GEOGRAPHY – PAPER 1
MAKING SCHEME
Section A:
1. Conditions considered in choosing a suitable site for
a weather station
It should be an open space away from tall
objects/buildings/tree
The ground should be level/gently sloping
The area should be free from flooding
The area should have a wide view
3x1=3marks
2. (a)Why air cools as it rises
As air rises, it expands thus spreading out its
molecules over a wider area and hence becoming
cooler
2marks
(b)Importance of weather forecasting
It enables farmers to plan for farming activities
It helps people to plan on suitable clothing for the day
It influences the design of houses
it helps in guiding the landing and taking off of
aircraft/ship
It helps in timing and planning of sporting activities
It helps in guiding tourists activities
It helps in planning military activities
Accept other relevant reason
(max
3 marks)
3. (a)formation of oasis
A pre-existing depression/localised fault is deepened
by eddy action/deflation
Gradually the depression excavated through the
removal of the unconsolidated material/wind abrasion
The surface is lowered until it reaches the water
bearing rock/aquifer
Water oozes out of the ground and collects in the
depression to form an oasis
Must be mentioned to score.
max
3.
Otherwise 2
(b) Characteristics of hot desert climate
Low annual rainfall (less than 250mm) – dry climate
Occasional flash floods /sporadic rains
Clear skies/clear sunny day/high torrential radiation
-
High temperatures during the day/relatively low
temperatures during the night
Strong winds
Low pressure in summer/high pressure in winter
High mean annual temp/hot climate (27oC) and above
Large mean annual range of temp
Intensive solar insolation
Rainfall is unreliable/erratic
Low humidity throughout the year
High evaporation rate throughout the year
Max 4
4. (a)- Weathering by solution in limestone areas
- Deposition by water/ice
- Erosion by wind/ice
- Meteorite falling
- Human activities/damming
- Mass movements
Max 3
(b)- Are reservoirs in the water cycle
- Support bio-diversity/support flora and fauna
- Enable self purification of water and air
- Modify local weather and climate
- Regulation of river flow/controlling flooding
5. (a) - Pressure exerted by overlying rock
mass
- Radio-active decay
- Heat retained during formation of the earth
Max 3
(b) - Temp of the water i.e. high temp leads to higher
concentration of salts due to evaporation
- Supply of fresh water by rivers , rainfall and melting
of ice decreases salinity
- Degree of mixing of surface and sub-surface water
caused ocean currents
Section B:
6. a) (i) 194155
(ii) - Settlement/hut
- Dam
- Other track/footpath
(iii) 288 o (+or-1 o)
(iv) 7.5km2 (+or-0.5)=7 – 8km2
(v) 8.0km (+or-0.2km)= 7.8 – 8.2km
(1mk)
(1mk)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(b)
L. Victoria
1
(i) Accurate rectangle – 1 mark
(ii) Lake Victoria
– 1 mark
(iii) Ridge
–1 mark
(iv) Road
– 1 mark
(v) Seasonal swamp
– 1 mark
Total = 5marks
(c) (i)
-
Economic activity
Agriculture
Transportation
Trade/commerce
evidence
Agricultural department and cotton shed
Jetty/ferry/roads/tracks
Mkts/shops
Max 2
(ii) - Relief – the hilly areas have no settlements because the
slopes are steep.
Gentler slopes havedense settlements
Drainage – southern parts of the area have scarce
settlement due to poor drainage/swamps.
River Nzoia valley is densely settled due to rich
river deposits as evidenced by
presence
of
ox-bow lakes.
Well drained areas have dense settlements
Vegetation – areas covered with thickets have
scarce settlements because the vegetation is thick.
(d)- Ox-bow lakes
- Islands/braided channels
- Sand deposits
- Pronounced meanders
- Rock outcrops
-
River confluences/tributaries
Seasonal swamp
River valley
A pond
7.
a) - is a zone of low atmospheric pressure
- is a zone within the tropics/between 23 ½o N and 23
½o S
- is a zone where the South-East and North East trade
winds converge
- migrates to the north and south of the equator with
the apparent movement of the overhead sun
- is associated with convectional rainfall rain and
thunderstorms
- is characterised by high temps
Max 3
b)
Diagram 2 marks
-
a water body/sea/lake is heated causing evaporation
of water
moist air from the sea is forced to ascend up a
hill/mountains side
forced ascent leads to cooling of air
the moisture in the air condenses forming clouds
rainfall
mainly on the windward side of the
hill/mountain
descending air warms up the leeward side of the
mountain
(c) - frequent outbreak of bush fires
- human activities due to the increasing population
encroachment on grasslands is a common feature
replacing them with farms and settlement
- frequent droughts destroys grass degenerating
vegetation to arid semi-arid type
- domestic and wild animals overgraze causing stunted
growth of grass while clearing some of it
- pests such as army worms and locusts destroy grass
3 x 2=6
2
(d) (i) - To show extend of the district
- To show the routes to be followed during the field study
- To show the distribution of vegetation in the district
- To show the variation of the elements of climate within the
district within the district
- To help estimate the distances to be covered during the
study
Accept any other relevant answer
Max 3.
(ii) - random
systematic
stratified
(iii) - it would save on time
- it would focus on the relevant areas
- it would be less expensive
- allows for detailed study
- reduces bias
- a district is too large to be covered in totality
(iv)
- drawing sketch maps
- taking photographs
- note taking
labelling samples
tabulating
tape recording
tallying
-
8.
(a) i) Aridity is the state of land being deficient of
moisture leading to scanty vegetation while
desertification is the steady encroachment of barren
land into formerly productive agricultural land
ii) Sandy/erg
Stony/reg
Rocky/hamanda
(b) - Presence of loose/dry sand which is easily carried by
wind
- Strong storm/winds erode and carry away a lot of
materials
- Absence of vegetation cover to break wind force
- Flat terrain/absence of obstacles to break wind
force/speed
(c) - Deflation – the loose dry materials are lifted to the air
by wind force and are carried away
- Abrasion – the materials carried by wind are used to
grind scrap and polish the desert rock surface
- Attrition – materials carried by wind hit and rub
against each other and break into smaller pieces
(d)
i) Barchans
Seif dunes/longitudinal dunes
Transverse dunes/lateral dunes
-
3mks
ii) - Desert wind carry loess unconsolidated
materials in suspension
On reaching the wetter areas the suspended materials
are deposited in large quantities as they are washed
down from the air by the rain
Over a long period of time thick layers of fine dust
are compacted forming sedimentary rocks
- The rocks are then weathered giving rise to deep
fertile soils
Max 4 mks
(e) (i) - Inselbergs
- Messas and buttes
- Gorges
- Wadis
- Pediments/ pediplains
(ii) - Scotching heat/sun burn
- Attack from wild animals e.g. snake bites
- Fatigue/sickness
2mks
9.
(a) - Normal fault
- Reverse fault
- Shear/tear fault
- Anticlinal faults
4mks
(b) - Vertical faulting across a river may cause
waterfall/river rejuvenation
- Rift Mfaulting in an enclosed area may lead to
formation of a lake if rivers drain into the basin
- Some rivers flow along fault lines/fault-guided
drainages
- Uplifting of landscape which lead to faulting may
cause rivers to reverse their direction of flow
- Rivers may disappear into the ground through a fault
line
k 3 x 2=6
(c)(i)
s - Steep escarpment discourage the construction of
transport lines
- The distribution of transport facilities is greater on the
gentle slopes on the floor of the rift valley
- Faults disrupt transport lines
(ii) - The rain shadow effect causes low rainfall –
discourages agriculture
- SomeM
rift valley lakes provide water for irrigation
a - Faulting causes thin soil on the steep slopes thus
discouraging agriculture
- There is an accumulation of deep fertile soil down the
slope
(d) (i) - Relief rainfall is experienced in the direction of rain
– bearing winds/windward side
- A rainshadow effect is experienced on the
opposite side of the mountain/leeward side which
lead to aridity
- A microclimate comes about as a result of the
raised relief thus lowering the temperatures
compared to the temps of the surrounding
lowlands
(ii) - Causes disjointing of land which leads to the disruption
of communication lines, water
sewerage or pipelines
- ‘block mountains may cause the reverse of
drainage
- Faulting may lead to destruction of life and
property due to sinking of land
- Faulting features attract tourists who bring in
foreign exchange
- Hot springs and geysers can be harnessed for
geothermal power
3
(e) - Symmetrical folds are folds formed by compression
forces of equal magnitude which are weak to
moderate in the strength causing rocks to bend
evenly
- Asymmetrical folds are folds that result from unequal
compressional forces acting on the crustal rocks. One of
the forces is stronger than the other resulting in a limb
steeper than the other
10. (a) – weathering is the breaking disintegration and
decomposition of rocks on or below the
earth’s surface in situ while mass
wasting is the movement of weathered
material down the slope under
the
influence of gravity
2mks
(b) (i) - Exfoliation
- Granular disintegration
- Slaking
- Frost action/frost shattering
- Pressure release/unloading
- Crystal growth
2x1=2mks
ii) - Carbonation
- Hydration
- Oxidation
- Hydrolysis
- Solution
2x1=2mks
(c) (i) - Climate
(d) - During the day , the rock surface is heated up
rapidly and expands and at night it cools and
contracts
- This causes strain between the inner and
outer layers of the rocks
- With time the outer shell the outer shell
develops cracks and peels off
- This leaves the smooth rounded mass of
2 srock called an exfoliation dome
(e) Three effects of mass wasting on the
environment
- It leads to formation of derelict land
- Materials from landslides may create a
barrier across a river valley leading to
formation of a lake
- Landslides may cause rivers to change their
causes reducing the volume of water
downstream
- Landslides cause damage to property when
materials cover homes/farms
- Mass wasting e.g. rock fall lead to loss of
life when people or animals are buried
under large quantities of rock wastes
- Mass wasting may create tourist attraction
sceneries
- Mass wasting accelerates soil erosion due to
loosening of top soil
- Mass wasting may lead to deposition of
fertile soils down slope which promote
agriculture
- Relief/topography
- Nature of rocks
- Animals
4x1=4mks
(ii)
- Plant roots grow deep into the ground and open up
joints
- Plants decay releasing organic acids that accelerate
rate of weathering
- Plants like algae and lichens cover the surface of the
rocks keeping them moist thereby facilitating
chemical weathering
2
4