SOUTHERN MAINE COMMUNITY COLLEGE
South Portland, Maine 04106
Spring 2015
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Course: Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation
Course Code: CARD 165
Credit Hours: 3
Total Contact Hours: 45 Lecture
Schedule: Wednesday 12:30 – 1:45, Thursday 11:30 – 12:45
Instructor: Norma L. Willis, RN, RDCS Office: 741-5591
Office Hours: Tuesday & Thursday 9:00 – 12:00, Monday & Wednesday, 2:00 – 3:15
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Course Description: This course is an introduction to the principles of ultrasound
physics, instrumentation and theory as relevant to the Ultrasonographer. Concepts
discussed will include: math for physics review; ultrasound physics; transducer
construction and characteristics; sound beam formation and characteristics;
instrumentation; image storage and display; Doppler instrumentation and principles;
artifacts and bio-effects.
Prerequisites: PHYS 110
Course Objectives:
After successfully completing the course, the student will be able to:
Explain the nature of ultrasound
Comprehend the theory of propagation
Give practical explanations of frequency, wavelength, and propagation speed
Understand and list the properties of sound waves and relate these properties to
amplitude, pressure
Perform unit conversions and apply scientific notation
Define decibels, resolution, pulse duration
Describe and discuss sound wave formation, ultrasound transducers, their construction,
and characteristics focusing of the ultrasound beam
Compare and contrast near and far zones within a wave
List types of transducer arrays
Define range equation
Describe power output control, signal processing
List principle display modes
Identify major types of scanning equipment
Define the general role of scan converters and digital memories and the basic concepts of
the digital system
Define image storage size, resolution and field of view and post processing
Identify bio-effects and safety considerations
Describe the AIUM statements on biological effects
Summarize the quality assurance for ultrasound instruments
Topical Outline of Instruction
Textbook Understanding Ultrasound Physics - Edelman
January 14 & 15, 2015
Chapters 1, 2, 3
Introduction
Graphs, units, direct versus inverse relationships, metric system
Acoustic variables, interference
Describing sound waves: period, frequency, amplitude, power intensity, wavelength, and
speed
Physics of Diagnostic Ultrasound Videos:
Ultrasound Physics Fundamentals: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iQe52pmbTQ
Segment 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srmCd7Jy-U8
Segment 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-sTrhl3Oko
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
Ultrasound terminology
January 21 & 22, 2015
Chapter 4
Quiz 1 - Key Terms (TH)
Chapters 1-3
Describing pulsed waves
Pulse duration, pulse length, pulse repetition period, pulse repetition frequency, duty factor
Propagation speed
Physics of Diagnostic Ultrasound Videos:
Segment 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-sTrhl3Oko
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
Ultrasound terminology
January 28 & 29, 2015
Quiz 2 – (TH)
Chapters 1-4
Chapters 5 & 24
Ultrasound Intensities: spatial, temporal, peak, average
Bioeffects of ultrasound
Shock waves, Thermal Mechanism, Non-thermal Mechanisms (Cavitation)
ALARA
Bioeffects and Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound:
Segment 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NFnrGFg61c
Segment 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIGuDOM7rQ4
Segment 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-gHL_cojcM
Ultrasound terminology
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
Quiz 3 – (TH)
Chapters 5 & 22
Interaction of sound and media: decibels, attenuation, incidence, scattering, reflection,
transmission, refraction
February 4 & 5, 2015
Chapters 6 & 7
Physics of Diagnostic Ultrasound Videos:
Segment 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-sTrhl3Oko
Segment 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uPWIXap91Q
Segment 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWy_lnjRnEM
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
Ultrasound terminology
February 11 & 12, 2015
Chapters 6 & 7
Interaction of sound and media: decibels, attenuation, incidence, scattering, reflection,
transmission, refraction
Range Equation, Time-of-flight
Pulse Echo Ultrasound Videos:
Segment 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLpZdVelOQ4
Segment 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dExwXFErrXg
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
Ultrasound terminology
February 18 & 19, 2015
Chapter 8 & 9
Quiz 4 Chapters 6 & 7 (TU)
Transducers Construction, Transducer Frequency, Pulse Wave Transducers, Sound Beams,
Near Zone, Far Zone, Focal Depth, Sound Beam Divergence, Near Zone Length, Huygens’
Principle
Transducer Construction and Function Videos:
Segment 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVKZMuNkJ-I
Segment 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wWDVFS-zg8
Segment 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Osbac6bGBeY
Segment 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z95aAfI8RxA
Pulse Echo Ultrasound Videos:
Segment 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dExwXFErrXg
Ultrasound terminology
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
February 25 & 26, 2015
Chapter 10
Quiz 5 –
Chapters 8 & 9
(TU)
Axial Resolution
Lateral Resolution
Sound beam shape, formation, and focusing
Transducer Construction and Function
Segment 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Osbac6bGBeY
Segment 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z95aAfI8RxA
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
Ultrasound terminology
March 4 & 5, 2015
Chapter 11
Review Chapters 1-11, 22
Display Modes, A-mode, B-Mode, M-mode, Display Mode Axes
Catch-up Week
Pulse Echo Ultrasound Videos:
Segment 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91v22IcENVw
Ultrasound terminology
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
March 9 - 14, 2015
SPRING BREAK
March 18, 2015
MID TERM EXAM – CHAPTERS 1-11 AND 22
March 19, 2015
Chapter 12
Two Dimensional Imaging, Mechanical Transducer, Transducer Arrays, Linear Phased Array,
Annular Phased Array, Mechanical Steering, Linear Sequential Array, Beam Focusing, Vector
Arrays, Resolution, Side Lobes, Grating Lobes
Transducer Construction and Function
Segment 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z95aAfI8RxA
Segment 5: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svUxwnnEuVk
Segment 6: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQRtyG32s1o
Ultrasound terminology
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
March 25 & 6, 2015
Chapter 12
Two Dimensional Imaging, Mechanical Transducer, Transducer Arrays, Linear Phased Array,
Annular Phased Array, Mechanical Steering, Linear Sequential Array, Beam Focusing, Vector
Arrays, Resolution, Side Lobes, Grating Lobes
Transducer Construction and Function
Segment 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z95aAfI8RxA
Segment 5: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svUxwnnEuVk
Segment 6: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQRtyG32s1o
Ultrasound terminology
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
Quiz 6 –
Chapter 12
Two-dimensional imaging, Frame Rate, Temporal Resolution, Imaging Depth, Number of Pulses,
Multi-focus, Sector Size, Real-time Imaging
April 1 & 2, 2015
Chapter 13
Pulse Echo Ultrasound Videos:
Segment 5: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgGJ3aKsemA
Ultrasound terminology
April 8 & 9, 2015
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
Chapter 14, 15, & 16
Quiz 7 –
Chapter 13
Pulsed Echo Instrumentation, pulser, transducer output, noise, beam former, receiver,
amplification, compensation, TGC, compression, reject, power
Displays and Image Storage: Scan converter, display controls, pixel, bit, byte, pre and post
processing, PACS
Dynamic Range
Image and Storage Display Videos:
Segment 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsrpjbods7g
Segment 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHP-TL3yJ54
Segment 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGC5CmsWY5s
Segment 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3bANNP80fo
Segment 5: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvhE3mKHflc
Segment 6: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttJE7TMpOVY
Pulse Echo Ultrasound Video:
Segment 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qO2bDMNgNg
Ultrasound terminology
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
April 15 & 16, 2015
Chapters 17& 18
Quiz 8 - Chapters 14, 15, & 16
Harmonics and Contrast Agents: Mechanical Index, tissue harmonics, contrast harmonics
Hemodynamics: flow, velocity, laminar, turbulent, energy, Bernoulli’s Principle, Ohm’s Law,
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pulse Echo Ultrasound Videos:
Segment 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91v22IcENVw
Hemodynamics Videos:
Segment 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1d5PTa0QXA
Ultrasound terminology
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
April 22 & 23, 2015
Chapters 19 & 20
Quiz 9 – Chapters 17 & 18
Doppler, Color Doppler, Incidence, Wall Filter, Ghosting, Color Maps, Baseline Shift, Aliasing,
Pulsed Wave Doppler, Continuous Wave Doppler
Doppler Instrumentation and Color Doppler Videos:
Segment 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClHjOat81-U
Segment 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X818DUPlfrs
Segment 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=li0qMdbl5Ok
Ultrasound terminology
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
April 29 & 30, 2015
Chapter 21
Quiz 10 - Chapters 18 & 19
Artifacts, reverberation, comet tail, hyperechoic, shadow, enhancement, mirror image
Image Artifacts:
Segment 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3k3L4ZNAZqk
Segment 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVCugJe2IVw
Segment 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UuQtYuQ1ufE
Segment 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O74CeO6nRmo
Segment 5: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVQfGs26wsA
Segment 6: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Evvz_-1M-LE
Ultrasound terminology
May 6 & 7, 2015
Review of all BOLDED KEY TERMS
FINAL EXAM
CHAPTERS 12-24
Course Requirements:
Student Evaluation and Grading
Quizzes 1 -10 5% each, Midterm 25%, Final Exam 25%
Text, Tools, and/or Supplies
Understanding Ultrasound Physics, Sidney Edelman, Woodlands Texas: ESP, Inc., 2004
Ultrasound Physics Review, Davies, 2013
Attendance
Attendance is strongly advised at every class. If you cannot attend a class please notify me by
phone or email before the beginning of class. Students are allowed three absences in this
course. Each additional absence will result in the final course grade dropping by 10 points per
occurrence. If a student is more than 10 minutes late on more than two occasions in a given
semester 1 point will be deducted from their final grade for each additional late occurrence.
Reminder; quizzes and tests missed because of unexcused absences cannot be made up and will
result in a “0”. Please be courteous to your fellow students and arrive on time for class.
End-of-Course Evaluation
Students complete evaluations for each course attended at SMCC. Evaluations are submitted
online and can be accessed through the student portal. Students can access the course
evaluations beginning one week before the end of classes. The deadline for submission of
evaluations occurs Monday at 5 PM following the last day of the class. You will receive an email
to your student email account when course evaluations are available.
ADA Syllabus Statement
Southern Maine Community College is an equal opportunity/affirmative action institution and
employer. For more information, please call 207-741-5798. If you have a disabling condition and
wish to request accommodations in order to have reasonable access to the programs and
services offered by SMCC, you must register with the Disability Services Coordinator, Sandra
Lynham, who can be reached at 741-5923. Further information about services for students with
disabilities and the accommodation process is available upon request at this number. Course
policies about online testing are modified to suit each individual’s accommodations.
Add-Drop Policy
Students who drop a course during the one-week “add/drop” period in the fall and spring
semesters and the first three days of summer sessions receive a 100% refund of the tuition and
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semester length, i.e., 15 weeks, has a pro-rated add/drop period. There is no refund for nonattendance.
Withdrawal Policy
A student may withdraw from a course only during the semester in which s/he is registered for
that course. The withdrawal period is the second through twelfth week of the fall and spring
semesters and the second through ninth week of twelve-week summer courses. This period is
pro-rated for shorter-length courses. To withdraw from a course, a student must complete and
submit the appropriate course withdrawal form, available at the Enrollment Service Center (no
phone calls, please). The designation “W” will appear on the transcript after a student has
officially withdrawn. A course withdrawal is an uncompleted course and may adversely affect
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SMCC Pay-for-Print Policy
Per Page Costs
Each semester students receive a $20 printing credit. The balance resets at the end of the semester
and any remaining credits are removed. The cost varies depending upon page size and whether
printing is done in black and white or color.
a. There is a $0.10 per page fee for standard 8.5" by 11" black and white documents.
b. The reverse sides of duplex (double-sided) documents are free.
c. There is a $.50 per page fee for standard 8.5" by 11" color documents.
d. There is a $.20 per page fee for 8.5" by 14" (legal) or 11" by 17" (tabloid) black and
white documents.
e. There is a $1.00 per page fee for 8.5" by 14" (legal) or 11" by 17" (tabloid)
color documents.
Duplex charges (printing on both sides of a page) work in the following fashion: One page is
$0.10, two pages are $0.10, three pages are $0.20, and four pages are $0.20, etc. The flipsides
are free, but another sheet of paper is $0.10. Please be aware that a document with any color at
all (when printed to a color printer) will by default be printed in color. You are responsible for
setting the print job to print black and white if you do not need color. For directions, please go
to the IT Help tab in My SMCC.
How does it work?
The College’s pay-for-print system monitors printing on all printers (including those in general
access labs, library printers, the Academic Achievement Center, Noisy Lounge and technology
labs). Students can check the number of pages they have printed by using the Printing Balance
tool available on SMCC computers (located in the lower right corner of the screen, near the
clock). Departments with work study students who need to print documents for the department
should contact the Help Desk at 741-5696 to have a special account set up.
Refunds
Print jobs are eligible for a refund in the event of mechanical or electronic error on the part of
the printer, print server, or software used to submit the job. Jobs are not eligible for a refund in
cases where the job was not set up correctly, was submitted multiple times, or the student is
not satisfied with the result. To request a refund, please bring the offending print to the IT
Department in the basement of the Ross Technology Center. Refunds will be granted in the form
of a credit to the student’s account.
Why is SMCC charging for printing?
The pay-for-print system is an effort to control escalating printing costs. Charging for printing
helps offset the increasing cost of supplies and encourages students to conserve resources. To
find ways to reduce your printing charges, please go to the IT Help tab on My SMCC. If you have
questions about the pay-for-printing policy or your printing charges, please contact the Help
Desk at 741-5696 or send an email to helpdesk@smccme.edu.
Be sure to log OUT of the system when you’ve finished your printing, to prevent unauthorized
access to your account.
Plagiarism Statement
Adherence to ethical academic standards is obligatory. Cheating is a serious offense, whether it
consists of taking credit for work done by another person or doing work for which another
person will receive credit. Taking and using the ideas or writings of another person without
clearly and fully crediting the source is plagiarism and violates the academic code as well as the
Student Code of Conduct. If it is suspected that a student in any course in which s/he is enrolled
has knowingly committed such a violation, the faculty member should refer the matter to the
College’s Disciplinary Officer and appropriate action will be taken under the Student Code of
Conduct. Sanctions may include suspension from the course and a failing grade in the course.
Students have the right to appeal these actions to the Disciplinary Committee under the terms
outlined in the Student Code of Conduct.