Anatomy & Physiology Unit 2 Test Review Sheet
Chapters 2 & 3
Name______KEY_________________Hr___
Chapter 2
1. List the six most common elements in the human body. What are the three most common?
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorous
3 most common: Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen
2. What determines if a solution is acidic or basic? Which ions form in each type of solution?
If a solution contains more hydrogen (H+) ions, it is acidic. If a solution contains more hydroxide (OH-)
ions, it is basic.
3. Define pH. Describe the range of pH values.
pH is the scale used to measure the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. 0-6.99 = acidic, 7 =
neutral, 7.01-14 = basic.
4. What are organic compounds? How do they differ from inorganic compounds?
Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon within their structures, such as proteins,
lipids, carbohydrates, etc. Inorganic compounds, such as H2O, differ because they do not contain
carbon.
5. Describe acids and bases and explain the role of buffers. (remember the Blood pH & Buffers lab)
Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. Bases are substances that
accept hydrogen ions and/or release hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution. A buffer is a substance or
substances that help to stabilize the pH of a solution (prevent pH changes). One basic buffer in human
blood is bicarbonate that helps prevent pH changes in the blood.
6. Water is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body. Explain the four properties of water that make
it useful to the human body.
A. High Heat capacity – prevents sudden changes in body temperature
B. Polarity/Universal solvent – excellent at dissolving solutes and creating solutions. Important
for acid/base neutralization, and for electrolytes, and for movement of digested material.
C. Chemical reactivity – important in hydrolysis (breakdown) reactions, water is added to ends of
larger molecule.
D. Cushioning – water helps create CSF or cerebrospinal fluid to cushion the brain from physical
trauma, also makes up amniotic fluid to protect baby in mother’s body.
7.
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Fill in the blanks with the various types of organic compounds found in cells:
Carbohydrates (Examples: monosaccharides, _disaccharides__ and _polysaccharides__)
____Lipids_____ (Examples: Triglycerides, phospholipids and __steroids___)
Proteins (Examples: _____enzymes____, ____keratin____ and collagen)
___Nucleic_ __Acids_______ (Examples: DNA and ____RNA_____)
8. How does each group of organic compounds above function in the body (major roles)?
 Carbohydrates : short term energy storage, cell structure, cell communication

Proteins : cell structure, regulates growth/development (hormones), antibodies (immune
system), transport, catalysts (enzymes)

Lipids : long term energy storage, protection, insulation, component of cell membranes, form
steroids/ hormones

Nucleic Acids : genetic material/blueprint for life, directs growth & development, dictates
protein structure
9. Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for chemical reactions and why they are important in the body.
Enzymes act as catalysts by increasing the rate of chemical reactions in the body without becoming
part of the product or being itself changed. When the substrate (reacting molecule) is bound to the
active site of the enzyme, it undergoes structural changes that result in a new product.
10. Define Acidosis and Alkalosis and give examples of causes of each (use your glossary and index to help
you!)
Acidosis—a condition in which the blood has an excess of hydrogen ions and a decreased pH. Causes:
too much carbon dioxide, lung disease, kidney disease, diabetes, dehydration, etc,
Alkalosis—a condition in which the blood has a lower hydrogen ion concentration than normal, and an
increased pH. Causes: too little carbon dioxide in the body, lung disease, liver disease, lack of oxygen
11. All enzymes are examples of what type of organic molecule? ______proteins___________________
12. All enzyme names generally end in what suffix? ____-ase________________
13. Which organic molecule is used for short term energy storage? ________carbohydrates________________
14. Many carbohydrate names end in what suffix? ______-ose_____________
15. Which organic molecule is used for long-term energy storage? ___lipids_________________________
16. Which organic molecule is used as the base for building cholesterol and many steroids? ____lipids________
17. Which organic molecule is used for genetic material? _____nucleic acid_______________
Chapter 3 and Lab Handouts
18. Cells in several layers are said to be ________stratified___________________
19. Cells in single layers are said to be ______simple______________________
20. Epithelial cells that are taller than wider are called ________columnar_______________________
21. Another name for fatty tissue is __________adipose_____________________
22. Flat epithelial cells are called ___________squamous____________________
23. Involuntary muscle tissue that is unstriated would be called _________smooth muscle_________________
24. Muscle tissue which is striated but involuntary would be called ______cardiac muscle__________________
25. Most connective tissues are well vascularized, meaning they have a good blood supply. Which connective
tissues represent an exception? ___dense connective (tendons & ligaments)_________________________
26. What are the functions of adipose tissue? ___Stores fat, Protection of some organs, Protects the body
from extremes of heat and cold_( Insulates the body)
27. The thin epithelium that lines a blood vessel or an air sac in the lungs (alveoli) is called: _____simple
squamous__________________________
28. The major type tissue that covers the body surfaces, lines its cavities and forms glands is the
______epithelial_________ tissue.
29. Which one of the following list of cells is not a type of epithelial cell?
a) Stratified squamous
b) Dense fibrous
c) Pseudostratified columnar
d) Simple cuboidal
30. Fill in the following tables with details about the tissue types listed.
Epithelial Tissues
Tissue Type
Locations in the Body
Structure
Simple squamous
Walls of capillaries, air sacs
Single layer of flattened
(alveoli) in the lungs, lining
with bulging nuclei
of ventral cavity and organs
in ventral cavity.
Simple cuboidal
Glands and their ducts, Ex.
Single layer of cubeSalivary glands and pancreas, shaped cells
kidney tubule linings and on
surface of ovaries
Simple columnar
Entire length of digestive
Single layer of column
tract (stomach to anus)
shaped cells (taller than
wide)
Stratified squamous
In the esophagus, the mouth,
and the outer portion of the
skin.
Pseudostratified columnar
Linings of respiratory tract,
Transitional
Urinary bladder, both ureters,
and parts of the urethra
Connective Tissues
Tissue Type
Bone (osseous)
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Locations in the Body
All bones of the body, ex.
Skull, femur, ulna, etc.
Supports for the larynx,
attaches ribs to sternum, and
covers the edges of bones at
joints.
Supports the external ear
Fibrocartilage
In the disks of the spinal
column
Dense connective (tendons
and ligaments)
Ligaments (bone to bone),
tendons (muscle to bone),
and lower layer of skin
(dermis)
Several layers of flattened
cells with bulging nuclei,
cells at free edge are
clearly squamous, but the
cells closest to basement
membrane are cuboidal or
columnar
Single layer of taller and
shorter cells with nuclei at
different heights (appears
to be stratified but is not)
This is a type of stratified
squamous; cells at the
basement layer are
cuboidal and columnar,
but cells at free edge
differ in appearance
Functions
Forms membranes where
gaseous exchange and
diffusion occur
Protection from abrasion
and from invaders
Forms all mucus
membranes, contain
goblet cells for mucus
production
Found in sites where
friction or abuse is high,
good for stretching
Usually ciliated, functions
in absorption and
secretion, has goblet cells
that also produce mucus
Functions to allow
considerable stretching;
i.e. think of the bladder
and how it needs to
stretch to accommodate
the urine.
Structure
Cells in cavities
surrounded by dense,
rocklike matrix (almost
looks like tree rings)
Glassy, Blue-white
appearance; rubbery No
fibers visible
Functions
Protect and support the
body organs.
Fibers are visible and still
have glassy cells
Glassy cells are in
groupings wedged
between bundles of fibers
Lots of collagen fibers,
avascular so it appears
very faint in microscope,
fibers are densely
connected and nuclei are
visible (appear pink in
scope)
Elasticity
Flexibility while still
being mostly rigid.
Highly compressible
Forms strong ropelike
fibers of ligaments and
tendons
Areolar
Forms outer protective layers
of body organs, most widely
distributed amongst
connective tissues
Fluid matrix that has a
loose network of thicker
and very thin fibers (look
like hairs)
Adipose
Subcutaneous layer of skin,
surrounds kidneys, cushions
the eyeballs in sockets, fat
depots in breast and thighs.
Reticular
Lymphoid organs like lymph
nodes, spleen, and bone
marrow
Fat droplet stored in cell
with nuclei pushed to one
side (looks like empty
space with just cell
membrane and nucleus
visible)
Network of
interconnected fibers
Blood
In every blood vessel in the
body
Muscle & Nervous Tissues
Tissue Type
Locations in the Body
Skeletal
All traditional muscles like
biceps, triceps, quadriceps,
hamstrings, gluteal muscles
Cardiac
Only in the Heart
Smooth
Form walls of hollow organs
like stomach, blood vessels,
bladder, uterus
Nervous
All nervous system organs
like brain, spinal cord, and
nerves
Fluid matrix (plasma)
with blood cells, red
blood cells are small
round disks.
Structure
Cells are long, cylindrical
and multi-nucleate, they
have obvious striations
(stripes patterns).
Cells are uninucleate,
branching patterns that fit
tightly together at
junctions called
intercalated disks (Appear
as a single dark stripe in
between two cells); also
have striations in them
No striations, spindle
shaped cells with a single
nucleus.
Cell body surrounding by
several dendrites (tree
branch patterns that will
connect one neuron to
another) and a long axon
with a terminal end that
connects to the dendrite of
another cell
Functions to provide
reservoir of water and
salts for surrounding
tissues as well as a
collection area during
periods of inflammation;
holds organs in place
Insulates body from
extreme temperature
changes, stores fat for
long-term energy source;
protects some organs
Forms the stroma
(internal supporting
structure) where
lymphocytes and white
blood cells are contained
Transport vehicle for
nutrients, gases, wastes,
in the cardiovascular
system
Functions
Voluntarily controlled,
pull on bones or skin to
elicit body movements
and changes in facial
expressions
Contract to cause heart to
pump and propel blood
through the body.
Involuntary muscle
Involuntarily controlled,
constricts or dilates to
control movement
through, functions in
peristalsis which is the
movement of food
through the digestive tract
Conduction and receiving
electrical impulses from
one part of the body to
another; irritability and
conductivity