crust (on skin), scab 4 scraps,
rubbish 5 husk (of wheat)
Bizkaian: zakar 1, 4
Gipuzkoan: zakar 1, 4
High Navarrese: zakar 3, 4
Low Navarrese: zakar 3
Salazarese: zakar 5
Lapurdian: zakhar 1, 3
Baztanese: zakar 1, 2
Zuberoan: oákhar
Roncalese: zakar 4, 5
Comments: The Bsq word is much like PY *sa(ʔ)kar- 'hard, tough' in form and
meaning.
Proto-Basque: *saki
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 tibia, shin-bone 2 nape 3 ham 4 lean part of bacon
Bizkaian: bernazaki, bernatzaki 1, urdantzaki 3, 4
Gipuzkoan: lepatzaki 2, urdantzaki 4
High Navarrese: lepazaki, lepatzaki 2
Low Navarrese: lepazaki 2
202
Lapurdian: bernazaki 1, lepazaki 2, (Ainhoa) bermatzaki 1
Baztanese: bernazaki 1, lepazaki 2
Zuberoan: lepazaki 2
Roncalese: lepazaki 2
Comments: Azkue interpreted *zaki (our *saki) as 'bone', appearing only in
compounds, here with *lepo 'neck', *urde 'pig', and berna 'calf (of leg)' (< Lat. perna).
Proto-Basque: *saku-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 dog 2 big dog 3 little dog, puppy
Bizkaian: txakur 1
Gipuzkoan: zakur 2, txakur 3, (Goierri) 1
High Navarrese: (Lezaka) zakur 1, 2, (Lezaka) xakur 3, txakur 3
Low Navarrese: xakur 3
Salazarese: zakur 2
Lapurdian: xakur 3
Baztanese: zakur 2, xakur, txakur 3
Zuberoan: tzxáklr
Roncalese: zakur 2, xakur 3
Comments: *čakur̄ / *šakur̄ was originally the diminutive form, but has lost that
connotation in some dialects and become the default word for 'dog'. With metathesis,
cf. Sp. cachorro'puppy', Port. cachorro 'dog' (hardly < Lat. catulus!).
Proto-Basque: *saɫhui
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: agile, quick, nimble
Gipuzkoan: zaloi, zauli
High Navarrese: zaloi, zauli
Salazarese: zaloi
Lapurdian: zalhui, zauli
Baztanese: zauli
Aezkoan: zalui, zaloi
Zuberoan: oá he
Proto-Basque: *śa e
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 net(work) 2 grill in front of manger 3 manger 4 sheepfold, barn
Bizkaian: sare, sale 1, 2, sal-etxe 4
203
Gipuzkoan: sare 1, saroi, sal-etxe 4, (Andoain) sarobe 4
High Navarrese: sare 1, 2, saroe, saroi 4, (Erroibar) sario 4
Low Navarrese: sare 1, 3, saroi 4
Salazarese: saure 4
Lapurdian: sare 1, (Ainhoa) saroi 4
Baztanese: sare 2
Aezkoan: sario 4
Zuberoan: sare ,, sarĩ 4
Roncalese: sare ,, sar ĩ 4
Comments: In compounds, e.g. BZK burdin-sare 'iron grill', etc. Words of the
type saroi, saroe, saure, sarobe are < *sar- + *ohe 'bed' (q.v.); sal-etxe, see Bsq *e=će 'house'.
Proto-Basque: *śama
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: neck, throat
Bizkaian: sama
Gipuzkoan: (sama)
Comments: Cf. PEC *š_VmV / *mVš_V 'edge, spine'. This word also occurs in
compounds: sama-ko min ‘angina’, sama-ste ‘gu etz’ (‘beginning f tzhe neck’), samazulo ‘gu etz’ (‘neck h e’), etzc. Aokue den tzes tzhis w rd as BZK, butz a s remarks tzhatz
the Gipuzkoan writer Joan Antonio Mogel (Moguel, 18th c.) used it.
Proto-Basque: *sama-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 fleece, shorn wool 2 zamarra (animal hide used as raincoat) 3 mane 4
(men's) jacket or vest 5 blouse 6 apron worn by reapers
Bizkaian: txamarra 6
Gipuzkoan: txamarra 6
Low Navarrese: xamar 5, (Amikuse, Hazparren) zamar 1, 2, (Baigorri) txamarra 5
Salazarese: zamar 2, txamarra 6
Lapurdian: xamar 5, (Ainhoa) txamar 5
Baztanese: zamar 1, 2, xamar 4
Zuberoan: oã́tmãr , , xã́tmãr 5
Roncalese: zamar 2, txamarra 6
Comments: *čamar̄(a) is a diminutive/expressive form of *samar̄, and the source of
Sp. chamarra 'wool or sheepskin jacket', etc.
Proto-Basque: *śami-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
204
Meaning: 1 bitter 2 pungent, piquant, spicy 3 hot-tempered, angry
Bizkaian: samin 1
Gipuzkoan: samin 1
Low Navarrese: samin 1, 2, 3
Salazarese: samin 3
Lapurdian: samin 1, 2
Baztanese: samin 2, 3
Zuberoan: samin 1, 2, 3
Comments: Aulestia & White cite the meanings: "n. pain, suffering, affliction. adj.
bitter, sour. adj. painful, offensive, bitter, angry." Cf. PNC *c̣ĕmhV ~ *c̣wĕnhV ‘sa tz’.
The semantzic re atzi n f ‘sa tz’ ~ ‘bitztzer’ ~ ‘s ur’ is c mm n: cf. Letztz. sūrs ‘sa tz(y),
bitztzer’, Litzh. sūrus ‘sa tz(y)’ ~ Eng. sour, and other examples.
Proto-Basque: *san-ko
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 leg 2 calf (of leg) 3 foot 4 paw 5 tibia 6 heel-bone 7 stalk, stem
Bizkaian: zanko 2, 7
Gipuzkoan: zanko, zango 2, 4, 7, zankar, zangar 5, 6
High Navarrese: zango 1, zangar 5
Low Navarrese: zango 1
Salazarese: zango 1
Lapurdian: zango 1, 3, zangar 4, 5
Baztanese: zango 3, zangar 5
Zuberoan: zankho 1, 2, 7
Roncalese: zanko 2, zankar 1
Comments: Apparently < PSC *sɨ̄́nŏ + (diminutive) *-ḳV. Bouda (1948) compared
Bsq zanko, zango + Lak s:an 'foreleg'. The commonly supposed derivation from Old
Persian zanga ‘ eg’ (REW, etzc.) is histz rica y and ge graphica y fancifu . As can be
seen, this word is deeply embedded in Bsq and apparently has a long history in the
language. Vasconic > Spanish > Italian is much more plausible.
Proto-Basque: *śapa-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 bramble, thicket 2 brush, undergrowth 3 kermes oak 4 scrub of evergreen
oak or holm oak 5 hedge, fence
Low Navarrese: sapar 1, saparr-ondo 1, (Amikuse) saphar 5
Salazarese: txaparro 4
205
Lapurdian: (Bardos) saphar 5
Roncalese: txapar 2, 3
Comments: A northeastern Bsq (Pyrenean) etymon. SAL and RNC forms with
expressive pa atza /č/. This w rd is tzhe s urce f Spanish chaparro 'low bushy
oak', chaparral 'oak thicket'.
Proto-Basque: *śaśi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 bramble, thorn 2 bramble bush, thicket
Bizkaian: sasi 1
Gipuzkoan: sasi 1
High Navarrese: sasi 1, 2
Low Navarrese: sasi 1
Lapurdian: sasi 1, 2
Comments: Oihenart (17th c.) cited the archaic Bsq form çarci = zarzi [sarsi]; Bsq
(Vasconic) is the likely source of Span. zarza, Port. sarça. These forms (and
Burushaski *ćhaṣ ‘bucktzh rn’) suggestz tzhatz tzhe w rd rigina y had tzw differentz
sibilants, later assimilated in most SC languages: Bsq *śarsi > *śaśi.
Proto-Basque: *saurnV
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: pus
Bizkaian: zorna
Gipuzkoan: zorne, zorna
High Navarrese: zorna
Low Navarrese: zorne
Lapurdian: zorne, (arc) zaurne, zaurna
Comments: The archaic form zaurna was recorded by Silvain Pouvreau (17th cent.).
Proto-Basque: *sede
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 boundary marker, landmark, cairn 2 limit, end, goal (material or moral)
Low Navarrese: zedarri, zedarre 1, xede 2
Lapurdian: zedarri 1, xede 2
Zuberoan: oedárri ,, xéde
Comments: A northern word, restricted to "French Bsq" dialects. Meaning 1 is a
compound of *sede + *hari 'stone' (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *seden
206
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 weevil (of wheat, maize) 2 wood worm, wood borer 3 pork worm
(Trichinella) 4 moth (larva)
Bizkaian: zeden 1, 2, zeren 2, 4, (Markina) zegen 2
Gipuzkoan: zeden 1, 3, (Andoain) zeren 1, (Ordizia) zegen 2
High Navarrese: zeden 3
Lapurdian: zeden 1, 3
Roncalese: zeden 1
Comments: The forms zeren and zegen are by irregular expressive changes, common
in words for insects and other small creatures.Cf. PNC *sindV 'a k. of insect' (moth,
tick, spider).
Proto-Basque: *śega-iɫa
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: goat (yearling)
Salazarese: segailla
Zuberoan: segeilla, segilla
Roncalese: segailla
Comments: *-iɫa is a diminutive suffx: cf. (BZK, ZBR) neskatilla (double diminutive
< *neśka-t-iɫa) '(little) girl', etc.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1 20
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *seɫHai
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 plain, flat land; flat (adj.) 2 field 3 ground 4 plaza, town square
Bizkaian: zelai 1, (Arratia) 3, (arc) 4
Gipuzkoan: zelai 1
High Navarrese: zelai 1, (Irun, Lezaka) 2
Low Navarrese: zelhai 1
Lapurdian: zelhai 1
Baztanese: zelai 1
Comments: Azkue explains: "zelai ... es más bien paraje an que camp ni prad ..."
'zelai is rather flat place than field or meadow', also used as the adjective 'flat, level',
exactly like PEC*ʒ_ǝ V.
Proto-Basque: *śe d -r̄
207
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: fagot, load of wood
Bizkaian: sendor
Lapurdian: seldor
Comments: The LAB w rd is m re precise y defined as "hao ó pi a de eña para hacer
carbón / meu e de b is qu' n tzransf rme en charb n." The c nnectzi n witzh funera
practices (cf. Dargi *c̣e t:a 'tombstone') is given by Tovar (1961): "[Iberian] <<s-e-l-dar>> on several tombstones corresponds very well to the Basque <<seldor>> ... as the
Iberians burned their dead." Cf. Bsq *sendl-r̄: These words have apparently
contaminated or merged.
Proto-Basque: *sen-[-bera]
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: soft cheese, cottage cheese, cream cheese
High Navarrese: (Etxalar) zenberun
Low Navarrese: zenbera, (arc) zenberauen
Salazarese: zenbera
Baztanese: zendereben, zenderen
Zuberoan: oenbéra
Roncalese: oénbra
Comments: An eastern Bsq word: the western counterpart is (BZK,
GIP) gaztanbera (see *gastana 'cheese', *gac 'salt'). This word *sen- is not related to
Bsq *e=śene ‘mi k’, as s me have tzh ughtz. This is sh wn by tzhe regu ar sibi antz
correspondences: PNC *ʒ́ = Bsq *s, but PNC *š = Bsq *ś.
Proto-Basque: *send -r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: load of firewood (destined for making charcoal)
Bizkaian: sendor
Gipuzkoan: zendor
Comments: Note that Bsq s [ś] and z [s] have merged in partzs f BZK. Cf. *śe d r̄
(491): both words have apparently merged or contaminated each other.
Proto-Basque: *senhe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: small. minute
Bizkaian: zee, ze
208
Gipuzkoan: zee, ze ~ xe, txe
High Navarrese: ze ~ xe
Low Navarrese: zehe ~ xehe, (Lezaka) xe
Salazarese: xe
Lapurdian: xehe
Baztanese: xe
Zuberoan: oẽ́thẽ ~ xẽ́thẽ
Roncalese: xẽ, (Vidáng o) xe
Comments: Cf. PEC *HVns_́V 'small' (by metathesis). There is a similar Bsq word that
means 'span', a homonym in some dialects: see Bsq *čehume.
Proto-Basque: *se-r
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: what
Bizkaian: zer, ze
Gipuzkoan: zer, ze
High Navarrese: zer, ze
Low Navarrese: zer
Salazarese: zer
Lapurdian: zer
Baztanese: zer
Aezkoan: zer
Zuberoan: zer, ze
Roncalese: zer
Comments: The short form *se is used in certain situations (see Azkue). From this
stem *se- other interrogative forms are derived, such as (c) zein 'which', ze-la 'how',
etc.
Proto-Basque: *ser̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 pig, hog 2 piglet
Araban: zarri-txo 2
Bizkaian: txarri 1
Gipuzkoan: txerri 1
High Navarrese: xerri ,, tzxerri ,, (G ñi) oerri ,
Low Navarrese: xerri 1
Lapurdian: zerri 1, xerri 1
Baztanese: zerri 1, xerri 1
209
Zuberoan: xerri 1
Comments: As with some other common Bsq words, the expressive/diminutive form
(xerri, txerri, txarri) tends to become the usual word.
Proto-Basque: *sesen
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: bull
Bizkaian: zezen
Gipuzkoan: zezen
High Navarrese: zezen
Low Navarrese: zezen
Lapurdian: zezen
Zuberoan: zezen
Roncalese: zezen
Comments: Cf. NC: Cham., Bagw. zin, Tind., Kar. zini, etc. 'cow' < PNC *=āmʒŬ. For
semantics of 'bull' < 'cow', cf. Proto-Nakh *jētt 'cow' < PNC *jǝ̄mcō 'bull'; PIE *gʷlu- >
'cow, ox, bull' in daughter languages..
Proto-Basque: *śić ~ *śać
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: moth
Bizkaian: sits
Gipuzkoan: sits, (Etxarri-Aranaz) sats
High Navarrese: (Lezaka) sats
Low Navarrese: (Aldude) sats
Comments: Cf. PNC *š_wĕʒV 'a k. of biting insect'. Sibilant harmony has operated on
the expected Bsq *śic (~ *śac). Bsq *śać 'ordure' is a homonym.
Proto-Basque: *siga-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: itch mite (arthropod: Sarcoptes scabiei)
Bizkaian: ziger, (Gernika) zigar, (Ispaster, Markina) zier
Gipuzkoan: zigar
Lapurdian: zigar
Comments: Cf. Span. cigarra 'cicada' (Hualde 1995), which resembles Bsq zigar in
form, though there is a vast physical difference between the large insect and the tiny
arthropod. Cigarra is ostensibly from Lat. cicada or cicala, butz tzhe tzri ed /r̄/ c u d
indicate some kind of influence from the Bsq word.
210
Proto-Basque: *siHi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 wedge 2 iron skewer, spit 3 frayed thread, lint 4 point 4 icicle 5 iron bar
with a point
Bizkaian: burdun-tzi 2, burrun-tzi 2, al-tzi 3, bur-tzi 5, (Txorierri) zii 1, zi 4
Gipuzkoan: burdun-tzi 2, (Goierri) al-tzi 3, (Berastegi, Gaintza) burrun-tzi 4
Comments: Contra Michelena (1961: 346, 413), who cited Bsq zihi as a variant of ziri,
in this analysis *siHi is etymologically distinct from *siri / *sil- 'peg, wedge',
etc., *siHi 'rush, reed', and*sini 'acorn' (q.v.). For compound elements
see *burdina 'iron',*ha[l]i 'thread'. The Bsq word could have been *sinHi, but there is
no evidence in this case from dialects with nasal vowels (ZBR, RNC).
Proto-Basque: *siHi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: rush, reed
Bizkaian: (Arratia, Orozko, Txorierri) zii, zi, (Durango, Gernika, Mañaria) oi
Comments: A western Bsq (BZK) etymon. Proto-Bsq could have been *sinHi, but
there is no evidence of nasal vowels in the extant forms (no BZK-arc or ZBR or RNC
forms). Phonetically similar to Bsq *siHi 'wedge, skewer', etc., but etymologically
distinct.
Proto-Basque: *sikirio
Meaning: rye
Bizkaian: zikirio
Gipuzkoan: zikirio
Comments: This resembles eastern Bsq zek(h)ale 'rye' < Latin sēca e, but the syllabic
structure is such that it cannot be a direct loan. The close phonetic and semantic
resemblance to Rutulsɨḳɨ , Tsakhur sɨḳɨĺ 'rye' is quite striking, but (according to
NCED) these are secondary formations from PEC *sū i, with the addition of a
diminutive suffix, and then metathesis (PL *s:l -Vḳ > *s:lḳl ). For the comparison with
Basque to be valid requires a parallel process in pre-Basque. Similar words are
widespread in western Eurasia (see the notes to PEC sū i). Latin sēca e‘rye’ is n tz
Indo-European either; cf. also Albanian thékërë ‘rye, grain’.
Proto-Basque: *sikiro
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 castrated ram 2 castrated goat 3 to castrate
Gipuzkoan: zikiro 1, zikira-tu 3
211
High Navarrese: zikiro 1
Low Navarrese: zikhiro 1, (Hazparren) zikite 2
Lapurdian: zikhiro 1, zikhira-tu, zikhita-tu 3
Baztanese: zikira-tu, zikita-tu 3
Proto-Basque: *sil
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 navel, umbilical cord 2 abdomen, paunch 3 penis 4 plumule (of a seed)
Bizkaian: oii , oi ,, 4, oi -b r , oi -b tz , (Oñatze) tzxi -bor 2
Gipuzkoan: ziil 1, txil-ko 1, txil-bor 1, zil-bor 2, (Andoain) zil 3
High Navarrese: txil-ko 1, txil-bur 1
Low Navarrese: (Aldude, Garazi) xil-ko 1, (Amikuse) xil-khoi 1
Lapurdian: xil-ko 1
Baztanese: xil-ko 1
Comments: Severa f rms exhibitz expressive pa atza ioatzi n f tzhe initzia /č/, /š/ and
the diminutive suffix *-ko. Some other Bsq words meaning 'paunch' or 'tallow' (gilbor,
bilgor, bilkor) are unrelated, but apparently have contaminated with zilbor, txilbor, etc.
Bengtson (Dhumbadji! 4.1, 1998) proposed a comparison of Bsq *sil with
Tabasaran c̣u 'navel' and Dargi č̣i ič̣a id., but it is problematic.
Proto-Basque: *si[l]i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 peg, wedge, pin (wooden) 2 stake, post, picket (used in making the stack
of wood for charcoal) 3 thin pole planted in the ground as an axis for a pile of wheat
4 thin pole in the ground as a marker 5 large pole for moving the stone in a limekiln
Bizkaian: ziri 1, zill-aga 2
Gipuzkoan: ziri 1, (Andoain) ziri 4
High Navarrese: ziri 1
Low Navarrese: ziri 1
Lapurdian: ziri 1, (Ainhoa) zirikaga 5
Baztanese: ziri 3
Zuberoan: ziri 1
Roncalese: ziri 1
Comments: The second segment of BZK zillaga and LAB zirikaga seems to
be *haga 'pole, rod' (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *siminca
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
212
Meaning: bedbug
Bizkaian: imutxa, (Mundaka, Mondragon) imintxa
Gipuzkoan: imutxa
Low Navarrese: (BN-Aldude, Garazi) zimitz
Lapurdian: (Gethari) zimintza
Baztanese: zimitz
Comments: Cf. also Bsq *čimiča; PNC *ǯimǯV 'biting insect'.
Proto-Basque: *sinagur̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: ant
Bizkaian: iñurri
Gipuzkoan: txingurri
Low Navarrese: xinaurri
Lapurdian: zinaurri
Zuberoan: lñhǘrri
Comments: GIP and BNV have diminutive palatalized forms. Mitxelena mentions the
GIP disparaging nickname Zingurri 'Ant'. BZK iñurri, ZBR üñhǘrri exhibit irregular
loss of initial /s/, or blended with a distinct initial element (?). Cf.
PNC *ʒHĔmVḳĂ 'ant'.
Proto-Basque: *since-r̄i / *sinci-ɫa
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 cow-bell 2 little bell 3 maize flower
Bizkaian: zinzarri 1, intxarri 2
Gipuzkoan: zinzarri, zintzarri 1, zinzerri, zintzerri 2, 3, txintxerri, txintxarri 2
High Navarrese: zinzarri, zintzarri 1
Low Navarrese: (Ostibarre) zintzila 1
Baztanese: txintxerri 2
Zuberoan: ointzoarri ,, tzoĩntzoárri ,, tzxĩ́tntzxa ,, tzxintzxi a, tzxintzx a ,, ointzxa
Roncalese: ointzoarri ,, (Uotzárr o) tzxintzxer-ko 1
Comments: As often in expressive words, ordinary (z-) and expressive (tx-) affricates
coexist. This word is the likely origin of Spanish cencerro 'cowbell'.
Proto-Basque: *[s]in[g]o
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: t, small hail 2 very fine snow 3 small dry snowflake
Bizkaian: txingor 1, (Gernika) txingo 3, edur-txingo 2
213
Gipuzkoan: txingor 1
High Navarrese: txingor 1
Comments: Aulestia & White cite: txingor ‘hai , hai stz rm’, txingor egin ‘tz
hai ’, txingorrada, txingorraldi ‘hai stz rm’. Ana yoed here witzh expressive pa atza
< *[s]in[g]o, and expressive /n/, as in Khwarshi zang-eru ‘hai ’.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1 20
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *si(n)ho
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 fat, grease, tallow 2 cover oneself with grease, (oil) to coagulate
Low Navarrese: ziho 1
Baztanese: zigo 1
Zuberoan: oíh ,
Roncalese: oĩa-tu 2
Proto-Basque: *sinV
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 acorn 2 acorn cup
Salazarese: zi 1, zii-kaxola 2
Baztanese: zii-kaxola 2
Zuberoan: oĩ ,, (Garaoi) oiĩ ,
Roncalese: oĩ ,, (Vidáng o) oiĩ ,
Comments: F r semantzics f Bsq ‘ac rn’ ~ PNC ‘fruitz’, cf. Eng. acorn ~ Old
Norse akarn ‘fruitz f wi d tzrees, mastz’, inc uding butz n tz restzrictzed tz ac rns ~
Gothic akarn ‘fruitz f tzhe fie d, harvestz’.
Proto-Basque: *siri-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 excrement (of birds) 2 dysentery 3 to have dysentery
Bizkaian: zirin 1
Gipuzkoan: zirin 1
Salazarese: zirin-du 3
Lapurdian: zirin-eri 2, zirin-du 3
Baztanese: zirin 1, zirin-eri 2, zirin-du 3
Zuberoan: zirin-eri 2, zirin-tzl
Roncalese: oirin-tzu , (Uotzárr o) oirin-eri 2
214
Comments: Azkue cites zirin 'diarrhea' as "c" (common Bsq).
Proto-Basque: *sirsu- > *sincu-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 throat 2 nape
Gipuzkoan: zintzur 1
High Navarrese: zintzur 1, zurzuil 2
Low Navarrese: zintzur, zinzur 1
Lapurdian: (Ainhoa) zintzur 1
Baztanese: zurzulo 2
Zuberoan: olntzolr ,, (Mau e) oursui
Roncalese: tzuntzur, txuntxur 1
Comments: Apparently *sirsu-r̄ > *sincu-r̄; *sirsu-lo > sursulo; Cf. PEC *ćwĭrs_V 'gullet'.
Or zurzulo could be by haplology < *sincur̄-suɫɦl 'throat-tube' (see *suɫɦl).
Proto-Basque: *sisa-li / *sisa-ni
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 worm 2 leech
Bizkaian: uzan 2
Gipuzkoan: zizari 1, txitxare 1, izaiñ, ioai
High Navarrese: oioari, oioare ,, ioaiñ, ioai , (E kan ) oirain
Low Navarrese: zizari 1, xixain 2, itxain 2
Salazarese: xixare 1
Lapurdian: zizari, zizare 1, xixain 2
Baztanese: zizari 1, xixari 1
Aezkoan: zirain 2
Zuberoan: oioari ,, xixari ,, oioein, oioeñ , xixain, xixein
Comments: In some but not all dialects the default form (zizari, zizare) denotes
'earthworm' and palatal forms (xixari, txitxare, etc.) denote intestinal worms. It is also
possible that all or some of the Bsq words are related instead to PEC *ǯimǯV (~
*ʒ́imʒ́V) ‘ eech; a bitzing insectz’, r tzhatz tzhe atztzer is an expressive variantz f PEC *sēmsā.
Proto-Basque: *sisVr̄ / *sistz r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 icicle 2 hail
High Navarrese: ziztor 1, zizor-ka 2
Low Navarrese: (Aldude) ziztor 1
Salazarese: ziztor 1
215
Baztanese: zizer-kora 2
Comments: Cf. PEC *sɨ̄rVsV 'hoar-frost, icicle'. Cf. Basque ziztor 'a special sausage
made for St. Thomas' day (Dec. 21)', (LAB) zizter 'chorizo, a kind of sausage',
probably based on shape like an icicle.
Proto-Basque: *soc
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: spigot, faucet
Bizkaian: zotz, upa-zotz
Gipuzkoan: zotz, upa-zotz, upa-txotx
Comments: Common Bsq *soc (zotz) ‘stzick, tz
tzhpick’. The westzern Bsq meaning ‘tzap,
spig tz’ is apparentz y a deve pmentz f ‘stzick (insertzed intz h e f a cask)’.
Apparently NC has preserved only the specialized meaning, though attested in only
three languages (Chechen, Lezgi, Kryz).
Proto-Basque: *s ha-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 clear, serene 2 clear sky 3 to clear (sky, weather)
Low Navarrese: zohar-di 2
Zuberoan: zohar 1, zohar-di 2, zohar-tzl
Comments: The Bsq-NC comparison requires metathesis such as *HúǯV ~ *ǯúHV =
Bsq *soha-. Note similar rhotic suffixes in Bsq *slha-ṙ ~ Udi mu=č̉:u-r.
Proto-Basque: *ś in
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 shoulder 2 (upper) back 3 midsection of pig (tenderloin) 4 garment,
vestment
Bizkaian: soin 1, 4, soin-buru 2, sor-buru 2
Gipuzkoan: soin 1, 4, sor-buru 2
High Navarrese: soin 1, 3, 4, soin-buru 2, soin-gain 1
Low Navarrese: s in ,, , s in-gain ,, s iñ-egi 1, soin-buru 2
Salazarese: soin 1, soin-buru 2
Lapurdian: soin 1, 3, 4, soin-buru 2, soin-gain 1
Baztanese: soin 1, soin-buru 2
Zuberoan: suin, suñ ,, , slñ-hegi 1
Roncalese: soin 1, 4, soin-buru 2, soin-gain 1
Comments: This word has a stem variant *ślr̄-: see BZK, GIP sor-buru (above)
and *ślr̄-ba[r]da (q.v.).
216
Proto-Basque: *solhi
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 luck, fortune 2 (propitious) moment 3 omen 4 ripe, mature 5 nimble,
agile, keen (sense) 6 sore, inflamed
Bizkaian: zori 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; zoli 4, 5, 6
Gipuzkoan: zori 1, 2, 4
High Navarrese: zori 1, 2, 4
Low Navarrese: zori 1, 2, 4
Lapurdian: zori 1, 2, zorhi 4
Zuberoan: oórhi ,,
Roncalese: zori 2, 4
Proto-Basque: *ś h
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 meadow 2 field 3 field (prepared for sowing) 4 aftergrowth, second
cutting (of grass, hay) 5 small plot or plaza where the youth gather to dance 6 estate,
farm
Araban: soro 6
Bizkaian: solo 3
Gipuzkoan: soro 2
High Navarrese: (Irun) soro 1
Low Navarrese: sorho 4
Lapurdian: sorho 1
Baztanese: soro 4, 5
Zuberoan: sórh ,
Comments: This word is usually thought to be a loanword from Lat. solum, but it is
phonetically and semantically distinct from the actual Bsq loanword zoru 'ground,
floor'. Cf. PNC*č_Häɫu 'earth, ground, sand' (31).
Proto-Basque: *ś r̄Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: shoulder
Bizkaian: sor-buru
Gipuzkoan: sor-buru
Lapurdian: sor-balda
Comments: Azkue cites sorbalda as common Basque, but dialects use various other
words for 'shoulder', cf. *ślin. It is also possible that *ślr̄- is a stem variant of *ślin.
217
Proto-Basque: *s r̄i
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 louse 2 tick
Bizkaian: zorri 1, lapa-zorri 2
Gipuzkoan: zorri 1, lapa-zorri 2
High Navarrese: zorri 1, lapa-zorri 2
Low Navarrese: zorri 1
Salazarese: zorri 1
Lapurdian: zorri 1
Baztanese: zorri 1
Aezkoan: zorri 1
Zuberoan: zorri 1
Roncalese: zorri 1
Comments: Rather surprisingly, there seems to exist no expressive/diminutive form,
which would be *xorri /š r̄i/ r *txorri /č r̄i/, depending up n dia ectz.
Proto-Basque: *s r̄ c
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 whetted, sharpened 2 shrewd, sly 3 severe, exacting
Bizkaian: zorrotz 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: zorrotz 1, 2
High Navarrese: zorrotz 1, 2
Low Navarrese: zorrotz 1, 3
Lapurdian: zorrotz 1, 3
Zuberoan: zorrotz 1, 2, 3
Roncalese: zorrotz 1
Comments: Cf. *l=r̄ac 'needle, pin', another configuration of the same root.
Proto-Basque: *s s ~ *š š
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: blackbird (Turdus merula)
Bizkaian: zozo
Gipuzkoan: zozo
High Navarrese: zozo
Low Navarrese: xoxo, (Aldude) zozo
Lapurdian: xoxo
Baztanese: zozo
218
Zuberoan: xoxo
Roncalese: xoxo
Comments: xoxo [š š ] is tzhe diminutzive/expressive variantz, genera ioed as tzhe
unmarked term in northeastern dialects. Cf. PNC *šVnšV / *čVnčV 'a kind of bird'
(Chechen šlrša 'thrush, blackbird', etc.).
Proto-Basque: *śu
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: fire
Bizkaian: su
Gipuzkoan: su
High Navarrese: su
Low Navarrese: su
Salazarese: su
Lapurdian: su
Baztanese: su
Aezkoan: su
Zuberoan: sl
Roncalese: su
Comments: An exceptional form with a fossilized class prefix is Araban itsu 'fire'
in itsu arri 'flint' < *i=ću har̄i 'fire stone' = (c) su(h)arri 'flint'.
Proto-Basque: *su
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: you (2nd person singular unmarked)
Bizkaian: zu
Gipuzkoan: zu
High Navarrese: zu
Low Navarrese: zu
Salazarese: zu
Lapurdian: zu
Baztanese: zu
Aezkoan: zu
Zuberoan: ol
Roncalese: zu
Comments: Vasconists agree that this pronoun was originally 2nd person plural,
changed to singular (polite) in present-day Bsq, following the spread of a "T-V
distinction" in western Europe. Some dialects (SAL, BNV-Garazi) also have a
219
palatalized variant xu [šu], "intermediate in familiarity between hi and zu" (Trask
1997: 96). A new 'you' (plural) has developed by the addition of the plural marker -k:
(c) zu-ek, etc. Cf. PNC *źwĕ 'you (2d p. plur. pron.)'.
Proto-Basque: *śudu-r̄
Meaning: nose
Bizkaian: sur, (Markina) suur
Gipuzkoan: sudur
High Navarrese: sudur, sugur
Low Navarrese: sudur
Salazarese: sudur
Lapurdian: sudur
Zuberoan: sldlr
Roncalese: sudur
Comments: So far this word has eluded any firm external cognate. Speculatively, cf.
PEC šHīwṭV 'whistle, reed-pipe', if Bsq *śudu-r̄ resulted from a jocular or slangy
usage, analogous to English whistle in "wet one's whistle," i.e. 'throat'.
Proto-Basque: *śuge
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: snake
Bizkaian: suge, (Lekeitio, Ubidea) sube
Gipuzkoan: suga, (Iziar) sube
High Navarrese: suge, sube
Low Navarrese: suge, (Aldude) sube
Lapurdian: suge
Zuberoan: slge
Roncalese: suge
Proto-Basque: *suɫɦ
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 hole 2 cave 3 make holes, dig holes 4 hollow, gully
Bizkaian: zulo, zilo, zillo 1, zulotu, zilotu 3, (Aulestia) sulo 1
Gipuzkoan: zulo 1
High Navarrese: zulo 1, ziloka 2, xillotu 3, (Goizueta) zolo 1
Low Navarrese: zulho, zilho 1, ziloka 2, zilotu, xillotu 3, (Isturitze) ziloka 4
Salazarese: zilo, zillo 1
Lapurdian: zulho, zilho, xilho 1, ziloka 2, zilotu, zilhatu 3
Baztanese: ziloka 4
220
Zuberoan: oi , xi
,, oi ka , oi a(tzl)
Roncalese: xillo 1, xillotu 3
Comments: The diminutive/expressive forms xilo, xillo, etc. have become usual in
ZBR and RNC. As noted by Mitxelena, medieval place names have only zulho or zulo,
thus the oldest form is postulated to have been *suɫɦl. This is a component of
compounds such as (GIP) ipurt-zulo 'anus', eztar-zulo 'pharynx', (ZBR) südürxí l 'nostril', etc. Cf. Lezgi sulu-r 'throat'.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1 20
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *sul
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: wood, timber, lumber
Bizkaian: zur, (Arratia, Orozko) zul
Gipuzkoan: zur
High Navarrese: zur
Low Navarrese: zur
Salazarese: zur
Lapurdian: zur
Baztanese: zur
Aezkoan: zur
Zuberoan: zur
Roncalese: oũr
Comments: Primary form was originally *sul, with definite article *sul-a, which
regularly became /sura/, from which a new base form /sur/ developed, written zur,
except in parts of BZK, which retained /sul/ = zul.
Proto-Basque: *sumhV
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 a kind of elm tree 2 grove 3 a kind of willow or osier 4 a kind of oak
(kermes)
Bizkaian: zumar 1, zumetz 3, zumalakar 3, zumel 4
Gipuzkoan: zumar 1, zumaldi 2, zumalikar, zumalakar 3,
High Navarrese: zumar 1, zumalakar 3, (Narbarte) zuar 1, zumarika 3
Low Navarrese: zuhar 1, zumarika 3
Salazarese: zugar 1, basa-zume 3, ur-zume 3
Lapurdian: zuhar 1, zumarika, zumelika, zumalakar 3, (Ainhoa) basa-zume 3
221
Baztanese: zuar 1
Zuberoan: oǘnhar ,, oume
Roncalese: basa-zume 3, ur-zume 3
Proto-Basque: *sunda
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 odor, stench 2 sniff(ing), smell(ing) 3 burnt (smell and taste)
Bizkaian: sunda 1, (Txorierri) zunda 1, (Arratia, Gernika, Markina) gar-zunda 3
Comments: The probable PEC cognate is *sHwinṭV ‘snuff, sme , sn tz’, tz which we
would expect Bsq *sund-. N tze tzhatz /s/ and /ś/ have merged in m stz f BZK. Aokue
cites the compounds lizun-sunda 'moldy smell' (as in a long-closed room), izerdisunda 'odor of sweat', zunda dabil 's/he goes about sniffing'.
Proto-Basque: *suri
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: white
Bizkaian: zuri
Gipuzkoan: zuri
High Navarrese: zuri
Low Navarrese: zuri
Salazarese: zuri
Lapurdian: zuri
Baztanese: zuri
Aezkoan: zuri
Zuberoan: oúri
Roncalese: zuri
Comments: The expressive palatal variant xuri /šuri/ is a s widespread, esp. in tzhe
East (BNV,LAB, ZBR) = GIP txuri /čuri/. In s me dia ectzs tzhe expressive f rm has
supplanted the unmarked form in everyday use.
Proto-Basque: *-sur̄in (in *gu tz-sur̄in)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: kidney
Bizkaian: kuntzurrun, guntzurrun, (Araba) gultzurrun
Gipuzkoan: gultzurrin, gultzurdun, gultzurdin, geltzurrin, giltzurrin
High Navarrese: giltzurdin, gultxurrun, (Lezaka) giltzurrin, (Esteribar) giltzurrun
Low Navarrese: giltzurdin, (Aldude) giltzurrin
Salazarese: giltzurrin, giltzurrun, giltzurdin
222
Lapurdian: geltzurrin, giltzurrin
Baztanese: gultxurrin
Zuberoan: gl tzolrrln
Roncalese: giltzurrin, be tzoarrún, be tzourrún, be tzxurrin, (Uotzárr o) be tzourrin
Comments: A bewildering array of variants, of which we think the first element is
originally *gult- (q.v.) = PEC *kwɨ ṭV. There are severa sec ndary ‘f k-etzym
gica ’
associations with*urdin ‘b ue, gray’, *gilc ‘j intz’, and *belc ‘b ack’ (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *susen, *sin
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 right, correct 2 right(s), justice 3 oath 4 true, faithful
Bizkaian: zuzen 1
Gipuzkoan: zuzen 1, zin 3
High Navarrese: zuzen 1, 2
Low Navarrese: zuzen 1, 2, zin 3
Lapurdian: zuzen 1, 2, zin 3, 4
Zuberoan: oǘoen ,, , oĩn
Roncalese: zuzen 1
Comments: The root *sin is also found in the verb *sin-eući 'to believe' (EB sinetsi).
Proto-Basque: *śuś-ke-r̄
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: lizard
Bizkaian: muskar, musker
Gipuzkoan: muskar, musker
Low Navarrese: suskandela
Salazarese: musker
Lapurdian: musker, (arc) {xuxquerrua} /šušker̄ua/
Zuberoan: sǘsker, slskhándera
Roncalese: musker
Comments: Analyzed here as root *śuś- (= PNC *čVrčV / *č̣Vrč̣V 'lizard, snake, worm')
+ diminutive/expressive *-ke + fossilized plural marker *-r̄. Some of the Bsq forms also
have an expressive prefix *m=. For *kandela, see *linda(ra) 'lizard'.
Proto-Basque: *śuśtz(V)r(V)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 root 2 stubble (of crops) 3 sting, prick (of snake) 4 foundation, origin
Bizkaian: sustrai, zustrai 1, sustar, suster 1, 2, 3
223
Gipuzkoan: sustrai 1, 4
High Navarrese: sustrai 1
Comments: A western Bsq isogloss. Cf. sirats 'nerve, vein, tendon' (Trask 1995; not in
Azkue with this meaning). The BZK form zustrai is anomalous (not having the usual
assimilation of sibilants) - influenced by *sul 'wood, tree'?
Proto-Basque: *susun
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: aspen, poplar
Bizkaian: zuzun
Comments: Cf. PNC *swɨ̆nē 'barberry, currants', reduplicated in Bsq *susun (cf.
Lak sus < *suns). The Bsq-NC semantzic c mm na itzy is ‘tzree r shrub witzh
berries’: Populus bears brown or reddish male fruit (catkins).
Proto-Basque: *sutik
Meaning: (be) erect, standing (with auxiliary verb)
Bizkaian: zutik
Gipuzkoan: zutik
High Navarrese: xutik
Low Navarrese: xutik
Lapurdian: xutik
Zuberoan: xltzi
Roncalese: zutik
Proto-Basque: *takSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: heel (of shoe)
Bizkaian: takoi
Gipuzkoan: takoi
Lapurdian: takoin
Comments: *tak-hoin is a compound with *hoin 'foot', thus originally 'back of foot'.
Span. tacón and Port. tacãl have no Latin etymology and likely come from Vasconic.
Proto-Basque: *tako, *taket
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 stake, post 2 circular piece of wood
Bizkaian: taket 1, tako 2
Gipuzkoan: taket 1
High Navarrese: taket 1
224
Comments: Aulestia & White cite taket 'stake, wedge, block, chock, stopper' (adj.
'stupid'); tako 'wedge, block, chock, stopper'. Spanish taco is of obscure origin,
probably < Vasconic.
Proto-Basque: *tala
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: twig, young branch
Low Navarrese: tara, talika
Zuberoan: talika
Proto-Basque: *tanka ~ *tanko
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 drop (of liquid) 2 a little (bit) 3 a moment
Bizkaian: (Arratia, Orozko, Txorierri) tanga 1, (Arratia, Orozko) tanka 2, (Arratia,
Galdakano, Mundaka) tango 2, (Arratia, Galdakano) 3
Zuberoan: tanka 1
Roncalese: (Uotzárr o) tzanka ,
Comments: A relic etymon, preserved only at the western (BZK) and eastern (ZBR,
RNC) peripheries.
Proto-Basque: *tanta ~ *tanto
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 drop (of liquid) 2 dripping, drop-by-drop 3 dung pellets (as of goats) 4
gutter, eaves-trough
Bizkaian: tanta 1, tantaka 2
Gipuzkoan: tanto 1, tantaka 2, (Burunda) tanta 1
High Navarrese: tantaka 2
Low Navarrese: (Hazparren, Garazi) tanto 3
Lapurdian: (Ainhoa) tanto 3
Baztanese: tanta 1
Roncalese: tanto 3
Proto-Basque: *tantai
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 wild tree 2 large log or branch 3 mast (of a ship)
Bizkaian: tantai 1
Gipuzkoan: tantai 1, 2, 3
High Navarrese: tantai 1, 2, 3
225
Low Navarrese: tantai 1
Lapurdian: tantai 1
Proto-Basque: *tini
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 top, summit (of hill, mountain) 2 tip, extremity (e.g. of maize) 3 treetop
Low Navarrese: thin 1, thini 2, (Amikuse) thini 1
Zuberoan: thini 1, 2, 3
Proto-Basque: *tintV
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 uvula 2 glands hanging from a goat 3 earring
Lapurdian: tintola 1, tintilla 2
Roncalese: tintilla 2, 3
Comments: Note the similar expressive suffixes, e.g. Bezhta ṭlṭi-lo 'pimple' ~
Bsq tinto-la 'uvula', etc.
Proto-Basque: *ti-pi, *ti-nSino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 small, little 2 a little 3 a tiny bit
Bizkaian: tin-gi 2, tintin 3
Low Navarrese: (Amikuse) ttipi 1
Lapurdian: txipi 1, (Ainhoa) tipi 1
Baztanese: tipi, ttipi 1
Zuberoan: ttipi, txipi, xipi 1
Comments: See the note to *čiki.
Proto-Basque: *tor-to
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: bud (of a flower); compact bunch or cluster of roots or branches
Bizkaian: torto
Comments: Analyzed here as root *tlr̄- (cf. Lezgi ṭur 'bud, twig, pimple') +
[diminutive] *-to. Cf. Bsq * aś-to 'straw', *ɦlrś-to 'leaf'.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1 20
Forward: 1
Proto-Basque: *tz śka
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
226
Meaning: kaolin (fine white clay used in producing porcelain)
Bizkaian: toska
Gipuzkoan: toska
High Navarrese: toska
Low Navarrese: thoska
Lapurdian: thoska
Zuberoan: thoska
Roncalese: toska
Proto-Basque: *tu
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 spittle, saliva 2 drop (of liquid)
Araban: tu 1
Bizkaian: txu 1
Gipuzkoan: to 1, itoi 2
High Navarrese: tu 1
Low Navarrese: thu 1
Lapurdian: thu 1
Baztanese: ttu 1
Zuberoan: tzhl ,
Roncalese: tu 1
Comments: Cf. also SinoCauc *tUKV 'spittle, saliva'.
Proto-Basque: *tuka
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: spitting
Low Navarrese: tzhuka, (Amikuse) tzlka
Lapurdian: thuka
Baztanese: tuka
Comments: Related to Bsq *tu 'spit(tle)', but this is an old formation, parallel to
PY *du(ʔ)K, PST *thok, ND *tuχ.
Proto-Basque: *tuntun
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: small drum, tambourine
Bizkaian: tuntun
Gipuzkoan: tuntun
227
High Navarrese: tuntun
Low Navarrese: tuntun
Lapurdian: tuntun
Comments: Similar expressive words are widespread, not only in NC but also in
other Eurasian languages, e.g. Japanese tsuzumí 'drum' < *tuntumi.
Proto-Basque: *tupV
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 barrel, cask 2 pot, kettle 3 copper
Bizkaian: topina 2
Gipuzkoan: tupi 2, tupiki 3
High Navarrese: tupin 2
Low Navarrese: tupin, tupina 2, dupha 1, (Baigorri) dupa 1
Salazarese: dupa 1
Lapurdian: tzupin, tzupina, tzupiña , (Ainh a) dupa ,
Zuberoan: tzlpa, tzhlpe ,, tzhipíña
Roncalese: tupin 2
Comments: It is difficult to sort out native words (related to PNC *ṭāpV) vs. Romance
w rds. Trask (EDB 50) has tzhe Bsq w rds “fr m Gasc. toupin id. or a related Rom.
form. {Occ. topinid.}." According to REW (8788) it is attested in French toupu,
toupon ‘tz p’ (tz y), Swiss-French tlpẽ, tupẽ ‘eartzhen p tz; c wbe ’, Pr v. tlpí,
Cat. tupí ‘eartzhen p tz’. The w rds are citzed under tzhe heading OHG topho ‘Kreise ;
T pf’, butz tzhe autzh r castzs d ubtz n High German pr venance n ph netzic gr unds.
Could it not just as likely have been a Vasconic word that left traces in surrounding
Rom. and Gmc. languages?
Proto-Basque: *tutu
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 horn, bugle 2 spout, neck (of a jar) 3 feeding tube, feeding bottle 4 vulva 5
anus
Bizkaian: tutu 4, 5, tuturuta 1
Gipuzkoan: tutu 1, 5, tuturutu 1
High Navarrese: tutu 1, 2, 3, tuturutu 1
Low Navarrese: tutu 1
Lapurdian: tutu 1, 3
Zuberoan: tzltzltz ,
Roncalese: tuturutu 1
228
Comments: Orig. 'tube, tubelike organ'. Above are some of many meanings. A widely
spread onomatopoeic word.
Proto-Basque: *u-dagera
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: otter
Bizkaian: ugabere, ubagara, (Orozko, Ubidea) ubegara, (Gernika) ugadera,
(Mundaka) uagara, (Markina) igarabi, (Lekeitio) igarabire, (Mondragon) igeribei
Gipuzkoan: (Andoain, Zumaya) igabera
High Navarrese: igaraba, (Leiza) iyabera
Salazarese: uragre
Lapurdian: udagara, (Ainhoa) ugadera, (arc) uhadera
Baztanese: ubadera
Aezkoan: uragre
Zuberoan: lgadera
Comments: The numerous variants show metathesis and folk etymology
(ugabere 'water animal': cf. *a=bele). External comparison suggests *u-dagera is
probably original (*u- for *hur'water').
Proto-Basque: *ug-ac
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 (female) breast, teat 2 mother's milk 3 step-(-parent, -child) 4 god-(parent, -child) 5 foster- (-parent) 6 groomsman / bridesmaid 7 master, boss
Bizkaian: ugatz 1, 2, ugaz- 3, ugazaba 7
Gipuzkoan: ugatz 2, ugaz- 3, ugazaba 7
High Navarrese: ugaz- 3
Low Navarrese: ? ugatz 1
Lapurdian: ugatz 1
Baztanese: ugaz- 3
Zuberoan: eglo-3, 4, 5, 6
Comments: In compounds (B, G, AN) ugaz-aita, ugaz-ama, ugaz-[s]eme, ugazalaba ‘stzep-father, -mother, -son, -daughtzer’; in Z witzh metzatzhesis f v we s: egüz-áita,
egüz-ámã, egüts-[s]éme, egüz-a hába, etc.; (B, G) ugazaba ‘b ss, mastzer’ < *ugac + *aśaba 'ancestor', per Mitxelena. Bsq *ug(a)- = PEC *wHenχa is quite phonetically regular:
for Bsq *u- = PNC *wHV- cf. Bsq *urde ‘pig’ (q.v.) ~ PNC *wHārƛ̣wǝ id.; and for Bsq *g- = PNC *-nχ-, cf. Bsq *lega- ‘grave ’ (q.v.) ~ PEC *ƛ̣ănχwV ‘c bb estz ne(s)’, and tzher
examples.
Proto-Basque: *ugeri / *ugel
229
Meaning: to swim
Bizkaian: uger (egin)
High Navarrese: (Esteribar) igerikatu
Low Navarrese: igeri (egin), igerikatu
Lapurdian: igeri (egin)
Zuberoan: igeri (egin), ige(r)iska, igexka, igerikatu
Comments: Stem variant *ugel in forms such as igelari, igelduru 'swimmer'. Some
relationship with the word for 'frog': *uger- / *ugel ?
Proto-Basque: *u-hain
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 wave (in water), flow, current 2 to have edema, dropsy 3 edema, dropsy
Lapurdian: uhin 1, uhan-tu 2, uhan-tura 3
Zuberoan: lhaiñ, lhañ ,
Comments: The usual interpretation of this word as *hur 'water' + *gain 'top' is both
semantically and phonetically improbable, especially in view of the words that mean
'edema, dropsy'.
Proto-Basque: *ulce
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: (metal) nail, carpenter's nail
Araban: ilze
Bizkaian: untze, (Angioza, Markina) ultze
Gipuzkoan: iltze
High Navarrese: (Esteribar) itze
Low Navarrese: itze
Salazarese: itze
Lapurdian: itze
Baztanese: itze
Zuberoan: ítzoe
Roncalese: itze
Proto-Basque: *u er̄Meaning: 1 understand, comprehend 2 suspect, foresee 3 perceive, feel, sense
Bizkaian: uler-tu 1, 2
Gipuzkoan: uler-tu 1, 3
Comments: A verb derived from PSC *ʡwĭ ʡí 'eye'. For the formation with *-r, cf.
Archi lur 'eye', with a fossilized plural marker (< PLezgian *ʔʷi -er 'eyes'). Comparison
suggested by G. Starostin. Cf. also Bsq *le-t-(hagin) 'eye-tooth, canine tooth'.
230
Proto-Basque: *u=se-n / *hic
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 name 2 word
Bizkaian: uzen, izen, ixen 1
Gipuzkoan: izen 1, itz 2
High Navarrese: izen 1, itz 2
Low Navarrese: izen 1, hitz 2
Lapurdian: izen 1, hitz 2
Zuberoan: izen 1, hitz 2
Roncalese: izen 1, itz 2
Comments: According to Azkue the form uzen 'name' is restricted to 4 villages in B:
Arratia, Bermeo, Orozko, Txorierri. Bsq *u=se-n and *hic (and the verb *e=śa-n 'say,
tell') seem to be different permutations of the same PSC root, *=ēmcŪ.́
Proto-Basque: *upel / *upe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 barrel 2 cask 3 vat 4 stave (of barrel) 5 cooper 6 wine cellar, warehouse of
casks 7 spigot, faucet (of cask)
Bizkaian: upa, upe 1, 2, 3, upel, upela 1, 2, upol 4, upa-zotz 7
Gipuzkoan: upela-gile 5, (Ernani) upela-tegi 6, upa-zotz, upa-txotx 7
High Navarrese: (Lezaka) upela-gile 5, upela-tegi 6
Comments: A southwestern Bsq word; the northeast prefers *tupV (q.v.) with some of
the same meanings. *upe(l), *tupV, and Romance words derived from Lat. cūpa have
blended to some extent in Bsq, so much so that some etymologists have conflated
them, with alternating initials (or none) (!) . BNV, LAB dupel 'cask' looks like a blend.
Proto-Basque: *urdail
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 stomach 2 abomasum 3 womb 4 stomach ache (in men) 5 gall, bile
Bizkaian: urdail 1, 2, 3, (Mondragon, Oñatze) urdabi ,, (Zig itzia)
Gipuzkoan: urdail 1, 3
High Navarrese: urdail 1
Low Navarrese: (Aldude) urdail 4
Lapurdian: urdail 1, (Ainhoa) 4
Baztanese: urdail 4
Zuberoan: urdai 1, urdal-min 5
231
Comments: S.A. Starostin reconstructed PSC *=ɨ̄́rŁV ‘stz mach, be y’; tzhe Bsq w rd
may be from this stem with the fossilized class prefix *u= and the suffix -(i)l, frequent
in body part terms: cf. Bsq *śabe-l ‘be y’, (AN) zurzu-il ‘nape’, etzc., tzhus *u=rda-il. Any
association with Bsq *urde ‘pig’ (q.v.) must be secondary.
Proto-Basque: *urde
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: pig, swine
Bizkaian: urde
Gipuzkoan: urde
High Navarrese: urde
Low Navarrese: urde
Lapurdian: urde
Zuberoan: úrde
Roncalese: urde
Comments: Bsq ordots ~ ordotx ~ ordotz 'boar' (cited as "common" Bsq by Azkue) seems
to be a haplologic compound of *urde + *lrlć ‘ma e anima ’ (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *urdi-n, *burdina (or *b=urdina)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 blue 2 gray (haired) 3 turbid, murky (water) 4 mold, mildew 5 dirty 6
fine, satiny (tint) 7 iron
Araban: burnia 7
Bizkaian: urdin ,, , 4, 6, burdiña, burriña 7, (arc) burnia, burdĩa 7
Gipuzkoan: urdin 1, 2, burnia 7
High Navarrese: urdin ,, , 4, burdiña, burriña 7
Low Navarrese: urdin ,, , 4, 5, burdina, burdiña 7
Salazarese: urdin , 5, burriña, burña 7
Lapurdian: urdin 1, 2, burdina 7
Baztanese: burdine 7
Aezkoan: burdina 7
Zuberoan: urdin ,, , , blrdǘña 7
Roncalese: urdin ,, , , 5, burduña, burruña, burña 7
Comments: The connection of 'blue' and 'iron' is also found in PNC *nHǟƛ̣_wV̆ 'blue;
(blue metal) > iron', in this analysis cognate (by metathesis) with the Bsq words here.
Proto-Basque: *urin
Meaning: 1 fat, grease, butter 2 sap, juice 3 resin, gum (of tree)
High Navarrese: urin 1
232
Low Navarrese: urin 1
Salazarese: urin 3
Lapurdian: urin 1, 2
Baztanese: urin 2
Zuberoan: úrin ,
Roncalese: urin 1
Comments: This word is often conflated in etymologies with *gurhi 'butter, grease'
(q.v.), but the coexistence of gu(r)hi and ú(r)in in Zuberoan shows that the words are
etymologically distinct. The SAL meaning 'resin, gum' also points to distinct origin
of *urin, for which an external cognate is still unkown.
Proto-Basque: *urte
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: year
Bizkaian: urte
Gipuzkoan: urte
High Navarrese: urte
Low Navarrese: urthe
Salazarese: urte
Lapurdian: urthe
Baztanese: urte
Aezkoan: urte
Zuberoan: úrtzhe
Roncalese: urte
Comments: A good phonetic and semantic match with Avar uƛ̣i-sa 'last year' and
similar Tsezian words.
Proto-Basque: *usta
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 harvest 2 July (month)
Gipuzkoan: uzta 1, 2
High Navarrese: uzta 1, 2, uztail 2
Low Navarrese: uzta 1, uztail 2
Lapurdian: uzta 1, uztail 2
Zuberoan: lotza ,, lotzai a
Roncalese: uzta 1
Comments: Some of the words are a compound of *usta + *hil 'month' (q.v.). Bouda
(1948) compared Bsq + Lak =uca-, etc.
233
Total of 663 records 34 pages
Pages: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Back: 1 20
Proto-Basque: *uśu
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 pus, matter 2 serum (of blood) 3 serous fluid 4 soreness, inflammation
Low Navarrese: (Hazparren) usu 1, 2, (Aldude) usi 4, (Garazi) usi 3
Zuberoan: lsl , lsi
Comments: A northern Bsq isogloss. Cf. PNC *ɦ[a]mʒ_ū 'saliva, mucus, herpes':
Lak uInc̣u 'snot', etc..
Proto-Basque: *uɫhe
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 hair 2 wool
Araban: ule, ille 1
Bizkaian: ule, ulle, uille 1
Gipuzkoan: i e [iĺe] ,
High Navarrese: ile 1, 2, (Elkano) elle 1, 2
Low Navarrese: ilhe, ile 1, 2, (Aldude) ille 1
Salazarese: ille 1, 2
Baztanese: ille 1, 2
Aezkoan: eile 1, 2
Zuberoan: í he
Proto-Basque: *Vr̄dV
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 come (ye)! (2nd pers. pl.) 2 go! (2nd pers. sg.)
Bizkaian: erdu 1
Zuberoan: orde-ol
Comments: Cf. PNC *=ǝ̄_rƛŬ 'to go, walk, enter'. The BZK and ZBR words, at each
extreme of the Bsq territory, may represent sporadic survivals of a verb otherwise
lost. Cf. the NC imperatives: Tind., Cham. ƛ:e 'come, come on!'; Lak ulu 'let's go!'.
Total of 663 records 34 pages
234