HONORS BIOLOGY / JACOBY
ANSWERS to MID-YEAR EXAM REVIEW
ENERGY & THE CELL – PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION
1.
 Purpose of photosynthesis: make glucose; store energy in glucose; convert light
energy to chemical energy (glucose).
 Purpose of cellular respiration: make ATP; store energy in ATP; break down food
molecules to release energy and use that energy to make and store energy in ATP.
 Equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (light)  C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Equation for cell. resp: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (stored as ATP &
released as heat)
 Equation in words – photosynthesis: six molecules of carbon dioxide combine with
six molecules of water and light energy from the sun to produce one molecule of
glucose and six molecules of oxygen.
 Equation in words – cell. resp.: six molecules of oxygen combine with one molecule
of glucose to produce six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water and
energy is stored as ATP and released as heat.
 Reactants of photosynthesis: carbon dioxide and water
 Reactants of cell. resp.: glucose and oxygen
 Products of photosynthesis: glucose and oxygen
 Products of cell. resp.: carbon dioxide, water, ATP
 Stored products of photo: glucose
 Stored products of cell. resp.: ATP
 Released waste products of photo: oxygen
 Released waste products of cell. resp.: carbon dioxide, water, heat energy
 Site of photo (organelle): chloroplast
 Site of cell. resp. (organelle): mitochondria
 Organisms that perform photo: autotrophs/producers
 Organisms that perform cell. resp.: all eukaryotic organisms (plants, animals, fungi,
protists)
2. the sun
3. eat food to obtain glucose; breathe air to obtain oxygen; eat and breathe to make ATP
(energy for cellular work).
4. autotrophs/producers
5. left
6. right
7. chemical bonds
1
8. chemical
9. organic molecules and glucose
10. ATP
11. Energy is changed or transferred or converted or transformed; Atoms are rearranged
12. glucose (organic molecules or food); ATP; stored
13. light; chemical
14. the products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen) are the reactants of cell. resp.
the products of cell. resp. (carbon dioxide and water) are the reactants of photo.
15. glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water
16. sun

glucose
photosynthesis


ATP
cell. resp.
heat energy
cellular work
17. chlorophyll; no
18a. light; chlorophyll; chloroplast
b. water; H; O
c. carbon dioxide; glucose (sugars); stored
d. oxygen
19a. oxygen; glucose; chemical bonds
b 1) energy
b 2) C, H, O
c. rearranged; water; carbon dioxide
d. ATP; ADP; P; heat
20. A = adenine; B = ribose; C = 3 phosphate molecules; D = adenosine; E = high energy
bond; F = one ATP molecule
21. phosphate molecule
22. ADP
23. a = light energy from the sun; b = chloroplast; c = chlorophyll; d = photosynthesis;
e = oxygen; f = glucose; g = oxygen; h = mitochondria performs cell. resp.;
i = heat energy & ATP; j = carbon dioxide; k = water
24. aerobic or cellular respiration
2
25. anaerobic respiration or fermentation
26. lactic acid fermentation; products = lactic acid and ATP
alcoholic fermentation; products = ethanol alcohol, carbon dioxide and ATP
27a. many chemical steps / chemical rxns. are involved in producing the final products in
a biochemical/metabolic pathway
b. 1 = lactic acid fermentation; 2 = alcoholic fermentation; 3 = aerobic/cellular respiration
c. C
d. A & B
e. B
f. A
g. glucose to ATP; oxygen
h. C
i. A & B
j. C
THE PLASMA MEMBRANE & CELLULAR TRANSPORT
1. phospholipids; proteins
2. two layers of phospholipids with proteins embedded in the phospholipids (some
proteins have carbohydrate chains and animal cell plasma membranes have cholesterol
embedded within the fatty acid tails of the phospholipids)
3. cellular transport; regulate what enters and leaves the cell
4. selectively permeable or semipermeable
5. enzyme = catalyze chemical rxns; receptor = cell signaling;
recognition/identification/glycoprotein = cell to cell recognition; transport = move large,
polar, charged substances across the cell
6. carrier, channel and pumps
7. A = signaling molecule (hormone); B = receptor protein
8. A = lipid bilayer/plasma membrane; B = receptor or enzyme; C = carbohydrate chain;
D = transport protein; E = receptor or enzyme; F =
recognition/identification/glycoprotein;
G = polar, hydrophilic phosphate head; H = nonpolar zone; nonpolar, hydrophobic fatty
acid tails; i = water inside (cytoplasm); j = water outside
9. the difference in concentration (amount of solutes) between the solutions inside and
outside the cell or across the plasma membrane
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10. active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances across the p.m., whereas
passive transport does not require energy
11. simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
12. no cellular energy (ATP) needed to move substances down/with the concentration
gradient from high to low in two directions (into AND out of the cell)
13. active transport (via protein pumps); endocytosis; exocytosis
14. require cellular energy in the form of ATP to move substances EITHER into or out
of cell.
15. osmosis moves water across the membrane; simple diffusion moves small, nonpolar
substances (oxygen and carbon dioxide) across the membrane.
16. simple diffusion moves substances directly through the phospholipids; facilitated
diffusion moves substances through transport proteins (channel and carrier proteins)
17. endocytosis moves large substances INTO the cell and exocytosis moves large
substances OUT OF the cell.
18. pinocytosis: cell drinking; moves thick liquids (whole solutions) into the cell
phagocytosis: cell eating; moves large solid particles into the cell – whole cells
(bacteria), large macromolecules
19. phagocytosis (endocytosis)
20. osmosis
21. turgor pressure
22. hypotonic = less solutes (watery); hypertonic = more solutes (thick); isotonic = equal
concentrations of solutions across the membrane
23. pure or distilled or fresh water
24. salt water (ocean)
25. hypotonic; turgid
26. isotonic
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27. Complete the charts below:
PASSIVE TRANSPORT – NO ENERGY
Method of
Cellular
Transport
Substances
Moved Across
Membrane
Membrane
Structure
Substances
Pass Through
Active
(energy) or
Passive (no
energy)
High to Low
(down/with
concentration
gradient) or
Low to High
(up/against the
c.g.)
One Direction
or
Two Directions
(in and/or out)
Simple
Diffusion
Small, nonpolar
Phospholipids
No energy
Down/with
Two (in and
out)
Osmosis
Water
Phospholipids
No energy
Down/with
Two (in and
out)
Facilitated
Diffusion
Large, polar,
charged
Glucose
(carrier)
No energy
Down/with
Two (in and
out)
Glucose
(sugars), ions
Ions
(channel)
O2 & CO2
ACTIVE TRANSPORT – ENERGY (ATP)
Method of
Cellular
Transport
Substances
Moved Across
Membrane
Membrane
Structure
Substances
Pass Through
Active
(energy) or
Passive (no
energy)
High to Low
(down/with
concentration
gradient) or
Low to High
(up/against the
c.g.)
One Direction
or
Two Directions
(in and/or out)
Active
Transport via
Protein Pumps
Na+
Pump
ATP (energy)
Up/against
1 = out
K+
Pump
ATP (energy)
Up/Against
1 = in
pl. mem.
moves to
surround and
engulf large
substances
ATP (energy)
Neither;
requires ATP
to move the
membrane
1 = in
Pl. mem.
moves to open
and let large
substances out
ATP (energy)
Neither;
requires ATP
to move the
membrane
1 = out
Endocytosis
(pinocytosis &
phagocytosis)
Exocytosis
Pino = thick
liquids (entire
solutions – not
just the water
part of a soln.)
Phago = large
solids (whole
cells and
proteins)
Large particles
= cell products
and waste
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28.
The Effect of Osmosis on Cells
Hypertonic Solution
Isotonic Solution
(salt water)
Animal Cell
(Red Blood Cell)
Plant Cell
* Water moves out of
cell.
* Cell will shrink or
shrivel.
* Water moves in and
out of cell equally.
* Cell does not change
size.
* Cell is normal.
* Water moves out of
cell.
* Cell will shrink,
shrivel and die.
* Process is called
plasmolysis.
* Cell is called
plasmolyzed.
* Water moves into and
out of cell equally.
* Cell does not change
size.
* Cell is called flaccid.
Hypotonic Solution
(distilled or fresh water)
* Water moves into cell.
* Cell will swell or
burst.
* Process is called
cytolysis.
* Water moves into cell.
* Cell swells/expands,
but does NOT burst due
to cell wall.
* Cell is called turgid or
normal.
29. a = simple diffusion or osmosis; b = facilitated diffusion; c = passive transport;
d = active transport via protein pump; e = cellular transport
1. endocytosis; 2 = exocytosis; 3 = food or cell/bacteria; 4 = vacuole; 5 = plasma
membrane; f (by the way) = waste
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
1. prokaryote / prokaryotic cell & eukaryote / eukaryotic cell
2. All cells have DNA (& RNA to transmit genetic information), cytoplasm, plasma
membrane and ribosomes
3. Prokaryotes: no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, less DNA (one DNA
molecule), make up only unicellular bacteria, simple and small
Eukrayotes: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, more DNA (many DNA molecules),
make up unicellular protists and fungi and multicellular protists, fungi, plants and animals
4. Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplast, large central vacuole, are square or rectangular,
perform both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, store energy as starch, and do not
have centrioles.
Animal cells do not have cell wall, do not have chloroplast, have many small vacuoles,
may be any shape, only perform cellular respiration, store energy as glycogen, and have
centrioles.
5. Please keep in mind, multicellular organisms (as opposed to unicellular organisms)
have specialized cells that perform specific functions. Unicellular organisms only have
one cell to perform all the functions of life.
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5. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES & ORGANELLES
 Nucleus = contains DNA and RNA (genetic info) to make proteins; DNA in the form
of chromatin and chromosomes; contains nucleolus; directs all activities of the cell
 Nuclear envelope: IS the nucleus; surrounds DNA; double layer of phospholipids;
contains nuclear pores
 Nucleolus: makes ribosomes; dark, dense structure visible in nucleus
 Plasma membrane: flexible structure that regulates what enters and leaves the cell;
shape
 Cytoplasm: site of chemical reactions; consists of cytosol (fluid) and organelles (tiny
structures that have a characteristic structure/shape and function, and perform the
functions of the cell)
 Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration; makes ATP; powerhouse of the cell;
energy organelle; abundant in active cells such as muscle cells; all euk. cells have
mighty mitochondria
 Rough endoplasmic reticulum: highway of the cell; transport materials throughout
cell; involved in protein synthesis; abundant in cells that make proteins (pancreatic –
insulin); network of membranous tubules that contain ribosomes
 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: highway of the cell; transport materials throughout
cell; lipid synthesis; detoxify poisons like drugs and alcohol; abundant in cells that
make lipids - cells of gonads (ovaries and testes) – sex hormones; liver cells to
detoxify; network of membranous tubules that do not have ribosomes
 Golgi apparatus/body/complex: sort, modify, package and distribute molecules
(proteins and lipids) from the ER (rough and smooth); post office of the cell;
secrete/release molecules in vesicles
 Cytoskeleton: network of microtubules and microfilaments that are involved in cell
movement and cell structure; provide internal structure and support (just like your
skeleton); provide tracks on which organelles can move within the cell – cytoplasmic
streaming
 Lysosome: sacs of digestive enzymes; digest/breakdown organic molecules, wornout organelles and whole cells (bacteria); abundant in white blood cells to break down
bacteria and viruses
 Centriole: involved in animal cell division; made of a ring of microtubules; not
present in plant cells
 Flagellum: one or two, long, tail-like cytoplasmic extension of the plasma membrane
made of microtubule; aids in cell movement; present in euglena and some prokaryotes
(E. coli)
 Cilium: many, short, hair-like cytoplasmic extensions made of microtubules; aids in
cell movement; present in paramecia
 Pseudopod: “false-foot”; cytoplasmic extensions made of microfilaments that slide
past each other; aids in cell movement in amoeba; allows white blood cells to engulf
prey (bacteria, viruses and other harmful, pathogenic microorganisms)
 Vesicle: bubble-wrapped packages; form from smooth and rough ER and Golgi
apparatus; transports cell products safely throughout the cell and through the plasma
membrane
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


Vacuole: storage of waste, water and molecules; made by plasma membrane; fluidfilled membrane-bound sacs; one, large central in plant cells; many small in animal
cells
Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis; only present in autotrophs/producers such as
plants, algae/seaweed, and photosynthetic bacteria; makes glucose; contains protein
molecule chlorophyll
Cell wall: protect, support and give structure to plant cells; made of tough, structural
polysaccharide (carb.) such as cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi; NOT flexible
like plasma membrane because it is made of tough polysaccharides
6. DNA  RNA  ribosomes  RER  vesicle  Golgi app  vesicle other part
of cell or out of cell
7. PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES
 Nucleoid: store genetic information for bacteria; region of free-floating DNA; not
surrounded by a nucleus/nuclear membrane
 Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
 Cytoplasm: site of many chemical reactions
 Plamsa membrane: regulates the passage of materials into and out of cell; inside the
cell wall; surrounds cytoplasm
 Cell wall: provides structure, support and protection; made of peptidoglycan in
Eubacteria (kingdom) & Bacteria (domain); lies outside of plasma membrane
 Capsule: extra protection; lies outside cell wall of some bacteria; not all bacteria have
a capsule
 Pili: short extensions of plasma membrane that allow bacteria to adhere/stick/attach
to a surface, such as other bacteria and/or their host (like your throat cells –
streptococcus)
 Flagellum: long, whip-like tail extension of the plasma membrane that allows
locomotion/movement of bacteria
8 (1). Prokaryote or bacterium or E. coli:
A=cell wall; B=plasma membrane; C=ribosome; D=cytoplasm; E=pili;
F=nucleoid (DNA); G=flagellum; H=capsule
8 (2). Eukaryotic Plant Cell:
A= cell wall; B=plasma membrane; C=Golgi app.; D=chloroplast; E=mitochondria;
F=cytoplasm; G=large, central vacuole; H=rough ER; I=nucleus; J=nucleolus; K=smooth
ER; L=attached ribosome; M=free ribosome; N=vesicle
8 (3). Eukaryotic Animal Cell:
A=mitochondria; B=Golgi app.; C=nucleolus; D=nucleus; E=attached ribosome;
F=centrioles; G=cytoskeleton; H=cytoplasm; I=free ribosome; J=plasma membrane;
K=microtubules; L=microfilaments; M=smooth ER; N=rough ER; O=vesicle; P=vacuole
or lysosome; Q=flagellum; R=cilium
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THE KINGDOMS & DOMAINS OF LIFE
1. 3 domains and 6 kingdoms
2. A domain is the first, most general and largest classification of organisms; is the most
inclusive category of organisms; the most general group of organisms; is the least
specific
3. Archaea = consists of prokaryotic organisms that have a cell wall without
peptidoglycan; consist of the extremists of organisms; consist of organisms that live in
hostile environments that resemble the early earth; consists of halophiles (extreme salt),
methanogens (no oxygen) and thermophiles (extreme heat) (thermoacidophles-extreme
heat and acid); consists of the members of kingdom Archaebacteria
Bacteria = consists of prokaryotic organisms that have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan;
live EVERYWHERE; this is OUR bacteria that live with us, help us and harm us; e.g.
lactobacillus (yogurt and milk bacteria), streptococcus (strep throat bacteria), E. coli (help
with digestion and produce vitamin K – live in our intestines); consists of members of
kingdom Eubacteria
Eukarya (may be seen as Eukaryota) = consists of all eukaryotic organisms – organisms
that have a nucleus; includes members of kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
(simply because they have a nucleus – very non-specific and general)
4. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
5. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria
6. Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
7. Archaebacteria (without peptidoglycan), Eubacteria (with peptidoglycan), Protista
(plant-like – cellulose); Fungi (chitin); Plantae (cellulose)
8. Eubacteria
9. Fungi
10. Protista (plant-like) & Plantae
11. Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
12. Plantae & Animalia
13. Protista
14. Fungi
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15. Plantae
16. Fungi & Animalia
17. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria & Protista
18. Eubacteria
19. Archaebacteria
20. Plantae
21. Fungi
22. Protista
23. Animalia
24. Protista
25. Fungi
26. Eubacteria & Fungi
27. Protisa & Eubacteria (autotrophic/photosynthetic)
28. Archaebacteria
29. Protista
30. Eubacteria
31. Plantae
32. Protista
33. Protista
34. Animalia
35. Plantae
36. Protista
37. Fungi
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38. Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
39. Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
40. Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
41. A=Eubacteria (E. Coli dividing/reproducing); B=Protista (amoeba); C=Fungi;
D=animalia
42. A=Bacteria; B=Eukarya (our 3 unicellular protists); C=Eukarya (animal, plant,
amoeba[protist] & fungi)
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE – ENZYMES
1. proteins
2. anything that speeds up a chemical reaction (stirring/mixing, heat, etc.)
3. catalyze/speed up chemical reaction; determine which chemical reactions occur
4. organic or biological catalysts
5. the energy needed to START a chemical reaction
6. enzymes lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction
(less energy  less time)
7. enzymes
8. substrates
9. chemical bonds; products
10. speed up; catalyze
11. active site
12. each enzyme acts on only one substrate – this means the enzyme lactase that breaks
down lactose (milk sugar) into glucose and galactose, cannot and will not produce
(synthesize) lactose from glucose and galactose (that requires a different enzyme)
13. nothing; an enzyme is unused and unchanged during a chemical reaction and is ready
to catalyze the next reaction
14. ase
15. temperature and pH
11
16. optimal
17. 37oC ; 98.6oF
18. 7 ; 2
19. the protein/enzyme denatures
20. changes the shape of the enzyme; once the shape of the protein enzyme is altered, the
substrate cannot fit the active site of the enzyme and enzyme activity is stopped
21. induced-fit theory
22. induced-fit enzyme theory=active site/enzyme can slightly change shape to fit the
substrate; lock and key enzyme theory=substrate fits enzyme like puzzle piece and
enzyme does not change shape.
23.
24. a=substrate; b=denatured enzyme; c=altered active site; d=substrate; active site;
denatured
25. extreme temperature or pH
26. low; slow/inactive; increase; increase; optimal; increase; decrease; extreme;
denatures; stopped
X = as temp increases, enzyme activity and the rate of the reaction increases
12
Y = as temp increases past the optimal temp, the rate of the reaction and enzyme activity
decreases
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE – ORGANIC MOLECULES (MOLECULES OF LIFE)
1. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur (CHONPS)
2. carbon
3. carbon has an atomic # of 6, which means 2 electrons in its first energy orbital and 4
electrons in its valence shell (outermost energy orbital). Having 4 electrons in its valence
level means Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms/elements.
This means carbon can form bonds with itself (C) to form the backbone/skeleton of
organic (C) molecules. And, carbon can form bonds with H, O and N and S to form the
large, complex organic molecules of life (carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and
proteins).
4. carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
5. the elements/atoms of life (C, H, O, N, P, S) chemically/covalently bond to form the
molecules of life (nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates).
6. carbon
7. hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (H, O, N)
8. covalent bonds
9. monomers are small organic molecules that join together to form a single large
polymer molecule
10. dehydration synthesis reaction = lose a water molecule in order to build a large
molecule by joining smaller molecules together
hydrolysis reaction = add a water molecule to break down a large molecule into smaller
molecules
11. formed; losing; builds
12. broken; adding; breaks down
*water
13
Carbohydrates
13. sugars and starches or simple sugars and complex carbs
14. Structure: carbohydrate molecules are made up of the atoms/elements C, H and O in
a ratio of 1:2:1 (monosaccharide). The building blocks/monomers of carbohydrates are
monosaccharides. Two monosaccharides make up a disaccharide (e.g. glucose +
galactose = lactose) and many monosaccharides make up a polysaccharide (e.g. hundreds
to thousands of the monosaccharide glucose molecules make up the polysaccharide
molecule of starch, glycogen, chitin or cellulose).
15. Functions of Carbohydrates:
Mono and disaccharides (simple sugars) = immediate/quick source of cellular energy
(glucose use in cell resp.)
Polysaccharides = short-term energy storage (plants = starch; animals = glycogen); &
structural components = cell wall of plants (cellulose) & cell wall of fungi and
exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans (chitin).
16. Monosaccharides = glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides = sucrose (glucose + fructose); lactose (glucose + galactose);
maltose (glucose + glucose)
Polysaccharides = starch (thousands of glucose molecules); glycogen (thousands of
glucose molecules); cellulose (thousands of glucose molecules); chitin (thousands of
glucose molecules)
17. mono and disaccharides; polysaccharides
18. monosaccharides (glucose); polysaccharides
19. many monosaccharides (glucose molecules) chemically bond to make up a single
polysaccharide molecule (starch / glycogen / cellulose / chitin). OR, many simple sugars
(glucose) join together to form a complex carbohydrate (starch / glycogen / cellulose /
chitin)
20. ose
LIPIDS
21. Fats and oils
22. Atoms/elements: C, H and O atoms. Many carbon and hydrogen atoms with
relatively few oxygen atoms. Lipids are not polymer molecules, so they do not contain
monomer molecules. But, the building blocks for large triglyceride and phospholipid
molecules are glycerol and fatty acid molecules.
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23. triglycerides = long-term energy storage; insulation; cushion and protection
Phospholipids = main structural component of plasma membrane; builds cell membranes
Waxes = waterproof coverings; prevent dehydration
Steroids = a. sex hormones = development and maintenance of reproductive systems;
b. cholesterol = structural component of animal cell membranes
24. triglycerides (saturated and unsaturated fats)
25. phospholipids
26. waxes
27. triglycerides (saturated and unsaturated fats)
28. phospholipids
29. insoluble in water; nonpolar, water-fearing, hydrophobic
PROTEINS
30. do everything molecules; the term protein means first place
31. each protein molecule consists of many amino acids; there are 20 different amino
acids that can join together in many different ways to make up the many different
proteins
32. Atoms/elements: C, H, O, N
Structure = protein molecules are long chains of amino acids twisted and folded into a
three-dimensional shape. Each long chain of amino acids is a polypeptide
molecule/chain in which the amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds.
33. amino acids; peptide bonds; a polypeptide chain/molecule; twisted; 3-D; one; more
34. shape
35. maintenance, growth and repair of cells; maintain the daily activities/functions of
cells
36.
1) enzymes = catalyze/speed up chemical reactions; determine which chemical reactions
occur; e.g. lactase, protease, lipase, sucrase, starch synthetase, amylase
2) structural = make up structural component of skin, hair, nails, fur, horns, bones,
claws; e.g. keratin, collagen
3) pigment = absorb, reflect and transmit ultraviolet radiation (light); e.g. chlorophyll,
melanin, hemoglobin
4) contractile = movement; e.g. actin and myosin protein filaments in muscle
5) transport = move substances; e.g. carrier, channel and pump transport membrane
proteins and hemoglobin
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6) hormonal = chemical messengers that coordinate activities in the body; cell to cell
signaling; e.g. human growth hormone, insulin, epinephrine/adrenaline
7) signaling = cell to cell communication; e.g. receptor membrane proteins,
neurotransmitters (neuron to neuron communication)
8) defensive = fight off pathogens (harmful, disease-causing microorganisms); e.g.
antibodies
9) storage = store amino acids for growth and development; e.g. egg whites, nuts
NUCLEIC ACIDS
37. informational polymers
38. Atoms/elements = C, H, O, N, P
Structure = a nucleic acid is a large polymer molecule made of monomer molecules
called nucleotides; DNA = two strands of nucleotides; RNA = one strand of nucleotides
39. store and transmit genetic information; DNA = store genetic information; RNA =
transmit genetic information
40. DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid; RNA = ribonucleic acid
NAME THAT ORGANIC MOLECULE
41. lipids
42. carbohydrates
43. nucleic acids
44. proteins
45. carbohydrates
46. carbohydrates
47. lipids
48. proteins
49. nucleic acids
50. carbohydrates
51. proteins
52. nucleic acids
53. lipids
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54. all organic molecules (carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids), but carbs and lipids
are made up of ONLY C, H and O
55. proteins and nucleic acids, but proteins are made up of ONLY C, H, O and N
56. nucleic acids
57. lipids, specifically triglycerides (saturated and unsaturated fats)
58. carbohydrates, specifically simple sugars (mono and disaccharides)
59. proteins
60. carbohydrates, specifically complex carbs (polysaccharides)
61. glucose; monosaccharide; simple sugar; carbohydrate molecule
62. a = glucose; b = fructose; c = a sucrose molecule; d = a maltose molecule;
e = disaccharide; simple sugars; carbohydrates
63. a = glucose; b = glycogen; c = cellulose; d = starch; e = chitin;
f = polysaccharides; complex carbs; carbohydrates
64. a = glycerol molecule; b = 3 fatty acid molecules/hydrocarbon molecules;
c = saturated fatty acid; d = saturated fatty acid; e = unsaturated fatty acid molecule;
f = triglyceride; fat; lipid
65. a = glycerol molecule; b = fatty acid or hydrocarbon molecule
66. triglyceride; saturated fat; lipid
67. a = phosphate molecule/head with glycerol; b = 2 fatty acid molecules/tails;
c = phospholipid; lipid
68. a = 4 amino acid molecules; b = peptide bonds; c = polypeptide molecule;
c = amino acid molecules; d = polypeptide molecule; e = folds and twists;
f = 3-D protein; g = 1 polypeptide molecule/chain; h = 1 polypeptide molecule
69. a = nucleotide molecule; b = DNA; nucleic acid
70. a = nucleotide; b = RNA; nucleic acid
71. nucleotide molecule; monomer; building block
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THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE – WATER (Inorganic Molecule of Life)
1. water; 70-95%
2. a molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends of a molecule; one side of
molecule has a positive (+) charge and the opposite side has a negative (-) side
3.
4. covalent bond
5. hydrogen bond
6. a) cohesion = water is attracted to water; e.g. surface tension – water striders
b) adhesion = water is attracted to other polar molecules; e.g. meniscus in a graduated
cylinder, water spreading through paper tower
 cohesion and adhesion together lead to capillary action in plants – the movement
of water up a plant from the roots, against gravity
c) high specific heat = takes water a long time to heat up and cool down; e.g. moderate
temperatures in oceans and on Earth; sweat is a cooling mechanism
d) low density of solid ice = water molecules are spaced farther apart in ice compared to
liquid water; e.g. ice floats – insulates bodies of water, freeze from top down
e) universal solvent = water dissolves most solutes; e.g. blood and tree sap; chemical
reactions in cells
7. polarity and hydrogen bonds
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
1. cellular organization; DNA/heredity; grow, develop, age and die; metabolism
(energy); homeostasis – respond to stimuli; reproduction; evolution
2. a) evolution
b) reproduction
c) respond, homeostasis
d) DNA
e) metabolism
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f) homeostasis
g) cellular organization
h) reproduction
i) reproduction; evolution
SCIENCE & THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS
1. science is the process of understanding and explaining the natural world; the process
of finding patterns in nature and making useful predictions; science is different from
other disciplines of study, such as history and the arts, because of controlled
testing/experimentation
2. a process used in science to obtain reliable and reproducible results; the order of steps
in a scientific investigation usually involve: observation, question, hypothesis, controlled
testing, data collection & results, conclusion
3. the process of testing a hypothesis using control and experimental variables;
controlled testing/experimentation
4. analyzes; data; conclusion; accepts; rejects
5. hypothesis = a possible explanation to a scientific question; must be able to be tested;
theory = an unifying explanation for a broad range of observations; that which scientists
are most certain; theory may only be formed after considerable testing of many
hypotheses; theory may be revised as new evidence is presented
6. a) Himalayan rabbits have a white coat and black nose, feet, tail and ears
b) Why are the nose, feet, tail and ears black?
c) Temperature (a cold environment) affects the color of fur; cold temperatures turn fur
black
d) ask the question (#6b)
e) temperature; fur color
f) B; in order to compare to the experimental rabbit
g) cold temperatures affect the Himalayan rabbit’s fur color – cold temperatures change
the color of fur to black
f) no; a theory cannot be formed after only one experiment
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