GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF AJMER
DISTRICT
Ajmer district is located in the heart of Rajasthan state covering an area of about
8,360 sq. km. It is bounded by latitude 25°43' to 26°58' and longitude 73°55' to 75°21'.
The ancient name of Ajmer city was 'Ajaymeru'. In sanskrit 'Meru' means hill and the
'Ajay' is qualifying adjective for envincite. It is connected by two Broad-gauge sections
of western railway i.e. Delhi-Ahmedabad and Jaipur Khandwa, besides meter-gauge
section of Delhi Udaipur. National Highway No. 8 connecting Delhi Ahmedabad, State
Highway No. 4 connecting AjmerChittaurgarh & State Highway No. 18 connecting
Ajmer Nagaur, are passing through Ajmer city. The other important roads of the district
are S.H. 5, S.H. 26 etc.
There are nine tehsils in the district namely Kishangarh, Ajmer, Pisangan,
Beawar, Masuda, Bhinay, Nasirabad, Sarwar in Kekri.
Geology
Geologically, Ajmer district is occupied by the Bhilwara and Delhi Supergroups,
which have been further divided into several groups and formations.
The rocks of Bhilwara Supergroup occur from Deyi in the north-east through
Kishangarh to Sarwar area, underlying the marwar plains and comprises metasedimentary
sequences with associated migmatic complex and igneous rocks. The main Aravalli range
extending from Rupnagar in north to Todgarh in south is occupied by the rocks of Delhi
Supergroup which comprises calcareous, argillacious and arenaceous metasedimentary
sequences with associated basic volcanics and igneous rocks.
The rocks of the district have been complexly folded and faulted, metamorphosed
and migmatised during orogenic episodes related to different geological cycles.
The geological sequence worked out by G.S.I. is given as under.
Erinpura granites
Sendra Ambaji granite gneisses
Post Delhi Intrusives
Kishangarh syenite
Phulad ophiolite suit
Delhi SuperGroup
Bhilwara Super Group
Barr Formation
Kumbhal Kotra
garh
Formation
Group
Beawar
Formation
Sendra
Formation
Todgarh
Formation
Gogunda Kelwara
Group
Formation
Antalia
Formation
Ajab Ajmer
garh ForGroup mation
Alwar
Group
Naulakha
Formation
Srinagar
Formation
Intrusive
Sawar Group
Morhi Formation
Giyan Asind
Acid Rocks
Rajpur-jalayan Mafic
Rocks
Mangalwar
Complex Kekri
Formation
Sandmata Complex
Banranch formation
Mineral Occurrences
Ajmer district is the prime producer of quartz and leading producer of feldspar.
Other mineals available in the district are basemetals, cement grade limestone, granite,
marble, asbestos, wollastonite, garnet, calcite, emerald, soapstone, magnesite, fluorspar,
mica etc.
Mineral-wise description is given below :
Basemetal deposits
Basemetal mineralisation is found associated both in rocks of Bhilwara and Delhi
Supergroups.
Sawar lead-zinc prospect: In Sawar area the lead-zinc mineralisation is mainly
confined to bedding plains in dolomitic marble. The area is explored by G.S.I. and
computed 2.38 M.T. of ore reserves in two blocks (Sawar forte hill block and Tikhi
block) containing 3.99 to 4.99% Ph and Zn. Lead content is higher in Sawar block while
the Tikhi block is richer in zinc.
Srinagar copper prospect: The State Department of Mines and Geology has
located copper mineralisation in Srinagar-Naulakha area. The copper mineralisation is
mainly confined to calcgneisses, migmatites and carbonaceous mica-chlorite schist
intruded by thin pegmatites and quartz veins. The analytical results of core samples
indicated 1 % average copper (in about 8.00 m. thick zone). The exploration is continued.
Lohakhan lead-zinc prospect: The area is located just north of Ajmer city. The
part of the area is explored by G.S.I. by putting few bore holes. The Pb and Zn
mineralisation is more or less confined to sheared quartzite containing up to 25% Pb and
Zn. The exploration was terminated due to limitation of growing town ship of Ajmer.
Gafa copper prospect: Gafa area is about 15 km. from Jassakhera on BeawarBhim section of N.H. No. 8. Scattered slag heaps and old workings in form of small pits
were seen in the area. The analysis of slag samples indicated 0.32 to 0.79% Cu, 0.054%
Pb and 0.34% Zn.
Besides above, the basemetal mineralisation is also reported from Kayar,
Ghughra, Chainpura area of the district.
Feldspar
Rajasthan is the leading producer of feldspar in the country and the Ajmer is the
largest producing district. The pegmatites are the chief source of feldspar and out of the
320 km. long belt of pegmatites in the state about 110 km. falls in Ajmer dis trict.
Large number of feldspar deposits are known to occur in Ajmer district. The
principal occurrences are located in Ajmer, Beawar, Nasirabad, Kekri and Kishangarh
tehsils, namely at Lohagal, Banar-Sundri, Foy SagarBaro, Piproli, Rajgarh, Nagelao,
Kalesara, Makrera, Beawar, Lohawara, Dhal, Bhodli, Sanod, Basunbani, Kharwa,
Lothiana-Surajpura, Soniana, Kishanpura, Jawaja, Kalathera etc.
The feldspar deposits of Ajmer district are largely potash bearing but a few soda
feldspar occurrences are also known. The quality of feldspar produced in Ajmer-Beawar
area is good with K2O content ranging from 11 to 14% and can meet world market
standards. The promising areas of Jawaja Group, Makrera Rajgarh Group and TiloraPiproli Group of mines are the most important feldspar producing areas where good
quality feldspar is being mined.
Wollastonite
Department of Mines and Geology has discovered wollastonite occurrences in a
35 km. long belt of skarn rocks extending from Rupnagar in SW to Pisangan in NE. The
wollastonite bearing skarn is developed along the contact of limestone and granite. The
individual occurrences are 100 m. to more than 1 km. in strike length and are upto 100 m.
wide. Wollastonite occurs as thin, shiny, white coloured laths in forms of blades which
are generally up to 2 cm. long. The mineralization in the skarn is very intricated in nature
in terms of its depth persistence and lateral extension.
As a result of geological investigation carried out, a total of 1.66 MT geological
reserves with average of 30% wollastonite content, have been assessed in this belt.
Beneficiation studies revealed that the wollastonite can be upgraded to 91 % purity at
79.5% recovery. (Wt. yield 41.0). The concentrate is suitable for use in ceramic industry.
The details of exploratory bore holes and reserves are tabulated below:-
Table Showing the grade and reserves of
wollasstonite in different blocks
Silica sand
The State Department of Mines and Geology has located white coloured quartzite
(containing 89.52 to 94.50% SiO2 and 0.28 to 0.42% Fe2O3) associated, at places, with
silica sand pockets over a strike length of about 7.5 km. and 10 to 60 m. width between
Banwal and Khondiawad at the border of Ajmer and Nagaur districts.
Nepheline syenite
Extensive deposits of nepheline syenite have been reported by D.M.G. between
Kishangarh and Hamera through Mandawariya. It comprises mainly nepheline, soda
feldspar, biotite etc. Thin veins of pure nepheline have also been reported in nepheline
syenite. The nepheline syenite of this area contains up to 13% Na2O which could be used
in place of soda feldspar after beneficiation to separate mafic minerals.
Calcite
In Ajmer district economic & commercially exploitable calcite deposits occur at
few places and these too are lean deposits.
Siliberi-Garad Ka Baria deposit: About 0.25 km. SW of Garad Ka Baria
village, a calcite vein nearly ½ m. thick occurs in cale-schist of Ajabgarh formation.
Mundoti deposit: About 1 km. SW of Mundoti village a calcite vein nearly 0.5 to
0.8 m. thick has been reported in granite gneisses associated with quartz. Other localities
from where calcite is being mined out in little quantities are Bassi, Karla, Lachhipura,
Kundal, Kansia, Pisangan etc.
Magnesite
Sarupa-Chhaja-Gafa area: In this area magnesite occurs in the form of more or
less uniform, parallel and remifying veins which vary in thickness from hair thin size to a
maximum of 10 cm. State Department of Mines and Geology has estimated reserves of
1,48,899 tonnes in the area.
Kali Dungari deposit: The State Department of Mines and Geology has located
and explored the magnesite deposit in this area. Here magnesite is found associated with
altered ultrabasic rocks and confined along the joints and fractures as veins and veinlets.
The veinlets are 0.2 - 5 cm. thick which gradually increases up to 10 cm. at depth. A total
of 0.29 MT reserve has been proved up to 10 m. depth at 1:15 average magnesite to host
rock ratio.
Nagelao deposit: The area was investigated by State Department of Mines and
Geology and estimated areserves of 3.10 million tonnes. The magnesite is confined to
joints and fractures in ultrabasic rocks in the form of criss-cross veins / veinlets.
Magnesite occurrences have also been located near village Kundal, where it is
confined to a lenticular ultrabasic body. The mineralisation is seen up to 8 m. depth and it
is about 10% by volume of the ultra basic rock.
Kyanite
Kyanite deposit was located near village Srinagar in 1989 by DMG. The
occurrences were located at number of places for a strike length of 10 km. from Danta in
SW to Dantiya in NW through Bir and Srinagar. Individual veins are upto 5 m. long and
upto 0.30 m. wide. It is found associated with mica schist as well as quartz veins intruded
in mica schist.
Mica
Mica bearing pegmatites occur near villages Arain, Dadiya in Kishangarh tehsil,
Baghsari, Ramsar, Tihari in Ajmer tehsil, Bagera-Tunia, Para in Kekri tehsil and
Kesarpura in Beawar tehsil. There were 206 mining leases in 1986-87 where mica was
quarried, at places by underground method. But due to slump in the market, most of the
mica mining activities were closed in the early eighties and at present there is no mine is
in production in the district.
Fluorite
Mundoti : The fluorite was located by DMG in aplites, albetites intruded in the
granitic gneisses, migmatites and schists of Mangalwar complex. Fluorite occurs in the
form of disseminations, small veins and veinlets along fractures. The fluorite veins of 5 to
50 cm. length and 2 - 5 cm width are observed in 400x100 m. wide zone. The surface
samples indicated 80 - 83% CaF2.
Richhmaliya : The state department has located fluorite mineralisation near
village Richhmaliyan. It is about 45 km. WSW of Ajmer. Fluorite mineralisation has
been traced over 5 km. strike length from Richhmaliyan in the north east to Sew aria (Pali
district) in south-west. Rich mineralisation has been located along a shear zone having
600 metres length and 50 metres width. Length of individual veins ranges from 5 to 100
m. and width from 10 cm. to 1.5 m. The mineralisation is confined to Rhyolitic flows
surrounded by granite. A reserves of 986.6 tonnes with average 29% CaF2 values has
been estimated.
Occurrences of fluorite have also been reported from Barla, Khajrot and Tilora
areas of the district.
Soapstone
The soapstone occurrences are found near villages Hatundi, Gegal Akhari,
Lachhipura Sendra, Chitar and Chapaid.
The soapstone in the area is associated with talc-chlorite schist (an altered product
of basic intrusive within the quartzite), phyllite and garnetiferous mica-schist belonging
to Ajabgarh group of Delhi Supergroup.
Soapstone occurs as thin veins / lenses in an enechelon pattern with in the talcchlorite schist. The thickness of individual veins vary from a few centimetres to about a
metre. Most of the soapstone mined from the area is of DDT grade.
Vermiculite
Vermiculite is known to occur in Bhoraj, Hatundi Lachhipura area.
Hatundi-Lachhipura deposit: The Vermiculite is associated with highly folded and
contorted rocks consisting of altered peridotites, talc schist, hornblende schist and gametbiotite schist intruded by vein quartz and pegmatites along their foliation planes. It occurs
along the foliation planes in the form of irregular aggregates and shows considerable
variation in length and width. The DMG has estimated 5700 tonnes reserves up to 10 m.
depth.
Quartz
Ajmer district is the major producer of good quality quartz in the state. The quartz
is being extracted form the zoned pegmatites. The important localities are Kalinjar,
Sandoliya, Kadampura, Gari-Arjunpura, Hanuwantiya, Mundoti, Kalat Khera, Vihar,
Ratanpura, Borara, Dolpura, Nagelao, Chavandiya, Satariya, Rasulpura, Nareli, Pagara,
Kora, Jawaja, Samod, Baro!, Gudas, Rajgarh, Rawatmal, Bhimpur, Jorawarpura, Kharwa
etc.
Graphite
Dumara-Amba deposit: Graphite occurrences are found near village DumaraAmba. The area comprises quartzites, schists, dolomite, ferruginous limestone and calcgneisses belonging to Delhi Supergroup. The rocks are intruded by granite, pegmatites,
quartz veins, amphibolite and epidiorites. The thickness of veins varies from 1 to 10 cm.
and length is upto 6 m. The department has estimated 3,34,600 tonnes of reserves with an
average 15% fixed carbon assuming the mineralization persistance upto a depth of 60 m.
Lotiyana-Khera deposit: The mineralization is found in schist and quartzites of
Kumbhalgarh Group of Delhi Supergroup. DMG has estimated a reserves of 1,49,100
tonnes with an average fixed carbon of 10% upto 90 m. depth.
Graphite occurrences have also been noted 2 km. NE of Rajosi in limestone and
about 1.5 km. East of Kishangarh in mica schist, near villages Dhandhiya, NE of
Pushkar, etc.
Barytes
The barytes was located by DMG in the year 1988-89 near villages Tilora and Rewat
near Pushkar. It occurs at the contact of basic rocks and quartzite in the form of 0.5-5 m.
wide veins having 10-20 m. strike length. It is coarse grained, buff coloured and analysed
48.36 - 57% BaO and 25.80 - 35.80% SiO3.
Asbestos
Kanwali deposit: Chrysotile asbestos occurs as impersitent thin veins and
ribbons along a narrow zone of fractures and joints in impure crystalline limestone of
Kumbhalgarh / Ajabgarh Group over a strike length of 1.5 km. The asbestos seems to
have formed by alteration of serpentine. The fibers are thin, short, brittle and have limited
depth persistence.
Kotra deposit: Tremolite-anthohyllite asbestos occurs mainly as slip-fibre, massfibre veins and at places, cross-fibre veins. The veins are commonly short, irregular and
discontinuous, at places, forming a network. These are few cm. to 15 cm. wide. The
asbestos is hard, tained and has short and weak fibers.
Arjunpura deposit: Tremolite asbestos (at places associated with anthophyllite)
occurs sporadically as slip fibres of 5-30 cm. thickness and having depth persistence of
10-12 m. at places.
Kotri deposit: Tremolite asbestos occurs as slip and cross fibers in altered
ultrabasic rock. Reserves of 120 million tonnes have been estimated upto 25 m. depth.
Naikhurd deposit: Both tremolite and crysotile asbestos occur in ultrabasic rocks
which are intrusives into the rocks of Kumbhalgarh Group. Tremolite asbestos is found
sporadically and crysotile in the central block. Crysotile forms 1.4 mm. thick cross fiber
vein-lets, constituting 1-5% of rock mass. Tremolite veins have an average thickness of
15 cm. with variable lengths. Reserves of tremolite asbestos have been estimated about
626 tonnes upto a depth of 15 m. and crysotile about 425 tonnes to a depth of 50 m.
Gem Stones
Ajmer district finds an important place on the gem stone map of the world due
to occurrence of emerald. The emerald mining was started in the district in pre
independence time and continued upto late seventies. At present there is no reported
production. Besides emerald, recently DMG has located good deposit of heliodor, an
another precious variety of beryl. The other important gems produced in the district are.
garnet, rosy quartz and crystal quartz.
Emerald
The emerald is produced in the district from Kishangarh in the NE to Bittur in the
SW, along the Kalaguman lineament. This is the northern part of about 200 km. long
emerald belt of Rajasthan located between Bubani (Ajmer district) in the north to
Gamgudha (Rajsamand district) in the south. The important locations in the district are
Bubani, Gudas, Rajgarh, Chat, Bittur etc.
Bubani Mine: Bubani emerald mine is situated about 3 km NNW of Gegal-Akhri
Railway Station on the Ajmer-Kishangarh broad gauge secton of Western Railway. There
are about 30 - 45 pits in the mine area with a length of 400 m. and width of 50 m.
between Bubani and Muhami. The most important of these pits is the southern most pit
where a suit of highly folded biotite schist, actinolite schist, talc schist and tremoliteactinolite schist is intruded by vein quartz, pegmatite and quartz-tourmaline rock.
Emerald in association with beryl and apatite, occurs sporadically in the biotite schist and
talc schist.
Guda mines: Several old pits for emerald are located near Guda in which altered
peridotite and highly folded and contoured talc schist, talc surpentine rock, hornblende
schist, biotite schist, mica schist, feldspathic mica schist, vermiculite, talc-varmiculite
schist, etc. invaded by quartz veins and pegmatites have been excavated.
Rajgarh mines: It is located about 1.5 km. SE of Rajgarh town. The main and
northern most pit is 70 m. long & 25 m. wide area having a maximum depth of 25 m. It is
sunk in a low ridge which comprises highly folded and cantored talc-biotite schist and
intruded by a thick pegmatite, which shows xenoliths of biotite schist. Boronisation,
resulting development of deep bluish black tourmaline seems to be the path finder
mineral for emarld in this area. Emerald is found in zones of biotite schist grading to
vermiculite schist through phlogopite schist adjacent to the pegmatite. Presence of
tourmaline in or adjacent to talc-chloriteactinolite schist, biotite-phlogopite-actinolite
schist, mostly along with minor smoky or transparent quartz, confirms host rock horizon
for emerald. Besides above mention pits, there are two more old pits in the area sunk upto
25 m. depth for emerald mining.
About 1 km. due SW of said old pits for emerald there are immense possibilities
of getting best quality emerald near Kansiya, where it is reported that emerald is being
worked at present. In district Ajmer, there is ample possibilities of emerald mining, at
several other places viz. Chat, Lachhipura, Hatundi Kaklana, Garhi Nagelao, Bittur
etc.
Heliodor
Recently, in Nov., 2001, department has located a good zone of heliodor near
village Narwar-Bagpura, which is about 20° NNE of Ajmer. The most important location
is about 200 m. NNE of village Bagpura where a suit of highly folded biotite schist,
actinolite schist, calc-gneisses, calc-silicate, impure dolomite, quartzite is intruded by
vein quartz, pegmatites and quartz-tourmaline rock. Heliodor in association with beryl,
garnet and apatite, occurs sporadically in the pegmatities. The pegmatites are trending
NNE-SSE and almost E-W. The former appears to be main body explored on the foot
hills with intermittent exposures, while the later i.e. E-W trending bodies are thin and
linear bodies, seem to be the apophyses of the main pegmatite body. These E- W trending
pegmatites show rich concentration of heliodor crystals at several places. Three such EW trending pegmatite bodies have been identified near Bagpura, having good
concentration of heliodor.
The heliodor crystals are upto 4 cm. in length, yellow, pale yellow, greenish and
white in colour and are transparent to translucent. Investigations are continued.
Garnet
The garnet occurrences in Ajmer district are located in Nad-Sarsari, Sarwar,
Chaursiyawas and Bandanwara area.
Sarwar area: In this area garnet occurs in biotite schist and quartz-garnet rock.
The biotite schist contains pink coloured, often fractured, gem quality garnets. Quartz
veins generally produce highly fractured garnets. The garnet is found in 23 sq. km. area
around Sarwar. It is of almandine variety and individual crystals vary from 1 to 6 cm. in
size and occurs as well developed or imperfect crystals of rhombdodecahedron and
trapezohedron of intense red to pink and lilac colour.
Chaursiyawas-Makerwali Area: Garnet occurs in biotite schist and quartzgarnet rock. The biotite schist contains pink coloured, often fractured garnet, most of
which is of abrasive type.
Besides, aforesaid occurrences, garnet is also found near villages Satholiya,
Baghsuri, Sathavaria and Jamoli in Bandwanwara area. Abrasive garnet of grossularite
variety is extensively found around, villages Nad, Sarsari, Kalesara, Gola, Alipura,
Bhagwanpura, Saradhana, Rupnagar, Kotra, etc., occurring in cale-silicate rocks.
Pink Quartz
Bajta : Pink quartz is found near village Jaitpura (Bajta) in Kekri tehsil. The pink quartz
occurs in pegmatites intruded in dolomitic marble, biotite schist and migmatites. The pink
quartz is found in the core of grey quartz which is surrounded by the feldspar zone. The
length of pink quartz body is about 30 m. and the width is 1 to 2 m. There are two such
veins which seems to be merging at depth. The pit is 15 m. deep. The colour of this
quartz is deep pink with good transparency. Crystals of aquamarine also found in this pit.
Besides, pink quartz is also quarried incidental to quarrying of quartz and feldspar near
Rani Sagar and Gopal Sagar areas of Beawar tehsil.
Marble
The marble is extensively found in the district and quarried at several places. The
marble occurrences of the district can be grouped as eastern and western belts. The
eastern belt of the district belongs to Sawar Group of Bhilwara Supergroup and western
marble belt belongs to Kumbhalgarh and Ajabgarh Group of Delhi Supergroup.
Eastern belt: There are two dolomite bands i.e. upper and lower bands which are
extending for 12 km. strike length from Sawar in SW to Bajta in NE. The upper dolomite
band is being quarried at many places for marble namely near villages Sawar, Umariya,
Rajpura, Govindpura, Nadi, Jaitpura, Onkarpura and Ganeshpura. Ganerally marble is
fine to coarse grained, saccharoidal textured, greyish coloured and buff-white coloured
having bands of different shades of grey and white. At places, brownish / chocolate
coloured marble having thin white, greenish white etc. coloured bands, is being mined
near villages Govindpura, Rajpura and near Bavan Mata mandir. This brownish coloured
marble is the attractive part of Sawar dolomitic marble belt.
Western belt: In this belt there are three sub belts which can be termed as
western most belt, west central belt and eastern sub belt.
Western most sub belt: This belt is extending for about 75 km. strike length
from Kanwali in NE to Kabra in SW. At few places, namely near Bhatsuri area
Saradhana-Rupnagar etc. dolomitic limestone is being quarried for marble.
West Central belt: This sub belt is extending for a strike length of about 25 km.
from Raghunathpura in NE to Kayampura in SW. In this belt white, pink, black and
spotted varieties of marble are being quarried in Salemabad, Raghunathpura, KaliDungri,
Kayampura-Maanpura Ki Dhani etc. areas. Kayampura is the most important deposit,
where medium grained and black coloured marble is found exposed in the form of 2 km.
long and 500 m. wide belt as small ridges. When it is cut in appropriate direction, the
folded ferruginous bands present within this marble exhibit beautiful altractive figures.
Eastern Sub belt: This sub belt extending for about 40 km. -strike length from
Gegat-Akhri in NE to Makerera in SW, is mostly dolomitic in nature. The important
marble bearing locations of this belt are Gagel-Akhri, Hatundi-Miyapura- Tabiji,
MakreraGadi, Arunpura areas.
Granite
The granite mining was not known in the district before a decade and it was only
DMG's efforts that granite quarrying was started in the district at number of places.
After the launching of Granite Policy-1994, department has identified number of granite
areas in the district and were notified after delineation for leasing. The important granite
areas of the district are Jeewana, Ramgarh, Kanpura, Rail-Ka-Khera, Dewas (all black),
Harmara, Bhabam, Fatehgarh, Morajedi, Naikalan, Dantal (all grey) and Ramaliya,
Chandma, Bhinai, Fatehgarh (various shades of pink and red figurative) and Morajhari
(deep brownish black).
Cement grade limestone
In Ajmer district, there are three limestone belts (other than dolomite and
dolomitic limestone) named as eastern, western and northern belts. The limestone
deposit of these belts belongs to Kumbhalgarh and Ajabgarh Groups of Delhi
Supergroup. Eastern belt lies due East of Beawar while the western belt in the West.
The northern belt occurs NW of Kishangarh in the form of isolated outcrops.
Eastern limestone belt: This belt extends for 20 km. strike length from
Sheopura in SW to Kesarpura in NE through Lulwa and Shyamgarh in Beawar tehsil
forming high hills. Limestone is fine to medium grained, micaceous at places and is
bluish grey in colour. GSI has estimated 424 million tonnes and 254 million tonnes of
limestone reserves under indicated and inferred categories, respectively, with an
average 40% CaO content. A part of this deposit (11 sq. km.) is sanctioned under
mining lease to M/ s Shree Cement Ltd. for their 1.2 MT PA cement plant located at
Andheri-Deori (Beawar).
The DMG has carried out detailed exploration in this area between Kalabar and
Shyamgarh and has computed inferred reserves in three blocks to the tune of 98, 115 and
159 million tonnes containing marginal cement grade limestone. The CaO content varies
from 40 - 45%.
Western limestone belt: The western belt stretches for about 140 km. strike
length from Rupnagar (in Beawar tehsil) in South to Jhak (in Kishangarh tehsil) near
Sambhar lake in North. Limestone occurs intermittently in the form of small outcrops
near villages Rupnagar, Saradhana, Bhagwanpura, Bhatsuri, Odas, Daulatpura, Shivpura,
Govindgarh, Pisangan, Kayampura, Sursara, Salemabad, Magra, Rajpura and Jhak etc. It
is light pink, chocolate, cream grey and greenish in colour, fine to medium grained and
crystalline. Limestone near villages Saradhana, Rupnagar, Odas, Bhatsuri, Daulatpura
etc. seems tobe of cement and high grade. Limestone of Saradhana and Rupnagar area
contains 47.60 to 48.44% CaO and 1.90 to 3.96% SiO2. At places, it is being quarried as
marble and also as limestone for use as sweetner in cement factories.
Northern limestone belt: In Raghunathpura area of Kishangarh tehsil, limestone
occurs in small patches and bands around Baori, Karel, Ladpura, Gagwana, Untra,
Maligaon, Gingoli, Sanodia, Jawali, Brijpura villages having 0.5 to 3 km. strike length
and 30 - 100 m. width. In Brijpura block, DMG has estimated 6.9 MT of reserves under
inferred category upto 20 m, depth, while in Raghunathpura block, 8.8 MT of reserves
have been estimated under proved category with an average CaO content of 41 %, MgO 1
% and Silica 10%.
In addition to the above, small occurrences were also seen near village Gagwana
(CaO 29%, MgO 9% and SiO2 24%), Harmara, Untra, Akhri (CaO 31 %, MgO 21 % and
SiO2 0.4%), Makhupura (CaO 31 %, MgO 21 % and SiO2 0.4%), Suliya Dunger (CaO
50%, MgO 1 % and SiO2 4%). Mangliyawas, Kharwa, etc. villages. The limestone is
intercalated with calc silicate, calc schist, etc. intruded by amphibolite and pegmatites
and is at places crystalline in nature.
Mineral administration
Mineral administration work in the district is being looked after by the Mining
Engineer, Ajmer, which comes under the jurisdiction of Superintending Mining Engineer,
Jaipur. Geological work including mineral prospecting & investigations are being looked
after by the Senior Geologist, Ajmer, which is under the Superintending Geologist Jaipur
and Additional Director (Geology), Jaipur Zone.
The telephone numbers of these officers are given below:
1. M.E., Ajmer
(0145) 424695
2. S.M.E., Jaipur
(0141) 383236
3. A.D.M., Jaipur
(0141) 383965
4. S.G., Ajmer
(0145) 424695
5. Suptg. Geologist, Jaipur (0141) 314895
6. A.D.G., Jaipur.
(0141) 381934
Unpublished Geological Reports of Ajmer District
(A) Geological Survey of India & Other Organisations:
Awasthi, S.K.; 1990-91 : Report on test drilling in Saradhana and Taluji
prospects.
Chattopadhyay, A.K.; 1986-88 : Final report on drilling operation for zinc
mineralisation in Madarpura Bhunabay area.
Chattopadhyay, A.K.; 1988-89 : An interim report on drilling investigation for
zinc and lead in Kayar.
Malhotra, G. & Joshi, D.W.; 1990-91 : Report on the study of conglomerates at
Bar, district Pali and at Shrinagar, district Ajmer.
Gathania, R.C. & Shyam Narayan; 1987-90 : Report on the investigation for
basemetals in the Bar-JaitpuraKalabar area, Pali & Ajmer districts.
Yadav, P.K. & et. al.; 1987-89 : Report on basemetal investigation in Agucha and
Hanotia areas, Bhilwara & Ajmer districts.
Jhanwar, M.L. & Grover,A.K.; 1988-89: Indian remote sensing utilisation
programme.
Gupta, P.; 1987-88: Report on the geological mapping in parts of Ajmer district.
Roy, Sumit Kumar; 1982-87: Report on prospcting and exploration of lead-zinc
and copper-gold mineralised zone in Sawar-Bajita area.
Devpuriyan, G.V.; 1966-71 : Report on the assessment of lead-zinc deposit in
Sawar area.
N.M.L. Jamshedpur: Reduction of silica content of a magnesite sample from
Ajmer district.
Chattopadhyay, N.; 1967-68 : Report on the investigation of the ultrabasic
rocks with special reference to the emerald mineralisation and of the pegmatites in
Halondi, Rajgarh, Beawar area.
Manjrekar, B.S.; 1966-67: Reports on asbestos deposits near Barena
(Bhilwara district) Kanotiya-Manpura (Pali-district) and Nai-Khurd (Ajmer distt.).
Mishra, S.P.; 1972-73 : Investigation of Gossanised zone near Chenpura,
Ajmer district.
Mishra, S.P.; 1971-72: Note on geochemical samping for Molybdenum in the
Nepheline syenite area of Kishangarh.
Raghunandan, K.R. & Chattopadhyay, N.; 1971-72 : Report on the geochemical
reconnaissance for platinum, nickel, cobalt, chromium, copper, lead and z,inc in parts of
Ajmer, Udaipur & Dungarpur districts.
Arora, C.L.; 1963-64 : Report on geophysical investigation for lead, zinc &
copper areas in the Sawar-Ganeshpura area.
Mukherji, K.K. & Kapoor, S.C.; 1962 : Note on the preliminary investigation of
limestone deposit between Sheopura and Lulwa in the Beawar tehsil.
Meghram, N.A. & Goswami, S.N., IBM: Beneificiation of a low grade
wollastonite sample from Gola, Alipura, distt. Ajmer.
(B) Department of Mines & Geology :
Saxena, G.P.; 1961-62 : A Geological report of the limestone area near villages
Neemla-Ka-Chora, Soniana area of Beawar tehsil.
Saxena; R.C. & Saxena, G.P.; 1960-61 : A report on the investigation for
graphite in Dumara and Amba areas.
Roy, A.; 1958-59 : A report on the investigation of crysotile asbestos and nickel
ore near Kaonlai village. Kulshrestha, N .P; 1957-58 : Lithium mineral in Ajmer district.
Roy, A.; 1957-58 : A report on the occurrences of lepidolite near Rajgarh.
Roy, A.; 1958-59 : A report on the investigation of graphite near Lotiana.
Roy, A.; 1960 : Sampling report of limestone deposit in Ajmer district.
Bhargava, M.K.; 1968 : A report on the pyrite investigation in Kharwa-Goria
area.
Dave, Y.N. & Keshwani, K.B.; 1963-64 : A report on the marble deposit in
Kishangarh area.
Mitter, A.C.; 1958-59 : A note on vermiculite deposit of Ajmer district.
Dave, Y.N., Saxena, R.C. & Sharma, J .P.; 1963 : A report on the investigation
for vermiculite in Ajmer.
Roy, A.; 1958-59 : A report on the mineral survey for vermiculite, asbestos,
soapstone and limestone near village Guda tehsil, district Ajmer.
Saxena, R.C., Dave, Y.N. & Consul, D.N.; 1969 : A report on the investigation
for magnesite at SarupaChhaja, Gafa and Airaberi area.
Rathore, B.R., Singh, A. & Saxena, R.C.; 1972 : Study of felspar occurrences in
pegmatite of Ajmer district.
Lal, K.E & Khichi, N.S.; 1975-76 : Assessment of felspar in lease hold areas of
Ajmer district.
Khichi, N.S.; 1976-77 : Investigation for dolomite in Karla area, tehsil Beawar.
Khichi, N.S.; 1976-77 : Mineral resources of Ajmer district.
Bhargava, S.C. & Khichi, N.S.; 1977-78: Investigation for kyanite in GadiArjunpura area.
M.E.C.; 1981 : Prospecting of cement grade limestone in P.L. area near village
Raghunathpura, Rajpura for M/ s Rajasthan Industrial Development and Investment
Corporation.
Mehta, D.S. & Vijayvergia, R.P.; 1979-80: A report on basemetal investigation by
diamond core drilling near village Nayagaon, tehsil Beawar.
Vijayvergia, R.P. & Mehta, D.S.; 1981-82: A report on reconnaissance around
Shergarh, Nandwara, Kirap, Jamol, Lilri area for asbestos, garnet, kyanite clay, limestone
and other minerals.
Swami, S.K. & Mehta, D.S.; 1980-82 : Study of marblearea near Beawar.
............................... : A note on indication of
Mangliawas, Lachhipura. Raizada, R.K. & Vijayvergia,
asbestos, soap stone, garnet & other economic minerals
Kharwa area.
Swami, S.K.; 1982-83 : A report of black granite
tehsil Beawar.
basemetal in and around
R.P. : Reconnaissance for
near Nagelao, Jethana and
areas near village Ramgarh
Trivedi, A.K.; 1982-83 : Study of ultrabasics with special reference to nickel and
other associated metals in Mangliawas-Lachhipura area.
Trivedi, A.K.; 1983-84 : Reconnaissance for limestone, kyanite, calcite and other
economic minerals in Kesharpura-Rajpura-Shyamgarh area.
Trivedi, A.K.; 1983-84 : Prospecting for basemetals in Chenpura, Sardarpura and
Chat area.
Consul, O.N., Trivedi, A.K. & Yadav, O.P., 1985-86 : Reconnaissance for
tungsten in tourmaline bearing pegmatites around Rajgarh.
Trivedi, A.K.; 1984-85: Reconnaissance for economic minerals around villages
Pisagan and Govindgarh.
Consul, O.N. & Vaishnav, V.K.; 1987-88 : Reconnaissance for economic
minerals like garnet, beryl and other pegmatatic minerals around Satholiya, Amargarh,
Jhalkhera.
Yadav, O.P., Maheshwari, A., Vaishnav, V.K. & Consul O.N.; 1986-87 :
Assessment of nepheline bearing rocks to judge their suitability as flux material for steel
industry and for determining its suitablity as decorative and ornamental stone near
Kishangarh, Mandaria, Harmada villages.
Kothari, A.K. & Maheshwari, A.K.; 1984-85 : Prospecting and assessment of
marble in Jhakoli, Salemabad, Gegal area.
Consul, O.N., Trivedi, A.K., Yadav, O.P & Vaishnav, V.K.; 1985-86 :
Reconnaissance for tungsten, fluorite and other economic minerals around Mundoti,
TIlonia.
Dave, Y.N.; 1950-51 : A note on emerald in Rajasthan (special reference to Ajmer
distt.)
Yadav, O.P. & Vaishnav, V.K.; 1986-87: Reconnaissance for fluorite and other
ceramic minerals around villages Chaeloliya, Gujarwara, Sunariya, distt. Ajmer.
Vaishnav, V.K. & Khunteta, R.S.; 1989-90 : Reconnaissance for kyanite and
other economic minerals near villages Kirap, Mayala, Rooppura in teh. and distt. Ajmer.
1988-89 : An Interim report of the wollastonite area near village Gola- Alipura,
distt. Ajmer.
Consul, O.N. & Yadav, O.P. : The detailed investigation for basemetals near
villages Chenpura, Sardarpura,distt.Ajmer.
Ali, S. Faruq : A report on the investigation for black rocks in Ramgarh area, distt
Ajmer for use as decorative stone.
An investigation report on chalk sample from village Kothi, near Pushakar, distt.
Ajmer.
Vaishnav, V.K. & Khunteta, R.S.; 1990-91 : Reconnaissance for kyanite and
other economic minerals near villages Srinagar, Tantiya, Navlakha, Bir, teh. and distt.
Ajmer.
Danish, H.A.; 1992-97 Report on geophysical investigation for basemetal in Gafa
area, teh. Beawar, distt. Ajmer.
Vaishnav, V.K. & Khunteta, R.S. : Prospecting for Delineation for dolomite,
marble bands & to assess the reserves of dolomite and depth continuity of marble near
Sawar, Rajpura, Unaria, Modi, Ghatiali, Bastain, tehsil Kekri of Ajmer distt.
Mathur, G.P. & Singhvi, R.S. : A report on Geophysical prospecting for
basematals in Chainpura-Sardarpura & Chat area, distt. Ajmer.
Danish, H.A. : Report on geophysical investigation for basemetals in Gafa
area, distt. Ajmer.
Dhabhai, S.S. & Paliwal, R.S. : Report on regional Investigation for
limestone near villages Lulawa, Shivpura-Ghata-Shyamgarh etc., tehsil Beawar,
distt. Ajmer.
Maloo,A.K.; 1990-92: Search for fluorite in Richhmalia area, Tehsil Ajmer
& Adjoining Boarder of Pali & Ajmer district.
Maloo, A.K.; 1990-93 : Reconnaissance for basemetals around Sarupa, Gafa
villages, teh. Beawar distt. Ajmer.
Maloo, A.K.; 1992-93 : Delineation of Granite areas in Kekri areas in Kekri
Sarwar, Pisagan, Sodpura area of Ajmer distt.
Maloo, A.K. & Sharma, T.S.; 1993-94 : Regional Mineral survey for granite
and other Economic Minerals near villages Masuda, Ratakot, Shergarh etc. in teh.
Beawar distt. Ajmer.
Gupta, L.P. & Maloo, A.K.; 1993-94: Report on regional mineral survey for
Granite and other economic minerals near village Dang, Sirong, Gelpur, Arain in
teh. Kishangarh, distt. Ajmer.
Maloo, A.K. : Investigation for limestone near village Daulatpura, Ruparal,
teh. Beawar, distt. Ajmer.
Danish, H.A.; 1995-97 : Report on Geophysical survey in Pushkar, Leela
Sewari & Hokran area of distt. Ajmer.
Jamrani, S.S., Vaishnav, V.K., Agrawal, Pradeep & Trivedi Arun; 1988-95 :
Geological investigation of wollastonite in Pisangan, Alipura, Gola, Rupnagar area
in Ajmer-Beawar and Raipur teh. along the border of Ajmer & Pali distt.
Vaishnav, V.K. & Maloo, A.K. : A report on investigation for barytes, white
quartzite, dolomitic, marble & other economic mineral arround Bhanwata, Pushkar,
Tilora, Rewat, Hokran, Narwar etc. in distt. Ajmer.
Maloo, A.K. : A report on geological appraisal for granite & other economi
minerals near villages Dewal, Jharti, Lamba Hari Singh (Teh. Malpura) distt. Tonk
& Dantri (teh. Sarwar) Dhasik Kharwar teh. Kishangarh, distt. Ajmer.
A report on wollastonite Deposit of Ramawas Area, teh. Beawer, distt. Ajmer.
Jangid, H.K. & Sharma, T.S.; 1995-96 : A report on search for lime stone,
marble & other economic minerals like quartz, feldspur, clay etc. around villages
Surrare, Harmep etc. teh. Kishangarh, distt. Ajmer.
Khandelwal, Dr. D.K. & Trivedi, A.K. : A repoit on geological appraisel for
granite & other economic minerals near villages Tilara, Nagda, Sal etc., teh. Kekri, distt.
Ajmer.
Porwal, A. & Shrimal, A.K.; 1995-98 : A report on integrated approach of data
analysis for Banswara. and Ajmer distt.
Jangid, H.K. & Sunil Kumar : Regional mineral survey and prospecting for
economic minerals with special attention to scheelite near villages Kotra, Nai, Kalan,
Kalaliya teh. Beawar, distt. Ajmer.
Trivedi, A., Jangid, H.K., Meena, M.K.B.; 1997-98 : A report on regional mineral
survey for locating potential marble areas for delineation near villages Kabra, Fateh ki
Pole, Dhuwariya, Sarsari, Sawar, Kanwalai etc., distt. Ajmer.
Trivedi, A., Sharma, T.S., Meena, M.K.B. & Sunil Kumar; 1996-97 : A report on
regional mineal survey for limestone, lime kankar, quartz, feldspar and other economic
minerals near villages Jhak, Nasal, Kotri, Thar Ki Dhani, Ragunathpura etc. in
teh.Kishangarh, distt. Ajmer.
Sharma, T.S. & Sunil Kumar; 1997-98 : A report on regional mineral survey for
granite in Kishangarh and Nasirabad arias teh. and distt. Ajmer.
Trivedi,A.K.,Jangid, H.K. &Meena,M.K.B.; 1999-2000: A report on regional
minerals survey for lime stone marble and other economic mineral n/v Nada, Todgarh,
Kelwasete, teh. Beawar, distt. Ajmer.
Trivedi, A.K., Jangid, H.K. & Sharma, T.S.; 1995-96 : Delineation of marble
plots around villages Sawar, Umariya, Ghatiyali, Bajita etc. in teh. Kekri, distt. Ajmer.
Trivedi, A.K. & Sunil Kumar; 1998-99 : Regional mineral Survey for garnet,
granite and other economic menerals near villages Sattawariya, Chowriya, Salarmala etc.
in tehs. Masuda and Bhinai in distt. Ajmer.
Trivedi, A.K. & Sunil Kumar; 1998-99 : Regional mineal survey for locating
new potential granite areas for delineation of granite in distt. Ajmer.
Trivedi, A.K., Jangid, H.K., Sharma, Sunil Kumar & Meena M.K.B.; 1996-97
: Identification and delineation of granite n/v Baripol, Sargon, Sikhrani, Fatehgarh,
Amba, distt. Ajmer.
Ram, Dr. B., & Dhaka, B.S.; 1995-96 : Delineation of marble plots in
Kishangarh, Beawar and Ajmer tehs., distt. Ajmer.
Trivedi, A.K., Dhaka, B.S. & Jangid, H.K.; 1995-96 : Geological appraisal for
granite and other economic minerals near villages J orawarpura, Sawaipura, Paranga,
Kheri etc., distt. Ajmer.
Shrimal, A.K. & Vaishnav, V.K.; March, 2001 : Interpretation of satellite data
to study the structural setup of the area around Ajmer-Srinagar, KayarKishangarh
with special reference to basemental occurrance near village Srinagar, distt. Ajmer.
Trivedi, A.K. & Jangid, H.K. : To explore the possibilities of marble as
decorative stone and lime stone for near villages Kalesara, Bhagwanpura, Rupnagar
etc., teh. Beawer, distt. Ajmer.
Danish, H.A. : Geophysical survey for basemetals in Srinagar area of teh.
Nasirabad, distt. Ajmer.
Trivedi, A.K., Agrawal, P. & Sharma, T.S. : Preleminary mineral prospecting
for cement grade lime stone in Kotra area, teh. Beawar, distt. Ajmer
Trivedi, A.K., Agrawal, P. & Sharma, T.S.: Investigation for wollastonite and
other economic minerals near villages Punera, Taragarh and Kharkhsa along borders
of Ajmer & Pali distt. DGM work in Runagar area & drilling investigation in Kotra
area.
Trivedi, A.K. & Agrawal P. : A report on investigation of fluorite and other
economic minerals along the border of Ajmer & Pali distts. around villages
Richhmaliyan, Sewaria, Gurha etc.
Trivedi, A.K. & Sexena, S. : Final report on Regional mineral survey for
basemetals, noble metals & other economic minerals near villages Srinagar,
Kanakheri Pharkiya, Tikawara etc., teh. Nasirabad and Kishangarh, distt. Ajmer.
Trivedi, A.K. & Sexena, S. : Regional mineal survey for basemetals, noble metals
and other economic minerals near villages Kadha, Gordhanpura, Batapura, Silora,
Chausla in teh. Kishangarh, distt. Ajmer.
Dhaka, B.S. & Meena M.K.B. : A report on mineral survey for marble, granite,
calc-gneisses and other economic minerals n/v Bindiya, Bakhera, Kaladanta,
Amarpura etc. in distts. Ajmer, Rajsamand and Pali.
Trivedi, A.K., Dhaka, B.S. & Jangid, H.K. : Identification and delineation of
marble n/v Sawar, Bhagwanpura, Garhi-Arjunpura, Kanwalai, Ratariya etc. in distt.
Ajmer.
Dhaka, B.S., & Meena, M.K.B. : Interim report on investigation for basemetals
near village Srinagar, teh. Nasirabad, distt. Ajmer.
Jangid, H.K., Sunil Kumar & Dhaka, B.S. : Interim report on regional Mineral
Survey for spodumene, emerald, tin and other economic minerals near
villages Balwanta, Lachhipura, Rajgarh etc., tehs. Nasirabad, Pisangan & Ajmer in distt.
Ajmer.
Sunil Kumar, Trivedi, A.K. & Dhaka, B.S. : Final report on regional mineral
survey for granite, garnet, Kynite marble, lime stone etc. and other economic minerals
near villages Nad, Rajpura, Manpura etc., teh. Masuda, distt. Ajmer.
Sunil Kumar, Trivedi, A.K. & Dhaka, B.S. : Regional mineral survey for marble,
graphite, granet etc. near villages Rtanpura, Dholadanta, Singhpura etc. in Ajmer
district.
Dhaka, B.S., Jangid, H.K., Agarwal, P.K. & Sharma T.S.: Delineation of granite
plots in Kishangarh, Ajmer and Kekri tehs., distt. Ajmer.
Trivedi, A.K., Dhaka, B.S. & Jangid, H.K. : Evaluation of marble deposits in
Ajmer & Tonk distt.
Luhadia, K.C., Khunteta, R.S., Sharma, J.P., Swami, S.K. & Rathore, B.S. : A
report on prospecting for granite in Ajmer, Tonk, Bhilwara & Chittorgarh distts. & for
marble in Ajmer district.
Trivedi, A.K., Dhaka, B.S. & Jangid, H.K. : Regional mineral survey for quartz,
feldspar, Garnet, Granite and other economic minerals near villages Baghsuri,
Bhagwanpura, Sarwar, Amarpura in teh. Kekri, distt. Ajmer.
Trivedi, A.K., Dhaka, B.S. & Jangid, H.K. : Regional mineal survey for
blockable marble around Kalakheri, Pawariya, Sawar, Sarsari etc. in tehs. Kekri,
Beawar & Pisangan of distt. Ajmer.
Trivedi, A.K., Dhaka, B.S. & Jangid, H.K. : Delineation of marble and
investigation for other economic minerals near villages Chiriyabar, Rupana and
Naikhurd, teh. Beawar, distt. Ajmer.
BENTONITE RESOURCES OF RAJASTHAN
Introduction
Bentonite is anatural clay like substance. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina,
derived from the devitrification and chemical alteration of the glassy particles of volcanic
ash or tuff with the clay mineral, montmorillonite [(Mg.Ca)O. Al2O3. SiO2. nH2O with n
= 5-7] as the chief constituent. The classification of bentonite was in dispute for many
years and the name was origionally applied only to a specific type that occurs in the Fort
Benton formation in the Black Hills of Wyoming and South Dakota in D.S.A. Later on all
clays comprising chiefly montmorillonite and having been derived through the
decomposition of volcanic ash, were classed as bentonites. On the basis of physical
properties two types of bentonites are generally identified, one that swells, in water
enormously (sodium bentonite) and another that swells no more than other plastic clay
(calcium bentonite). Those belonging to first type are real bentonite. They are
characterised by their unique swelling and gelation properties which make it suitable for
a variety of special uses. The other type is known as meta- bentonites used chiefly in
bleaching and purifying oils, fats and waxes and preparing well drilling fluids. They are
perhaps of not much interest to ceramics.
The calcium bentonite can be converted to sodium bentonite by sodium exchange
process.
Bentonite is some what variable in its physical appearance and the most common
colours are pale buff, cream and dull green. It fires to a buff and light red colour.
Chemically in bentonite the silica percent may vary from 45 to 68 and alumina from 18 to
28 percent. Fe2O3 usually does not exceed 4 percent. Its texture is often compact with a
conchoidal fracture.
Bhavnagar and Kachchh districts in Gujarat and Barmer district in Rajasthan are
major producers of bentonite. Kachchh bentonite is regarded as one of the world's best
deposits because of its high swelling property. Other deposits of commercial importance
of both calcium and sodium bentonites are found in the states of Bihar and Jammu &
Kashmir.
Recoverable reserves of bentonite (as on 1.4.1995) of all grades are placed at
about 365 million tonnes out of which 0.8 million tonnes are in Gujarat and 275 million
tonnes are in Rajasthan.
The production value of bentonite in India was estimated at Rs. 3.6 crores for the
year 1998-99. Out of the total value Gujarat alone accounted for 83.0% followed by
Rajasthan 16.9%.
Occurrences in Rajasthan
Rajasthan possesses sizeable deposits of both swelling and non-swelling types
ofbentonites. The deposits are found at Harwocha, Sheo, Hati-Singh-Ki-Dhani, Akli,
Thumbli, Giral, Sonri, Bisala, Bhadres and Mahawar in Barmer district; Kheta-Kheda,
Mathniya, Bhander, Ghurelia, Chowki, Kharodiya, Qadir Nagar, Chhoti Sunel etc. areas
in Jhalawar district.
Barmer district
The bentonite deposits in the district are located in a NNW-SSE trending belt,
extending for a distance of 86 km. (from Khoryal in the north to Mahawar in the south)
and having about 8 km. width. Most of the deposits in this belt fall on either side of
BarmerJ aisalmer metalled road and confined to the Akli and Lathi formations (Map-1).
The details of the important occurrences are given below:
Akli- Thumbli-Giral area: The deposits are situated 33 km. north of Barmer. In
Akli area about 1 m. thick bed of bentonite of light green colour occurs under 1 m. thick
overburden of sand. The material can be extracted in fairly large lumps. This bentonite
appears to be of good quality, while the bentonite of Giral & Thumbli area is of inferior
grade. From Akli to Giral and Thumbli, the bentonite beds grade from a swelling to a
non-swelling type or is low-swelling type as in the Giral- Thumbli area.
Hathi-Singh-Ki-Dhani : The deposits are situated 59 kms. north of Barmer
alongwith Sheo-Harsani road and rises 10 to 12 m. above the surrounding land. An
outcrop of bentonite covering an area of 33,000 to 1,00,000 square feet is exposed near
HathiSingh-Ki-Dhani village. This bentonite horizon is about 6 m. thick and dips at an
angle of 10° to 1'5°. The bentonite is grey or greenish grey in colour in the northern
portion of the deposit and the southern most portion has stained yellow colour and so
also is the material from the upper and the lower portions of the bed/horizon.
The material, except being very slightly contaminated with sand, is free from
any objectionable impurities such as gypsum, carbonaceous matter etc. The lowermost
layer is said to contain some saline matter. This material occurs on plateau region and
has thin overburden. The bentonite in most of the areas has only 30 cm. thick soil or
loose sand cover.
Barmer area: A 1.5 m. thick bed of bentonite is reported to occur under 1 m.
thick overburden of sand and silt near the railway distant signal of Barmer railway
station towards Hyderabad Sindh (Pakistan). The outcrop has been traced to a distance
of 20 m. This material is iron-stained and is associated with lenticular bands of
selenite. It is of inferior quality. Another exposure is noticed in a well near previous
location at a depth of 6 m. and at a distance of 100 m. to the west. It is reported that 3
more bentonite deposits occur in an area within a radius of 2 kms from Barmer. These
deposits are overlain by a thick overburden of sand.
The quality of the material is considered to be good.
Bhadras area: The bentonite deposits occupy a very large area east and south
east of Bhadras village near milestone 17 (27.3 km. from Barmer) on the BarmerHarsani road. The bentonite is associated with Barmer sandstone of Kapurdi formation.
In southeastern part it is associated with streaks of gypsum and reddish clay.
Bisala area : The deposits are situated 1.5 km. north east of Bisala village
which is 34 km. from Barmer on Barmer-Jaisalmer road. It is greyish to purplish in
colour having about 2 m. thickness lying under 1.5 m. thick overburden of pebbles and
boulders. The material is said to be contaminated with limonite in the lower portion of
the deposit but this can be separated by simple hand picking.
Sheo deposits: Deposits are situated 2 to 3 km. WSW and SW of Sheo. On the
western limit of these deposits lie isolated outcrops of sandstone and on the east, north
and south deep soil and sand cover. The Sheo deposits extend in N-S direction for
more than 2 km. with an average width of 0.5 km. The thickness of the exposed
bentonite ranges from 1.65 m. to as much as 5.45 m.
Sheo-Kumaron-Ki-Dhani-Gunga deposits: All these deposits are situated
around Sheo, Kumaron-KiDhani and Gunga villages and form part of a larger deposit
that is now isolated by patches of sands and soil cover.
The eastern extention of the above bentonite deposit is situated just east of Sheo.
The aerial extent of this deposit is approximately 0.68 sq.km. There are three distinct
horizons of bentonite observed in this area. The top most bed is a lensoidal body of about
15 cm. thickness and has been observed only in the southern portion of the deposit.
The second horizon varies from 2.00 m. to 3.65 m. in thickness, the average being
2.5 m. It contains a few thin partings of weathered ferruginous shale, ferruginous nodules
and fillings of limonitic material along cracks and joints. In the extreme southern portion
it is almost devoid of gypsum. Presence of carbonaceous material is frequently observed
in the central and northern parts of the block.
The third horizon was exposed in a deep pit. Its thickness is about 4 m. of which
only the top portion of 1.80 m. thickness is light grey bentonite of good quality.
Kumaron-Ki-Dhani deposits: It lies just east of the village in relatively flat
depression and extends towards NE and probably joins up with the Gunga bentonite
deposits. Bentonite body seems to be extending in the east but here the soil cover has
progressively become thicker. The exposed length of bentonite body is 600 m. and width
500 m. Bentonite beds range in exposed thickness from 1 m. to 2.70 m., the average
being above 2 m.
Gunga deposit: It lies on either sides of BarmerJaisalmer road close to the village
Gunga, therefore divided into two parts i.e. west of the road and east of the road. Gunga
west bentonite deposit extends for about 0.6 km. in NW-SE direction with an average
width of 400 m., where as Gunga east deposit extends in a more or less north-south
direction for about 0.7 km. with an average width of 350 m. The thickness of the
bentonite beds ranges from 0.85 to 3.6 metres, the average being 2.0 to 2.5 m. The
bentonite beds continue towards south with intervening patches of blown sand and join
up with the Sheo bentonite but are covered extensively in the north, east and west by
dune sands.
Bentonites are mostly greyish white with some reddish yellow patches. Bending
in bentonite is fine often rhythmic and generally horizontal. Thin veins and stringers of
gypsum commonly occur in bentonite along fractures and joints.
Deoka-Khorayal deposits: Two separate deposits of bentonite lie adjacent to the
western side of BarmerJaisalmer road, which lie respectively, 2.7 and 1.5 km. south-west
and north of Deoka village. The two occurrences are separated by sand dunes and a few
isolated outcrops of sandstone. The Deoka bentonite deposit no. 1 extends in NNE-SSW
direction for about 2 km. with an average width of 300 m. The maximum thickness of the
bentonite body is 2.85 m. with an average thickness of 1.8 metres. The deposit no. 2
extends for about 1.6 km. in NNE-SSW with an average width 200 m. The thickness of
the bentonite beds ranges from less than 0.50 m. upto 2.45 m. the average being 2 m.
Both the deposits are covered on east, west and south sides by thick soil cover and blown
sands. The bentonite deposits continue northward and join with the Khorayal bentonite
body.
Khorayal deposit: Two separated bentonite deposits namely 1 and 2 are located
respectively at 1.5 km. north and west of the village Khorayal along BarmerJaisalmer
road. The first Khorayal bentonite deposit extends in NE-SW to north-south direction for
about 1.35 km. length with an average width of 100 m. The thickness ranges from 1.35
m. to 2.35 m. The second deposit extends in NNW-SSE for about 0.75 km. with an
average width of 300 m. The thickness of the bentonite varies from 0.75 m. to 2.45 m.
Average thickness for both the bentonite deposits is about 2 m.
Both at Deoka and Khorayal, bentonite occurs in flat ground under a thin (0.3
to 1 m. thick) cover of soil and loose sands. Bentonite is mostly greyish-white
coloured with reddish yellow patches and often cut across by thin veins and stringers
of gypsum.
Mandai deposit: Mandai bentonite deposit lies within and around the village
Mandai. Here bentonite is exposed along nalas close to the hill slopes and in shallow
pits. Occurrences of bentonite are also noted towards north-west from Mandai for
about 2 to 3 km. Isolated exposures of bentonite are seen in pits near Sajit, 7 km.
north-west of Mandai. Mandai bentonite body extends in NE-SW for about 1.3 km.
with an average width of 500 m. The thickness of the bentonite body ranges from 0.50
metre to 5.15 metres. The average thickness of Mandai bentonite-block 'A' is about 4
metres and in block 'B' is about 2 metres. Mandai bentonite body is bounded on south,
east and north by outcrops of Lathi sandstone and on the north-west by loose sand. In
south of the village Mandai, thin layers of bentonite found interbedded with phosphate
rich, fossiliferous (lamellibranchs), calcareous sandstone and shales.
Bentonite is greyish-white in colour, lumpy and very 1 loose in nature. Bentonite
bandings are generally gently dipping towards east at very low angle ie. 15° to 20°.
Harwaccha : About 3 m. thick bed of bentonite striking N-S over 250
m.length with 80 m. width is found exposed in nala bed at about 700 m. west of
Harwaccha. The bentonite is greyish in colour and breaks down to small fragments on
exposure to atmosphere. Three distinct beds of bentonite separated by iron stone are
observed in this section. At the centre of the beds the overburden is almost negligible
but it increases in both north and south directions.
Giral : Number of old pits, worked to get bentonitic clay are found at about 300
m. west of Giral,. The thickness of bentonite bed is about 5 m. and can be traced over 150
m. long and 70 m. wide area. The bentonite is usually stained yellowish, and is frequently
contaminated with ferruginous clayey matter and some occassional flakes of gypsum.
The average overburden thickness is 1.5 m.
Thumbli deposit: This is the southern extention of the high swelling Akli
bentonite deposit aI:ld lies 3 km. south-west of Thumbli. It is extending in south and east
wards for 0.16 sq. km. area.
The overburden in general is 0.80 m. to 1.25 m. thick and composed of compact
sandy soil with carbonate and salt, followed by a hard compact granular horizon.
The bentonite is brownish to purplish colour towards the top portion while it is
grey with purple bands in the lower portion. The bentonite is 2.45 to 3.90 m. thick, the
average being 3.20 m.
Harwa deposit: The flat ground lying 1 km. NNE of village Harwa (on the
western side of NH-15), is occupied by bentonite. The deposit is extending for 0.70 sq.
km area. The thickness of the bentonite hirozon varies from 1.70 m. to 3.50 m. beyond
which the quality deteriorates. At places the bentonite contains a little gypsum and
ferruginous nodules. The overburden thickness varies from 0.45 to 1.70 m. It is
comprised of loose as well as compact sand having fragments of ferruginous shale. The
bentonite is generally grey coloured but purple, yellow and greyish brown colours are
also present.
Bisu Kalan South deposit: The deposit is located just south of the Bisu Kalan
village. It consists of two bands of bentonite separated from each other by 5 to 10 cm.
thick ferruginous sand stone bands. The bentonite is light grey to grey coloured and
partly it is pale yellow and laminated. The thickness of the upper band varies from 0.50 to
0.70 m. with an average of 0.50 m. The lower band shows no indication of bottoming.
The lower band is of good and uniform quality where as the upper one is of inferior
quality because of its intermixing with loose sand and overbuden clay. The oveburden of
loose sandy soil, hard bentonite and occassional kankar is 0.52 to 1.60 m. thick.
MAP-1
Bisu Kalan North deposit: The deposit lies just north of Bisu Kalan village. Here also
two bands of grey to yellowish coloured, laminated bentonite separated by 5 to 10 cm.
thick sand stone, occurs below an overburden of 10 to 30 cm. The upper band which is
0.45 to 0.75 m. thick (average 0.5 rn.) is inferior in quality where as the lower band is
more then 2 m. thick and is of good quality.
Mahawar area: The deppsit is situated 1.5 km. SW of village Mahawar which
lies 4.8 km. from Barmer on Barmer- Dhorimana road. The bentonite beds in this area are
distributed in an area of 2.6 sq. km. having a thickness of 1 to 3 m. The overburden of
sand, kankar and conglomerate varies from 1 to 3 m.
Other Occurrences: Minor bentonite occurrences are also observed at a few
other places in the area i.e. at the base of conical hill just north of Daijar Ka Dungar,
Baisala, Purad, Dharvi Khurd, Ratta Kumaron Ki Dhani, Sonari, Maobar Kalan, HapaKi-Dhani, Parasar Nadi, Ambabori etc. area.
Reserves and other details
Reserves and important physical properties of the various bentonite clay deposits of
Barmer district is shown in the following table.
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Name of the area
Swelling index
Gel volume (in ml)
Akli
Thumbli
Giral
Hathi Singh Ki
Dhani
Bhadras
Bisala
Sheo-1
Sheo-2
Sheo-3
Sheo-4
Kumaron Ki
Dhani
Gunga-1
Gunga-2
Deoka-1
Deoka-2
Khorayal-1
Khorayal-2
Mandai
Harwaccha
Harwa
Bisu Kalan South
BK-1
6-15
2-13.5
2.7
upto20
7.5-22
6.3-7.7
2-3.2
4-13
1-13
3.4
2-3.1
2.1-4.0
1.5-2.5
3-15
5-13
4-6
3-10
5-8
-
-
2.1-3.3
2.1-3.1
2-10
2-3.2
2.5-4.3
2.0-3.3
2.8-17.5
2.0-4.6
2.7-5.5
4-10
4-10
4-22
4-7
4-9
3-7
4-13
2-11
6-15
2.5-5.0
6-11.5
Reserve
(in MT)
0.084
1.067
0.075
0.075
2.24
1.44
0.57
7.792
0.65
0.81
0.95
0.45
0.97
0.53
0.77
2.88
0.10
3.728
7.02
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Bisu Kalan North
BK-2
Mahawar
Pusad
Ratta Kumaronb
Ki Dhani
Barmer
2.5-4.5
5.5-8.5
2-4
3-3.5
8-11
6.5
3
5-6
-
5
8.15
1.04
1.08
-
Jhalwar district
The state department of Mines & Geology has located and explored the grey and
red coloured bentonite deposits in the district (Map-2). The grey bentonites are of good
quality as compared to red bentonites. The beltwise description of the grey variety
bentonite is as under:
Mathaniya-Bhandar area: The village Mathaniya is located 15 kms south of
Sunel and 12 kms SW of Raipur. The deposit is found spread over an area of almost 3.50
sq. km. around villages Mathaniya, Bhandar and Naklong. The bentonite occurs below 26 m. thick overburden of black soil and weathered traps. The bentonite bed has a
thickness varying from 0.60 m. to 5.20 m. with average thickness of about 2 m.
Karodiya, Nagar, Chhoti Sunel area: The grey and mixed (red and grey)
bentonite deposits have been located near Karodiya, Qadir Nagar, Kundla, Pratap and
Chhoti Sunel villages. The grey bentonite with intercalations of red variety is found in 2
km. east of Karodiya village in an area of about 0.5 sq. km. Thickness of bentonite bed
varies from 0.65 to 2.55 m. and occurs under the 0.10 to 0.50 m. thick over burden.
Similarly grey bentonite is also found to occur around Qadirnagar, Kundla, Pratap,
Chhoti Sunel, Charalia and Kasarpura villages. This bentonite occurs in 3 sq.km. area at a
depth of 0.10 to 2.00 m. and thickness varies from 0.5 to as much as 5 m.
Kheta-Kheda: Village Kheta-Kheda is situated about 15 kms. from Bhawani
Mandi on Jhalawar-Sunel road. The calcium based bentonite is found in about 2 sq. km.
area. The bentonite occurs at a depth of 0.50 to 14.70 m. under 0.25 to 5.95 m. thick
overburden of soil, traps and calcareous chert. The bentonite of this area is of nonswelling type and do not respond to acid activation. Since it occurs at greater depth and
requires pre-treatment before its any use, the mining of this deposit will not be economic.
Chand Kheri: About 0.57 MT tonnes of grey bentonite and 4.53 MT of grey
mixed with red bentonite have been proved in 2.75 sq. km. area near vilage Chand Kheri .
It was found that this is calcium based, non swelling type and requires activation before
marketing.
Following table shows the properties and reserves of various bentonite
occurrences/ deposits of Jhalawar district.
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Location
Swelling index
Mathniya – Bhandar 7-22
area
Karodiya
Qadir
10-24
Nagar & Chhoti Sunel
Non Swellin g
Kheta-Kheda
-doChand Kheri
Gel volume
(in ml)
9-10
Reserve
(in MT)
1.27
10-12
1.78
7-11
-
13MT
5.10 MT
Uses and specification
Bentonite largely finds its use in foundary facings, as construction aid in civil
engineering (in areas of unconsolidated rock or soil to prevent fluid loss, caving, etc.); for
pelletisation of iron ore fines; for preparation of drilling mud mostly for oil-well drilling
and as an aid / diluent in insecticides / pharmaceuticals. Other important uses of bentonite
are in refractory / ceramics, chemical, fertilizers (as filler) and in welding electrode
industries. It is also used as a decolouriser for oils and other liquids in place of adsorbent
charcoal and as rubber filler. It may discolour white wares if more than 2 to 2 ½%
bentonite is used.
Bentonite absorbs water to form either sols or gels depending upon its
concentration. In aqueous-sols and gels bentonite particles are negatively charged and
flocculation occurs when electrolytes or positively charged ions are added. Because of
this property, bentonite is sometimes used in clarifying turbid liquids.
Consumption of bentonite in the organised sector during 1994-95 was 149,900
tonnes only as compared to 152,000 tonnes in the previous year. Out of total
consumption, foundary industry accounted for 32% followed by Civil Construction
(19%), pelletization (17%), oil-well drilling (15%) and refractories (3%). The rest of the
consumption (14%) was accounted for ceramics, chemicals, insecticides, fertilizers etc.
In foundary castings of iron and other ferro-alloys, 5 to 10% bentonite is added to
the sand. The norm of consumption of bentonite for preparing drilling muds varies from
field to field and also depends on drilling conditions and the quality of bentonite used. It
is usually 15 to 24 tonnes for 1,000 m. drilling.
There are three types of bentonite classfied as follows:
Type-l
Type-2
Type-3
Suitable for chemical industries including decolourising of
petroleum and vegetable oils, and rubber industry with some
additional requirement.
Suitable for foundaries.
Suitable for oil-well drilling.
Requirements for bentonite
Additional requirements for bentonite for rubber industry
S.No.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Characteristics
Loss on ignition (other than loss on drying),
percent by weight, Max.
Matter soluble in water, percent by weight,
Max.
Copper (as CuO), percent by weight, Max.
Manganese (as Mng), Percent by weight,
Max.
Requirement
6.0
4.0
0.01
0.01
Various tests of bentonite
(A) Gel formation index determination: (1) Mix 6 gm. of the dried material intimately
with 0.3 gm. of light magnesium oxide, add the mixture in small quantities to 200 ml.
of water contained in a 500 ml. stoppered measuring cylinder; agitate thoroughly for
one hour; tans fer 100 ml. to a 100 ml. measuring cylinder and allow to stand for 24
hours. The material shall satisfy the requirements of the test if not more than 2 ml. of
clean liquid separates at the surface.
(2) Weigh accurately 1.4 gm. of the dried material, 2.6 gm. of alumina and 0.2 gm. of
magnesium oxide, mix them thoroughly and shake with 100 ml. of water for one hour
in a stoppered measuring cylinder. Allow the contents of the measuring cylinder to
stand for 24 hours. Measure the volume of supematant liquid and subtract it from 100
ml. This will give roughly the gel index value of bentonite in percent.
(3) ASTM method: The following method described in the American Colloid Co.,
Data sheet No. 251 can be adopted for estimating the gel volume.
100 cc. of distilled water is taken in measuring cylinder of 100 cc. capacity. Two
gms. of the oven dried bentonite is added in small portions (say 0.2 gms.) at intervals,
after allowing each portion to settle down prior to adding another. The volume (in cc)
of the bentonite gel (gel volume) will be noted an hour after the last portion was
added.
(B) Swelling Power: (I) Add 2.0 gm. of the dried material in 20 approximately equal
portions at intervals of two minutes to 100 ml. of solution of sodium lauryl sulphate
(one percent w/v) contained in 100 ml. measuring cylinder. The material shall satisfy
the requirements of the test, if it swells to an apparent volume of not less than 24 ml.
in 24 hours.
(2) The dried bentonite powder is placed in a 100 cc. measuring cylinder. The volume
of the dried bentonite (approximately 30 cc.) is noted after gentle tapping to allow the
powder to settle down. The bentonite should be thoroughly mixed with 500 cc. of
distilled water in a graduated cylinder of 500 cc. capacity. The ratio of the volume of
the dry bentonite powder will be the swelling index of bentonite.
(C) Activation: The need of activation of bentonite is felt because certain low grade
bentonite does not have the required characteristics like swelling, bleaching etc.
Because of the typical cation exchange characteristics, bentonite could be treated with
acid or alkalies to allow to exchange positively charged ions e.g. H+ or Na+ with Ca
and Mg present in it. With this exchange, bentonite acquires swelling, bleaching and
other characteristics.
(1) Acid activation method: Take 100 gms. of sample (oven dried), treat it with 25%
H2 SO4 (sulphuric acid) and boil for 3 hours with constant stirring. Filter the slurry
and wash it with distilled water until it is free from SO4. Dry the cake in oven at 1050
C. This cake is acid activated bentonite.
(2) Alkali activation method: Take 100 gms. sample (oven dried) Treat with 5%
sodium carbonate solution and stir it for 2 hours. Dry the slurry in oven at 1050 C.
This cake is alkali activated bentonite.
Statistical information of mineral bentonite in Rajasthan
Year
Production (000" T) Revenue (000" Rs.) No. of leases
1996-1997
59.620
2111.730
19
1997-1998
54.798
1917.930
20
1998-1999
48.556
1923.520
18
1999-2000
66.485
2335.280
16
2000-2001
57.831
2075.060
16
District wise No. of leases and production of bentonite in Rajasthan
(Year 2000-2001)
District
Barmer
Jaisalmer
Jhalawar
Total
No.of
leases
13
0
3
16
Production
(000" T)
57.000
0.000
0.831
57.831
Sale Value
(lacs Rs.)
57.000
0.000
5.810
62.810
Revenue
(000" Rs.)
2003.440
50.620
21.000
2075.060
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