CHAPTER 15 - PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
Terms
- DiagnosisBa way of classifying an
illness
- EtiologyBrefers to the apparent cause
and developmental history of an illness
- PrognosisBpredicted course of an
illness
Criteria for Abnormality
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Unusual
Violates social norms
Poor reality perception
Personal distress
Maladaptiveness
Dangerousness
**deviance
**maladaptive behavior
**personal distress
A.
Normality
B.
Classification
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
DSM-IV - multiaxial system
Axis IB clinical syndromes
Axis IIB personality disorders &
mental retardation
Axis IIIB general medical conditions
Axis IV Bpsychosocial and environmental factors
Axis VB Global Assessment of Functioning
(GAF)
C.
Medical Model: Abnormal behavior = a disease
II. Anxiety
A.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
B.
Phobias
C.
Panic Disorder
D.
Agoraphobia
E.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Obsessions = thoughts
- Compulsions = behaviors
F.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
1.
2.
3.
4
Biology
Learning History
- Mowrer's Two-Factor Theory
Child-Rearing
Cognitive Factors
Mood Disorders
Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorders (Manic Depressive)
Etiology of Mood Disorders
Biological predisposition
Neurochemical factors
Cognitive factors
Personality
Precipitating stressor (diathesis stress)
Substance Related Disorders
Substance AbuseB a maladaptive pattern of substance use
leading to impairment or distress
Substance Dependence Criteria
1. Psychological dependenceBrepeated use
despite significant related problems
2. Impairment in social or work functioning from
use
3. Physiological dependence (tolerance &
withdrawal)
4. various substances
Etiology
1.
2.
Physiological
Psychological
Eating Disorders
A.
Anorexia NervosaB
$
B.
prevalence rates: .5 to 1% of young women
Bulimia Nervosa
$
prevalence rates: 1% to 3% among young
females
$
highly culturally specific:
Etiology of Eating Disorders
A.
Biological Dimensions
--NOT precipitating anorexia, but do play a role
in maintaining anorexia
Bgenetic factors
Bneurotransmitters
B.
Socio-cultural factors
$
link between self-worth, happiness, and success
and physical appearance, especially for white
women
$
dieting culture
C.
Family Influences
D.
Psychological Factors
anorexia: avoidance of harm, perfectionism, low
novelty
bulimia: mood swings, less impulse control
Treatment for Eating Disorders
Somatoform Disorders
- Somatoform disorder = physical problems with
psychological origin
- Psychosomatic disorders = physical problems with physical
and psychological bases
- Malingering = faking an illness
Somatization Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Hypochondriasis
Etiology of Somatoform Disorders
1.
2.
Biology
Personality
Dissociative Disorders
- Loss of sense of identity, via loss of memory or
consciousness
Psychogenic Amnesia
Psychogenic Fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder
-
Etiology of Dissociative Disorders
1.
2.
3.
Severe stress (childhood trauma)
Avoid facing problems by repressing their existence
Ability to hypnotize self
Schizophrenia - Split Mind
**Cognitive Disturbance
- Poor Reality Contact
Course of Schizophrenia
Prodromal phase
Acute phase
Residual phase
Etiology of Schizophrenic Disorders
1.
Physiological
- genetic predisposition
- increased dopamine activity
- neurological defects?
2.
Psychological
- Fragmented communication in the family
- High expressed emotion
Personality Disorders C rigid, maladaptive, extreme personality
patterns
Anxious/Fearful cluster
1. Avoidant
2. Dependent
3. Obsessive-Compulsive
Odd/Eccentric cluster
1. Schizoid
2. Schizotypal
3. Paranoid
Dramatic/Impulsive cluster
1. Histrionic
2. Narcissistic
3. Borderline
4. Antisocial
Etiology
1. Genetic Predisposition
2. Poor socialization
3. Lack of consistent limits
Suicide
Prevalence
- Tenth highest cause of deaths in US
- Underestimated - accidents
- Outranks murder
Demographics
1. Sex
2.
Age
3.
Marriage
4.
Occupation
Myths
- Only committed by people with severe psychological
disorders
- People who talk won't do it
- Suicides usually occur with no warning
- Suicides really mean to die