CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE
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Page 1 of 31 106756632 CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE Election of 1868 Grant (Republican)** Seymour (Democrat) -continued Reconstruction -“waving the bloody shirt” – South caused war -many votes from former slaves -feeling that good general=good president -federal war bonds redeemed in gold -increased printing of greenbacks Corruption Fisk & Gould – 1869 cornered the gold market “Boss” Tweed milked NYC of over $200 million Grant’s cabinet all corrupt BUT Sec. of State Fish Credit Mobilier scandal -construction on Union Pacific RR -overcharged gov., pd. themselves extra, bribed Congressmen with stock Whiskey Ring scandal -collected & robbed US Treasury of excess tax revenue Election of 1872 Liberal Republicans joined with Democrats wanting reform nominated Horace Greeley Republicans** reelected Grant Panic of 1873 -overspeculation in RRs=bankruptcy -Resumption Act – withdrew greenbacks from circulation (people, esp. in west, clamor for “soft money” so advocate unlimited coinage of silver) Bland Allison Act – 1873 instructed Treasury to buy & coin between $2 and $4 million in silver each month Page 2 of 31 106756632 Election of 1876 Republican Problems Stalwarts embraced patronage, favored Conkling Half Breeds wanted some reform, favored Blaine Rutherford B. Hayes obscure, compromise candidate Democrats chose Samuel Tilden -won popular vote, lost by 1 electoral vote -3/4 of states contested the count -electoral commission created to recount Compromise of 1876 Hayes took office in exchange for removal of federal troops in LA & SC RESULTS Hayes’ Term: 1) Civil Rights Act of 1866 ruled unconstitutional 2) 14th amendment applied to gov. NOT individuals 3) end of Reconstruction 4) Plessy v. Ferguson – 1896 – legal segregation RR strikes & hatred in San Francisco toward Chinese, esp. by Dennis Kearney Election of 1880 Garfield (Rep. )** protective tariff Hancock (Dem) some civil service reform Garfield assassinated – 1881 by mentally deranged office-seeker Chester Arthur took over Pendleton Civil Service Act – 1883 -created a system of merit -classified jobs -exams to get gov. jobs -Civil Service Commission to investigate Page 3 of 31 106756632 Election of 1884 Blaine (Rep) called Dem. party of “rum, Romanism & rebellion Cleveland (Democrat) ** reform Mugwumps Republicans who wanted reform bolted the Rep. party to vote for Cleveland Cleveland’s Term laissez faire policy toward business narrowed chasm btwn. North & South pensions for GAR veterans surplus from high tariff Dawes Severalty Act breaking up Indian Res. Interstate Commerce Act Election of 1888 Cleveland (Dem) Benjamin Harrison (Repub) “Forgettable Presidents” 1) Grant 2) Hayes 3) Garfield 4) Arthur 5) Harrison won on tariff issue Page 4 of 31 106756632 CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: INDUSTRY COMES OF AGE RAILROADS US gov. contributed 155 million acres states contributed another 49 million acres land grants given to RR companies -alternate square mile sections (checkerboard) US gov. received in exchange -preferential shipping rates -national market Union Pacific Central Pacific built west from Omaha, NE built east from Sacramento, CA -Leland Stanford merged at Promontory Pt., UT **welded west coast to Union **increased trade with Asia **growth in West Northern Pacific Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Southern Pacific Great Northern – 1893 New York Central Westinghouse airbrakes Pullman Palace cars James Hill Cornelius Vanderbilt -used steel rail, standard gauge track invented invented RESULTS OF RAILROAD REVOLUTION: 1) domestic markets for raw materials AND manufactured goods 2) stimulated mining and agriculture 3) stimulated immigrations 4) displaced buffalo 5) forests disappeared 6) time zones created 7) railroad aristocracy created Page 5 of 31 Corruption in the RR Business: Jay Gould Government Regulation Interstate Commerce Act – 1887 106756632 stock watering bribery of judges & legislators hired lobbyists elected supporters rebates/kickbacks pools – divide business in an area & share profits -prohibited rebates & pools -required published rates -outlawed unfair discrimination against shippers POST CIVIL WAR AMERICA: millionaires from Civil War profiteering natural resources (i.e. Mesabi iron ore range) immigrant labor mass production techniques ingenuity (i.e. telephone, electric light) TRUSTS vertical integration control of all related industries horizontal integration control of all similar industries interlocking directorates placing own officers on various Boards of Directors Steel Bessemer Process Andrew Carnegie J.P. Morgan Oil Rockefeller Refrigeration Swift bought out Carnegie for $400 million & created US Steel Page 6 of 31 “Gospel of Wealth” 106756632 “the good Lord gave me my money” Charles Graham Sumner came from idea of Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest within mankind Rev. Russell Conwell “Acres of Diamonds” sermon – poor are made poor by their own shortcomings Supreme Court support of ‘Big Business’ ruled that corporations are legal “persons” and could not be deprived of property or rights Government support of ‘Big Business’ laissez faire policies Sherman Anti-Trust Act -1890 designed to break up large trusts BUT actually used to curb labor unions Industry in the South stagnant cheap labor north set RR rates higher for South American Tobacco Company James Duke LABOR UNIONS manual laborers hurt by machines full labor force due to immigration = low wages strikebreakers used by companies courts issued injunctions to stop unions “lockouts” used by companies “yellow dog” contracts used by companies “blacklists” used by companies “company towns” created to trap workers public impression that strikes were led by foreigners/socialists National Labor Union -1866 lasted for 6+ years 600,000 members accepted skilled, unskilled laborers, farmers called for: social reform, 8 hour work day ended with Panic of 1873 Page 7 of 31 106756632 Knights of Labor -Terrence Powderly -allowed blacks, women, unskilled workers, etc. -called for 8 hour work day & social reform Haymarket Square riot – 1866 8 hr. day protests in Chicago bomb thrown, police killed 8 anarchists arrested ** public dislike of Knights of Labor (later Gov. Atgeld of Illinois pardoned 3 survivors) American Federation of Labor-1886 -Samuel Gompers -allowed only skilled workers (harder to replace) & white men -called for 8 hr. day, improved wages, safer conditions -used “closed shop”, boycotts, walkouts IMPACT OF THE 2ND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: 1) better standard of living 2) lives controlled by the factory whistle 3) working women 4) later marriages and smaller families 5) clear class divisions (1/10 people owned 9/10 of American wealth) 6) labor reform movements began 7) pressure for more foreign trade (to sell mfg. goods) Page 8 of 31 106756632 CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN: AMERICA MOVES TO THE CITY Population urban population tripled by 1900 NYC is 2nd largest in world Cities -skyscrapers – Louis Sullivan “form follows function” -electric trolly=commuters & suburbs -electricity, plumbing, phones -department stores – Macy’s, Marshall Fields, Sears, Montgomery Wards -mail-order catalogs Problems Immigration “New” immigrants Political “Bosses” waste disposal criminals/gangs impure water slums from Southern & Eastern Europe illiterate & impoverished duped by US propaganda -provided employment, housing, food, & bail for new immigrants -city improvements -corrupt, bought votes, kickbacks, etc. Nativism Americans considered new immigrants inferior American Protective Assoc. - 1887 -advocated literacy tests for immigrants Statue of Liberty -1886 inscription by Emma Lazarus (socialist) not put up for many years due to nativism “Social Gospel” churches should tackle social issues Walter Rauschenbush, Washington Gladden, Dwight Lyman Goody settlement houses Hull House – 1889 founded by Jane Addams offered English classes, counseling, child care Page 9 of 31 National Consumer’s League 106756632 Florence Kelley to protect consumers from fraud offered child & female welfare Salvation Army Christian Science Army – 1879 Education compulsory grade school high schools teacher training kindergarten Chautaqua movement falling illiteracy rate founded by Mary Baker Eddy offered relief through prayer helped end child labor by 1900 over 6,000 in US adult education Universities Morrill Land Act – 1862 public lands granted for education Hatch Act federal funds for agricultural stations specialized schools Johns Hopkins University system of electives created by Dr. Charles Eliot, pres. of Harvard theory of pragmatism belief in the practical, William James Public Libraries Library of Congress – 1897 Blacks Booker T. Washington Tuskegee Institute to teach blacks useful trades economic equality would lead to equality accept segregation until economic equality George Washington Carver agricultural chemist W.E.B. DuBois received a PhD from Harvard founded NAACP 1910 Niagara Movement believed the “Talented Tenth” of blacks should have immediate full equality political equality necessary Page 10 of 31 106756632 News Pulitzer vs. Hearst yellow journalism magazines Harpers Literary Reformers Henry George Edward Bellamy Writers H. Halsey wrote Progress & Poverty advocated a “Single Tax” – 100% tax on profits made from land holdings wrote Looking Backward hero wakes in year 2000 to find poverty gone because gov. has nationalized big business dime novels (i.e. Deadwood Dick) Horatio Alger “rags to riches” tales virtue, honesty & industry are rewarded Walt Whitman Emily Dickenson poets Realism Kate Chopin Mark Twain Bret Harte Wm. Dean Howells Stephen Crane Henry James Jack London Frank Norris Theodore Dreiser The Awakening Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Luck of Roaring Camp Silas Lapham Maggie: Girl of the Streets, Red Badge of Courage Portrait of a Lady, The Bostonians Call of the Wild The Octopus Sister Carrie Families and Women birthrates down marriages delayed Charlotte Perkins Gilman – 1898 wrote Women & Economics advocated centralized nurseries, communal kitchens National Amer. Women’s Suffrage Assoc. – 1890 Carrie Chapman Catt (1869 – women’s suffrage in Wyoming) Page 11 of 31 Prohibition Anti-Saloon League - 1863 National Prohibition Party – 1869 Women’s Christian Temperance Union – 1874 Art James Whistler John Singer Sargent Winslow Homer Entertainment vaudeville circus wild west shows baseball football croquet bicycles basketball (1891) 106756632 Francis E. Willard Carrie A. Nation (destroyed liquor in bars with hatchet) Page 12 of 31 106756632 CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT: THE GREAT WEST & AGRICULTURE NATIVE AMERICANS Fort Laramie Treaty – 1851 1860 - 360,000 Native Americans Battles/Massacres Sand Creek -1864 defined Indian lands on map beginnings of reservation system BUT contact with whites =disease, extinction of buffalo Col. Chivington attacked Cheyenne/Arapahoe innocents after some white settlers murdered Fetterman’s Massacre – 1866 Sioux massacred 81 soldiers building Bozeman Trail in Wyoming Fort Laramie Treaty – 1868 closed Bozeman Trail BUT gold soon found in Black Hills Battle of Little Big Horn – 1876 a.k.a. Custer’s Last Stand Sioux & allies defeated rash attack by Custer & 7th cavalry Nez Perce -1877 -fled Idaho/Oregon toward Canada after gold found in Idaho -captured near border, forced to reservation in Kansas -Chief Joseph, “I will fight no more forever” Apache -1860s-1880s Geronimo & band eluded capture for 30 years tricked into surrender, imprisoned in Florido released to reservation in Oklahoma Sioux -Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse both murdered on reservation -practiced Ghost Dance movement to make whites “disappear” Wounded Knee-1890 Sioux left res. to practice ghost dance – massacred Page 13 of 31 106756632 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO NATIVE AMERICAN DESTRUCTION Railroads troops, ranchers, farmers, settlers extermination of buffalo 1865-15 million bison; 1885-less than 1,000 POLICY CHANGES A Century of Dishonor – 1881 Helen Hunt Jackson detailed gov. dishonesty toward Indians Dawes Severalty Act – 1887 meant to help Indians but did NOT dissolved tribes & tribal ownership gave 160 acres to each family head unused land sold to whites by 1900 ½ of remaining Indian land gone Carlisle Indian School – 1879 boarding schools used to assimilate Indian children MINING California – 1849 Colorado – 1859 Nevada – 1859 Sutter’s Mill Pike’s Peak Comstock Lode RANCHING Long Drive – 1866-1888 ended with from TX to Abilene or Dodge City, KS “Wild Bill” Hickok barbed wire, freezing winter of 1886, overgrazing FARMING Homestead Act – 1862 gave 160 acres if lived on for 5 years & improved “Problems” 160 acres inadequate in dry west “Solutions” break up prairie sod invent tough strains of wheat & drought resistant grains federally financed irrigation Page 14 of 31 106756632 Large Scale Farming farmers tied to banks, RRs, manufacturers (steam engines, combines) deflation pushed prices down increased output due to machines pushed prices down drought, bugs (boll weevil, grasshoppers) Farmer Protests The Grange – 1867 Oliver H. Kelley farmer cooperatives, social events strove to regulate RR rates & storage fees Greenback Labor Party – 1878 called for inflation & improved lot for labor eventually elected 14 to Congress Farmer’s Alliances – 1880s cooperatives, political participation, social events RR regulation THE WEST 6 new states -1889-90 1896 Oklahoma Land Rush – 1889 No frontier left -1890 ND, SD, MT, WA, ID, WY UT “Frontier Thesis”-1893 Frederick Jackson Turner US unique character of self-reliance, etc. due to our frontier Page 15 of 31 106756632 CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE: THE REVOLT OF THE DEBTOR Harrison’s presidency – 1889 Policies Republican high tariffs 1) pensions for GAR veterans higher helped relieve treasury surplus 2) Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) 3) Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) Treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver/month 4) McKinley Tariff (1890) – highest ever farmer discontent over tariff led to landslide democratic victories in the House Election of 1892 Harrison- Republican Cleveland – Democrat** James Weaver – Populist Omaha Platform high tariff won election -free, unlimited coinage of silver at 16:1 -graduated income tax -government ownership of RRs, telephone & telegraph *Received 22 electoral votes **Reminded southerners of black’s potential voting strength & led to extinction of any black suffrage in the South Depression of 1893 overbuilding & speculation labor disorder agricultural depression European banks called in loans paper currency redeemed for gold Coxey’ March – 1894 -shrank US gold reserves -Sherman Silver Purchase Act repealed (1893) -JP Morgan lent US treasury $65million in gold -led “army” from Ohio to DC -wanted: inflationary policies $500 million in greenbacks issued -arrested for walking on grass Page 16 of 31 Labor Unrest Homestead Strike – 1892 Pullman Strike – 1894 106756632 (under Pres. Harrison) -steelworkers angry over pay cut -federal troops called in to break strike & union after Pinkertons failed (under Cleveland) -led by Eugene Debs & the American RR Union after wages cut, but rent stayed the same -Attorn. Gen. Richard Olney & Cleveland sent federal troops because mail was disrupted by strike -strike crushed & Debs jailed w/out trial by jury **public begins to see “unholy alliance” btwn. business & government Wilson-Gorman Tariff – 1894 Election of 1896 McKinley – Republican** Mark Hannah slightly reduced Mckinley rates est. income tax >struck down by Supreme Ct. gold standard & world bimetallism condemned “democratic” depression praised protective tariffs conducted “front porch” campaign raised huge funds to fight Bryan William Jennings Bryan – Democrat “Cross of Gold” speech called for unlimited coinage of silver W.J. Bryan – Populist see above ** resounding success for big business, cities, financial conservatism ** ushered in long period of Republican dominance > 1) decreased voter participation 2) weakening party organization 3) fading importance of the money issue 4) more concern for industry regulation & labor welfare Page 17 of 31 106756632 McKinley’s Administration business & trusts given free reign Dingley Tariff – 1897 raised rates again Gold Standard Act – 1900 paper currency to be redeemed freely in gold - helped by gold discoveries in Klondike, AK & cheaper process of extracting gold from ore Page 18 of 31 106756632 CHAPTER THIRTY: THE PATH OF EMPIRE Why Empire?... new sense of power need for overseas markets spread civilization population increase wealth industry Rev. Josiah Strong – “Our Country: Its Possible Future & Its Present Crisis” White Man’s Burden - Kipling control of sea key to world dominance Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan – “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History” Pan Americanism – 1889 1st conference led by Sec. of State James Blaine reciprocal tariff reduction designed to open markets to US business Early Confrontations Samoan Islands (Pago Pago) – 1889 US vs. Germany Valparaiso – 1892 US vs. Chile Bering Sea – 1893 US vs. Russia/Canada Venezuelan border – 1895 US vs. Britain Hawaii – 1893 white sugar plantation owners fostered revolution Queen Lilioukalani imprisoned Cleveland refused to annex Cuba - 1898 Spanish atrocities – concentration camps Yellow Journalism – Pulitzer & Hearst Dupuy deLome letter explosion of the USS Maine Page 19 of 31 106756632 Spanish-American War – 1898 “Splendid Little War” Teller Amendment promised Cuba self-rule Teddy Roosevelt -cabled Comm. Dewey at Hong Kong & ordered to take the Philippines -Manila quickly captured Hawaii annexed fuel station Rough Riders T. Roosevelt quit gov. to lead group to capture San Juan Hill in Cuba *400 died from bullets, 5,000 from disease, etc. GAINS: Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines Anti-Imperialist League Mark Twain, Samuel Gompers, Andrew Carnegie VS. White Man’s Burden philosophy Insular Cases – 1901 the Constitution does NOT follow the flag Platt Amendment – 1901 written into the new Cuban Constitution -US would intervene to keep order -US gained Guantanamo naval base RESULTS OF IMPERIALISM 1) American prestige & respect 2) National pride & cockiness 3) British imperialists pleased 4) German rivalry 5) Latin American suspicion 6) Far East rivalry esp. Japan 7) Guerilla War in Philippines 8) healing of divide between North & South 9) elimination of Yellow Fever (Dr. Walter Reed) Page 20 of 31 106756632 CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE: AMERICA ON THE WORLD STAGE Philippines War atrocities on both sides Aguinaldo captured – 1901 Commission appointed -headed by Wm. Taft -created roads, health care, sanitation, schools Spheres of Influence Europeans “carving up” China Open Door Note sent by Sec. of State John Hay called to respect China’s right to have “fair competition” Boxer Rebellion – 1900 failed attempt to oust foreigners China Election of 1900 *Wm. McKinley (Republican) T. Roosevelt (V.P.) prosperity, gold, expansion Wm. Jennings Bryan (Democrat) silver, anti-imperialism **T. Roosevelt campaigned hard ** Americans content with prosperity (McKinley killed by anarchist in September, 1901) Teddy Roosevelt philosophy character “Speak softly & carry a big stick” ignore Constitution – courts too slow energetic, boyish, egotistical, self-confident, selfrighteous, moralizer, reformer Page 21 of 31 106756632 Panama Canal Clayton-Bulwer Treaty – 1850 Hay-Pauncefort Treaty – 1901 joint US/British control of canal zone Britain gave US right to build canal Colombia rejected US treaty offer> US helped created Panamanian revolution Hay-Banau-Varilla Treaty – 1903 Roosevelt’s Corollary – 1903 10 mile canal zone leased to USA $40 million -addendum to Monroe Doctrine -fear that European debt collectors in Latin America would stay and colonize -“IN event of Latin American debt default, US would intervene & handle finances” Dominican Republic & Cuba taken over under corollary> led to calls of US as “Bad Neighbor” and “Colossus of the North” Russo-Japanese War – 1904 -Japan humiliating Russia -T.R. negotiated at Portsmouth, NH> won Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen’s Agreement – 1907 CA to repeal school segregation of Japanese Japan agreed to stop emigration Great White Fleet – 1907 sent to impress Japanese led to Root-Takahira Agreement US & Japan pledged to respect each other’s territory in Pacific and respect Open Door in China Page 22 of 31 106756632 CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO: PROGRESSIVISM & ROOSEVELT PROGRESSIVES War On: monopolies, corruption, social injustice calls to strengthen the State Henry Demarest Lloyd “Wealth Against Commonwealth” against Standard Oil Thorstein Veblen “The Theory of the Leisure Class” against predatory wealth & consumption Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives” against NYC slums & poor treatment of immigrants Muckrakers young reporters for popular magazines: McClure’s, Cosmo, Collier’s TR compared to manure-rakers in Pilgrim’s Progress Lincoln Steffens “The Shame of the Cities” exposed alliance btwn. business & government Ida Tarbell “History of Standard Oil” exposed cruel practices of Standard Oil John Spargo “The Bitter Cry of the Children” exposed child labor Political Reform Direct Primaries Initiative, Referendum, Recall people can vote for Senators 17th amendment – 1913 give more power to people Secret Ballot City Commissioner & City Manager based on system developed in Galveston, TX Page 23 of 31 106756632 Progressive Governors Robert LaFollette – WI Hiram Johnson – CA Charles Evans Hughes – NY Labor Reform Workman’s Compensation Maximum Hours Minimum Wages Muller v. Oregon case BUT Lochner v. New York protected female workers after Triangle Shirtwaist Fire killed 146 struck down law limiting baker’s work day to 10 hrs Temperance Women’s Christian Temperence Union (WCTU) Anti-Saloon League 18th amendment – 1919 T.R.s SQUARE DEAL focused on: Francis Willard corporations, consumer protection, conservation Corporations Anthracite Coal Strike – 1902 Dept. of Commerce & Labor Bureau of Corporations TR threatened to use federal force against owners NOT labor to investigate businesses involved in interstate commerce (“trust-busting”) Elkins Act – 1903 to curb RR rebates Hepburn Act – 1906 to restrict free passes Interstate Commerce Commission expanded & maximum rates published Trusts T.R. believed in “good” & “bad” trusts Northern Securities dissolved in 1904 had been owned by JP Morgan & James Hill Page 24 of 31 106756632 Consumers Meat Inspection Act – 1906 Pure Food & Drug Act – 1906 passed after TR read Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Conservation Newlands Act – 1902 irrigation projects 125 million acres set aside for national forest Christmas trees banned from White House idea of “multiple-use” resource management Fiscal Reform Aldrich-Vreeland Act – 1908 Election of 1908 Taft (Republican)** authorized national banks to issue emergency currency hand-picked by T.R. Wm. Jennings Bryan (Dem) Eugene Debs (Socialist) TAFT’S ADMINISTRATION “Dollar Diplomacy” 1) use foreign policy to protect US money invested abroad 2) use Wall Street money to uphold foreign policy “Trust Busting” Standard Oil US Steel dissolved in 1911 dissolved in 1911 ** TR thought this was a “good” trust & became mad at Taft Supreme Court’s “rule of reason” only business combinations that “unreasonably” restrained trade were illegal Payne-Aldrich Bill signed by Taft did not truly lower tariffs broke campaign promise Page 25 of 31 106756632 Balliner-Pinchot controversy Sec. of Interior Ballinger opened public lands to corp. development> Pinchot criticized Ballinger> Taft let Pinchot go Uncle Joe Canon controversy Taft refused to join Progressives in their attacks on Canon TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S REACTION: In 1912 T.R. wrote to 7 governors that he would accept the Republican nomination New Nationalism T.R. urged national gov. to increase its power to remedy economic & social problems Page 26 of 31 106756632 CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE: WILSONIAN PROGRESSIVISM Wilson as governor of NJ NJ became one of the most liberal states Wilson as presidential candidate had support of Progressives & Wm. Jennings Bryan Democrat “NEW FREEDOM” Roosevelt as presidential candidate Bull Moose/Progressive party “NEW NATIONALISM” stronger anti-trust legislation banking reform tariff reductions less government regulations also had support of Progressives government regulations women’s suffrage social welfare – workers comp & minimum wage laws ELECTION of 1812 Wilson (Dem) – only 41% of popular vote BUT majority of electoral votes Roosevelt (Prog) Taft (Rep) Debs (Soc) Wilson dynamic as president, aloof as a person Began all out assault on “triple wall of privilege”: tariffs, banks, trusts Underwood Tariff – 1913 reduced tariffs Sixteenth Amendment graduated income tax Federal Reserve Act – 1913 nationwide system of 12 regional reserve districts, each w/central bank – could issue paper money Federal Trade Commission Act commission to investigate interstate commerce – no unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, bribery, etc. Page 27 of 31 106756632 Clayton Anti-Trust Act – 1914 expanded Sherman Anti-Trust Act Legalized strikes & picketing Exempted strikers from anti-trust legislation Federal Farm Loan Act – 1916 made credit available to farmers Workingman’s Compensation Act –1916 Adamson Act – 1916 Louis Brandeis 8 hour day for interstate train employees prominent, Jewish reformer nominated to Supreme Court Hated imperialism, integration, & dollar diplomacy Foreign Policy: Jones Act – 1916 made Philippines a territory Promised independence when “stability”could be reached Haiti sent marines to “stabilize”, police and control finances Dominican Republic sent marines Virgin Islands purchased from Denmark Mexico president murdered> Huerta installed > Wilson allowed arms to go to Huerta’s rivals, Carranza & Pancho Villa > after American soldiers arrested in Tampico, Wilson sent troops to seize port of Vera Cruz > both Huerta & Carranza protested > Huerta was succeeded by Carranza > Pancho Villa became enemy & attacked US > Pershing sent by US to fight, both Carranza & Pancho Villa fought US World War I Allies: France, Britan, France Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria Page 28 of 31 106756632 Neutrality BUT…… Britain controlled transatlantic cables Pro-Allied propaganda JP Morgan lent Allies $2.3 billion during neutrality Submarine Warfare U-boat = new technology Lusitania sunk 1915 – 128 Americans killed Passenger ship (BUT was carrying ammunition) Sussex Pledge Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships without warning ELECTION of 1916 Progressives – T. Roosevelt refused to run Republicans – Charles Evans Hughes anti-tariff, pro-trusts, anti-Wilson’s wishywashyness Democrats – Wilson “he kept us out of war” Page 29 of 31 106756632 CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR: THE WAR TO END WAR “The world must be made safe for democracy” – W. Wilson to Congress - 1917 Events leading to war: unlimited, unrestricted sub warfare -4 unarmed US merchant ships sunk in 2 weeks Zimmerman telegram intercepted - proposed secret German/Mexican alliance Wilson’s Idealism Fourteen Points Committee on Public Information 1) abolish secret treaties 2) freedom of the seas 3) elimination of economic barriers 4) reduction of arms 5) adjustment of colonial claims 6) self-determination 14) international peace-keeping organization (League of Nations) a.k.a. Creel Committee “Four-Minute Men” for propaganda speeches leaflets, pamphlets, movies, posters, songs (“Over There”) anti-German (i.e. “Liberty Cabbage”) Espionage & Sedition Acts anti-war union leaders/socialists imprisoned Mild press censorship War Industries Board Bernard Baruch Few powers 19th Amendment women’s suffrage women essential to war mobilization National War Labor Board led by Taft Court handled labor disputes Wages and inflation rising tremendously (doubled) Page 30 of 31 Food Administration 106756632 led by Herbert Hoover Voluntary food rationing Posters, etc. “victory gardens”, “meatless Mondays” 18th Amendment Prohibition Fuel Administration “heatless Mondays”, etc. Liberty Loans bonds to finance the war (raised $21 billion) Increased taxes Selective Service Act draft WWI US troops led by Pershing Kaiser fled to Holland Armistice 11th hour, 11th day, 11th month – 1918 Big Four – Wilson (US), Clemenceau (France), Orlando (Italy), Lloyd George (Britain) WILSON’S FALL Republicans won majority in Congress Wilson went to Paris to negotiate peace without a single Republican Wilson’s idealism went against European desire for spoils of war/German punishment “Irreconcilables” – Lodge, Borah, Johnson - in the Senate hated the League of Nations Treaty of Versailles 4 of Wilson’s 23 ideas were honored Wilson went back to America to publicize the Treaty > Lodge stalled > Wilson went on tour to gain support > irreconcilables followed after, harassing > Wilson suffered stroke Lodge tacked on reservations to the League of Nations Article 10 > Wilson ordered Democrats to vote down > This happened twice > US did NOT sign Treaty of Versailles Page 31 of 31 ELECTION OF 1920 Warren Harding – Republican James Cox – Democrat Eugene Debs - Socialist US drifted toward isolationism 106756632 “Return to Normalcy” - WON
