UNIT 6 FAILURE REVIEW
Medieval period, began with the collapse of the _________________
__________________ was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler. He
was also the first ______________King to rule over Gaul (France).
Battle of Tours
At the Battle of Tours, ________________________, a Christian, defeats a large army of Spanish Moors,
halting the Muslim advance into Europe.
Charlemagne
Charlemagne embarked on a mission to unite all __________________ into one kingdom, and convert his
subjects to Christianity. In 800, Pope Leo III (750-816) crowned Charlemagne ______________________.
He encouraged the Carolingian ____________________, a cultural and intellectual revival.
EARLY VIKING RAIDS
For several decades, the Vikings confined themselves to hit-and-run raids against coastal targets in the
British Isles and Europe. By the mid-ninth century_____________________________ had become major
targets for Viking settlement as well as raids. It was the technology of the ___________________________
that allowed them to, not only attack off the coasts, but invade up many.
In 911, the West Frankish king granted a territory by treaty to a Viking chief called Rollo. This region of
northern France is now known as ______________________________.
Feudalism had become a way of life in France during early Middle Ages in response to a
________________________Europe’s need for protection against Viking, Magyar, Islamic, and other
Nobles’ attacks
William the Conqueror, had defeated the English army lead by Harold at the _______________________.
William could not rule every part of the country himself. William divided up England into very large plots of
land or _________________. These nobleshad to swear an __________________ to William, they had to
collect taxes in their area for him, and they had to provide the king with soldiers.
Knights
Almost all Knights were trained since the age of ______________to be solders. Since the barons had to
further divide up their land, it was common to “give” these pieces of land to trusted ___________________
who had also fought in battle. These _________________________ worked to maintain law and order –
which often meant harsh treatment of the peasants, or serfs that lived on the land.
William the Conqueror
William knew what was owed to him because he recorded in the ___________________, every man,
woman, child, goat, horse, pig, building, etc. and was used to tax accordingly. This epitomized the growing
_________________________ of William’s England.
Medieval Church
As the representative of Christ on earth, _____________ claimed all authority – or
_____________________ – over Christian kings and lands and went as far as to create his own
____________ Law. Laws that all were expected to obey throughout the Christian world.
_______________________was a decree by the Pope denying the rights of the Sacraments – the very
rituals that would assure ones place in heaven. Many of the cathedrals were paid by the
________________, a 10% tax required by all Christians to pay.
Despite the apparent abuses, the church _____________________ did serve to educate some children, was
a resource as hospitals, and served as missionaries to the European world.
The Great Schism is the medieval division of Christianity into the _____________________ and
_____________________________.
THE FIRST CRUSADE
Historians consider the sermon preached by _______________________ in 1095 to have been the spark
that fueled a wave of military campaigns to wrest the Holy Land from Muslim control. In 1099, the
Crusaders began a five-week siege of _____________________.
SECOND AND THIRD CRUSADE
It was Muslim forces under_______________ that finally retook Jerusalem in 1187.
By the end of the Third Crusade (1189–92), _________________had negotiated a treaty with
_________________the Lion Heart of England to guarantee access to Jerusalem.
THE FOURTH CRUSADE
The Fourth Crusade, called by the Pope and supported by __________________, set out in 1202 with Egypt
as its goal. The Crusaders turned their siege upon ________________capital, _________________, to
collect money that had been promised for their support.
LASTING IMPACTS of the CRUSADES
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King Henry II
In 1154 Henry sent out traveling ______________________ to enforce royal laws. The decisions of the
royal courts became the foundation of ____________________________. Unlike local feudal laws,
common law applied to _____________________________. Henry developed an early
_____________________ that determined which cases would be brought to trial – this was the ancestors
of today’s ______________________.
Henry claimed the right to try the Clergy in royal courts. ___________________, a member of the clergy
and an old friend of Henry, fiercely opposed the king on this issue.
King John and the Magna Carta
Magna Carta, or “______________________”, signed in June 1215 between the barons of Medieval
England and King John was one of the most important documents of Medieval England.
John introduced ______________________ without asking the barons. This was against feudal law and
accepted custom.
The Barons rebelled against John. The barons captured London. By the Spring of 1215, both sides were
willing to discuss matters. The result was the __________________________.
John also angered the _________________________. The pope excommunicated John in 1209. This meant
that John could never get to Heaven until the pope withdrew the _______________________.
What did the Magna Carta ensure?
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The Magna Carta is often seen as legal basis for ____________________.
King Edward II
As the Magna Carta’s “________________________” evolves, it becomes a _____________________,
which later became England’s legislature. This legislature helped unify England. King Edward summoned
Parliament to approve money for his wars in France. He had representatives of the “__________________”
join with the lords and clergy. The “____________________” included two knights from each county and
representatives of the towns. In time, Parliament developed into a ______________________________:
the House of the Lords and the House of Commons.
Guilds ___________________________________________________________________
Apprentice ________________________________________________
Journeyman _______________________________________________
THE BLACK DEATH
The Black Death arrived in Europe by sea in October 1347 when 12 Genoese trading ships docked at a
Sicilian after a long journey through the Black Sea. The people were met with a horrifying surprise: Most of
the sailors aboard the ships were dead, and those who were still alive were gravely ill. Strangest of all, they
were covered in mysterious black boils that oozed blood and pus and gave their illness its name: the “Black
Death.” The Sicilian authorities ordered the fleet of “death ships” out of the harbor, but it was too late:
Over the next five years, the mysterious Black Death would kill more than 20 million people in Europe–
almost one-third of the continent’s population.
Europeans had heard rumors about a “Great Pestilence” that was carving a deadly path across the trade
routes of the Near and Far East. Early in the 1340s, the disease had struck China, India, Persia, Syria and
Egypt and there was the story of a Mongolian attack on a port city on the Black Sea that stopped the attack
only to begin catapulting dead bodies infected with the plague into the city.
The Black Death was terrifyingly contagious. The disease was also terrifyingly efficient. People who were
perfectly healthy when they went to bed at night could be dead by morning. It affected cows, sheep, and
chickens as well as people. So many sheep died that there was a European wool shortage.
Physicians relied on crude and unsophisticated techniques such as bloodletting and superstitious practices
from old Pagan religions. In a panic, doctors refused to see patients; priests refused to administer last rites.
Many people fled the cities for the countryside and abandoned their sick and dying loved ones.
GOD’S PUNISHMENT
Some began to purge communities of ___________________. Many thousands of ___________ were
massacred in 1348 and 1349 and thousands more fled to the sparsely populated regions of Eastern Europe.
______________________ traveled from town to town and engaged in public displays of penance and
punishment: They would beat themselves and one another with heavy leather straps.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF BLACK DEATH
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