Unit 5: Enlightenment and Revolution
Chapter 18: A Revolution in Science and Thought
Section I: The Scientific Revolution
(Pages 412-418)
1. Why were Copernicus’s ideas considered so revolutionary during his time?
2. Why was Galileo brought before the inquisition?
3. How was the scientific method different from the science practices of the past?
4. How did the ideas of Bacon and Descartes influence the philosophy of science?
5. Why does a scientist repeat the steps of the scientific method?
6. What were two ways scientists got support for their new discoveries?
7. Why do you think scientists were the first people to promote these new ideas?
8. Why was Newton’s work so important to science?
9. What does the term “revolutionary thinking” imply? (What is progress and is progress inevitable?)
10. Fill out a 5W chart for Isaac Newton:
Who?
What?
Where?
When?
Why?
Go to your book (Page 418) or Mr. Pinnow’s web-site for the rest
(Other Discoveries)
11. With accurate observations and measurements, scientists made great _________________.
12. Life sciences and medicine also benefited from the new scientific methods of
_______________________ and __________________________.
13. The ______________________ also helped see things that were too small to see before.
14. Advances in ___________________ assisted advances in science.
15. One of these new inventions was the _______________ which ____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Describing how a reading presents information (e.g. sequentially, comparatively, causally, cause and effect)
A. Recognize Sequence - Order or a simple sequences of events.
When you read a passage, recognizing the sequence, or order in which events occurred, can help you better
understand how those events relate to each other. Often, determining sequence can show cause-and-effect
relationships. Events may not necessarily appear in a passage in the correct sequence, so using dates and clue
words can help you determine their order. Follow these steps to recognize sequence:
1. Read the passage, looking for events noted with dates.
2. Note clue words such as before, prior to, then, next, and later.
3. Organize the events according to the dates and clue words to find their sequence.
B. Comparative Relationships: Identify clear relationships between people, ideas, and so on in uncomplicated
passages.
Some reading requires you to think about how two things are alike and how they are different. For example, you
may read about how two economic systems are similar. You may read about how two countries are different.
When you see this pattern, you know the author wants you to think about what is alike and what is different about
these topics.
C. Identify Causes and Effects - Identifying clear cause effect relationships.
To understand and remember what you read, it is important to identify the causes and effects of the event you are
studying. A cause explains why the event happened. An effect describes the consequences of the event. As you
read, ask yourself, “What caused the event to happen? And “What happened next? / The effect(s)” Signal words
such as reason, root, because, produced, and purpose indicate possible causes. Words such as brought about,
effect, led to, outcome, produced, reaction, result, so, then, therefore, and this indicate possible effects.
Unit 5: Enlightenment and Revolution
Chapter 18: A Revolution in Science and Thought
Section II: The Enlightenment
(Pages 422-426)
1. Why did ideas from the Enlightenment spread so quickly? (Why is where important?)
2. How did Thomas Hobbes viewpoint about the nature of human beings influence the type of
government he believed in?
3. How were John Locke’s ideas different from Thomas Hobbes?
4. What were some (2+) of the basic beliefs of the philosophes?
5. Complete a 5W chart for Jean Jacques Rousseau:
Who?
What?
Where?
When?
Why?
6. What is the time of your life you’d call your “Enlightenment”? (a time when you gain new
knowledge and understanding about the world around you).
7. What’s one idea from the Enlightenment that’s important to you today?
8. How did the ideas of the enlightenment affect some rulers?
Go to your book (Page 426) or Mr. Pinnow’s web-site for the rest
(Enlightened Despots / Arts and Culture)
9. Enlightenment thinkers thought the could slowly change _______________________.
10. In some cases, their strategies _______________ and rulers did change.
11. One of these places was _____________, where ______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
12. _________ forms also continued to change during the Age of Reason.
13. The style of the Renaissance gave way to the ______________________ (very ornate and fancy).
14. Baroque art was _______________________________________________________________.
King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette ruled France from 1774 to 1789, a time when the country was fighting
bankruptcy. The royal couple did not let France's insecure financial situation limit their immoderate spending, however. Even
though the minister of finance repeatedly warned the king and queen against wasting money, they continued to spend great
fortunes on their personal pleasure. This lavish spending greatly enraged the people of France. They felt that the royal couple
bought its luxurious lifestyle at the poor people's expense.
Marie Antoinette, the beautiful but exceedingly impractical queen, seemed uncaring about her subjects' misery. While French
citizens begged for lower taxes, the queen embellished her palace with extravagant works of art. She also surrounded herself
with artists, writers, and musicians, who encouraged the queen to spend money even more profusely.
While the queen's favorites glutted themselves on huge feasts at the royal table, many people in France were starving. The
French government taxed the citizens outrageously. These high taxes paid for the entertainments the queen and her court so
enjoyed. When the minister of finance tried to stop these royal spendthrifts, the queen replaced him. The intense hatred that
the people felt for Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette kept building until it led to the French Revolution. During this time of
struggle and violence (1789-1799), thousands of aristocrats, as well as the king and queen themselves, lost their lives at the
guillotine. Perhaps if Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette had reined in their extravagant spending, the events that rocked France
would not have occurred.
Marie Antoinette (2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793), born an Archduchess of Austria, was Dauphine of France from
1770 to 1774 and Queen of France and Navarre from 1774 to 1792. She was the fifteenth and last child of Holy Roman
Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I.
In April 1770, upon her marriage to Louis-Auguste, Dauphin of France, she became Dauphine of France. She assumed the
title Queen of France when her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI upon the death of his grandfather Louis XV in
May 1774. After seven years of marriage, she gave birth to a daughter, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, the first of four children.
Initially charmed by her personality and beauty, the French people generally came to dislike her, accusing "L'Autrichienne"
(which literally means the Austrian (woman), but also suggests the French word "chienne", meaning b----) of being
profligate, promiscuous, and of harboring sympathies for France's enemies, particularly Austria, her country of origin. The
Diamond Necklace incident damaged her reputation further, although she was completely innocent in this affair. She later
became known as Madame Déficit because France's financial crisis was blamed on her lavish spending.
The royal family's flight to Varennes had disastrous effects on French popular opinion: Louis XVI was deposed and the
monarchy abolished on 21 September 1792; the royal family was subsequently imprisoned at the Temple Prison. Eight
months after her husband's execution, Marie Antoinette was herself tried, convicted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of treason
to the principles of the revolution, and executed by guillotine on 16 October 1793.
Long after her death, Marie Antoinette is often considered to be a part of popular culture and a major historical figure, being
the subject of several books, films and other forms of media. Some academics and scholars have deemed her frivolous and
superficial, and have attributed the start of the French Revolution to her; however, others have claimed that she was treated
unjustly and that views of her should be more sympathetic .
Unit 5: Enlightenment and Revolution
Chapter 18: A Revolution in Science and Thought
Section III: The American Revolution
(Pages 427-431)
1. What were two of the causes of the American Revolution? (What forces cause change?)
2. What are two things Americans may protest about with their government today?
3. Why did France join the Americans against the British?
4. Which military tactic helped the Americans defeat the British in battles?
6. How are the ideas of Baron de Montesquieu reflected in the U.S. Constitution?
5. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?
7. What’s one way ideas from the Enlightenment affected the delegates who helped create the U.S.
Constitution?
8. Why do you think there have only been 17 new amendments since the Constitution was first written?
9. What effect did the American Revolution have on other countries?
10. Complete a 5W chart for: the person of your choice
Who?
What?
Where?
When?
Why?
Go to your book (Page 431) or Mr. Pinnow’s web-site for the rest
(Effects of the American Revolution)
10. America’s revolution and new democratic society changed the way people _______________
about governments.
11. Colonies had never before rebelled with any _______________________.
12. Other countries were ____________________ by the success of the American colonists.
13. They no longer had to accept that only the nobility had the right to __________________________.
14. Other places also began to __________________ for that right.