SBI 3U Final Examination Review
Unit 1: Cellular Functions
plant and animal cell structures/functions
microscopes and their applications
chemicals of life - structure and function
- carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides)
- lipids (triglycerides, fatty acids, saturated & unsaturated fats, phospholipids, cholesterol and
wax)
- proteins (amino acids)
protein denaturation
nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) structure and function
cell membrane structure and function
photosynthesis v. cellular respiration
- products/reactants
- function
cellular respiration in animals
- structure of ATP
- role of ATP (phosphorylation)
- exergonic and endergonic reactions
- production of ATP (electron transport system)
types of respiration
- aerobic respiration (reactants & products, where does it take place?)
- anaerobic respiration (reactants & products, plant & animal anaerobic respiration)
key terms:
active transport
alcoholic fermentation
anaerobic respiration
carbohydrates
cellulose
coagulation
concentration gradient
denature
diffusion
equilibrium
fatty acids
glycerol
glycogen
homeostasis
lactic acid
macromolecules
nucleotides
nutrients
passive transport
phospholipids
phosphorylation
photosynthesis
polypeptide
starch
triglyceride
Unit 2: Genetic Continuity
cell theory
reasons for cell division (function of mitosis & meiosis)
phases of the cell cycle (specific functions of mitotic phases, cytokinesis and 3 phases of
interphase)
structure of chromosomes
what is a clone? steps required to clone an animal
why was Dolly the sheep so special?
biotechnology
phases of meiosis (specific functions of each phase)
similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis
process of gametogenesis (in both male and females)
process of nondisjunction
specific causes of nondisjunction disorders
karyotype chart creation and interpretation
interpret genotypes / phenotypes of parents, F1 and F2 progeny of the following crosses…
- single-trait inheritance (single allele and multiple allele)
- test crosses
- incomplete dominance and codomimance
- dihybrid crosses
- crosses involving sex-linked traits (why do males only require one allele in order to become
afflicted)
what is selective breeding, inbreeding and hybridization?
interpret pedigree charts
law of independent assortment
examples of human sex-linked traits
structure of DNA
human genome (what is the human genome project? what was the reason behind it?)
what is DNA fingerprint (overview of process)
key terms:
alleles
dihybrid cross
dominant
genotype
heredity
heterozygous
homozygous
hybridization
hybrids
inbreeding
law of independent assortment
monohybrid cross
pedigree chart
phenotype
Punnett square
recessive
segregation
selective breeding
Unit 3: Internal Systems and Regulation
Function of the digestive system
How do other body systems depend on the digestive system? How is the digestive system
dependent on other systems?
4 components of digestion
2 factors that affect enzyme function
How is digestion different in protozoa, hydra, earth worms, birds and humans?
The two voluntary movements in the digestive systems
Ingestion
- Function of saliva
- Names and functions of each type of teeth
- Function of tongue
- Function of esophagus
- What is peristalsis?
Digestion
- Function of stomach
- Function of digestive enzymes, HCl and mucus and which organs secretes these molecules
- How is the digestive tract protected from enzymes/acids and bases?
- Function of small intestine and pancreas
- Function of digestive enzymes, HCl, and bicarbonate ions and which organ secretes these
molecules
- Functions of liver and gall bladder
Absorption
- How does the small intestine allow nutrients to be absorbed more quickly?
- How/where is fat absorbed
- How/where are carbohydrates/amino acids absorbed
- Function of colon
- Function of fibre in the human diet
- Names and functions of sphincters in the digestive tract
Homeostasis
- How is the blood sugar level regulated in our bodies?
- How does homeostasis regulate digestion?
Function of vitamins/vitamin deficiencies
Function of the circulatory system
Components of blood and their function
Process of blood clotting
Blood groups (their antigens and antibodies)
Function of arteries and veins
Differences of veins and arteries
Names of main blood vessels
Pulmonary v. systemic circulatory systems
Structure (and their function) of the mammalian heart
How is cardiac muscle different from other types of muscles?
How does the heart maintain its tempo
Cause of “lubb dubb” sounds of the heart
Normal adult blood pressure? What does each of the numbers mea
Causes of cardiovascular disorders
Two forces that regulate fluid movement between the blood and extracellular fluid (ECF)
How do fluids move from the capillaries and ECF and vice versa – what are each of these
processes called?
How does starvation affect fluid movement?
Function of the respiratory system
4 parts of respiration
Function of respiratory membranes – skin, gills, lungs
Advantages of lungs
Breathing
Pathway of air from the mouth to the lungs
Function of diaphragm and rib cage (including intercostal muscles)
External/Internal Respiration
How does the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 promote gas exchange and transport
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
Oxyhemoglobin
The three ways in which carbon dioxide is returned to the lungs for expiration
Carbaminohemoglobin
Mechanisms that maintain gas levels in the blood
Common characteristic of all respiratory disorders
Affects of smoking on lung function
Affects of stimulants, depressants –including alcohol and nicotine on homeostasis
Digestion terms
amylase
bile salts
capillary
colon
duodenum
enterokinase
erepsins
esophagus
gallstones
lacteals
lipases
microvilli
minerals
mucus
pepsin
peristalsis
pharynx
secretin
sphincters
trypsin
ulcer
villi
vitamins
Circulation terms
anemia
antibodies
antigen
aorta
artery
atherosclerosis
atrioventricular
(AV) node
atrioventricular
(AV) valves
atria
coronary arteries
diastole
erythrocytes
extracellular fluid (ECF)
interstitial
leukocytes
lymph
lymph nodes
lymphocytes
myogenic muscle
parasympathetic
nervous system
plasma
platelets
pulmonary circulatory
system
pulse
Purkinje fibres
semilunar valves
sinoatrial (SA) node
sinus
sphygmomanometer
spleen
sympathetic nervous
system
systemic circulatory
system
systole
vasoconstriction
vasodilation
veins
ventricles
septum
Respiration terms
alveoli
breathing
bronchi
bronchioles
cilia
Dalton’s law of partial pressure
diaphragm
epiglottis
expiratory reserve volume
external intercostals muscles
inspiratory reserve volume
internal intercostal
muscles
larynx
pleural membrane
psychoactive drugs
respiration
respiratory membrane
stimulant
tidal volume
trachea
vital capacity
Unit 4: Diversity of Living Things
Refer to ISU outline
5(6) kingdoms
Classify humans using the 7 levels of classification distinguishing features of each these
categories
Format for writing organism’s genus and species
Use of dichotomous keys
What is a species?
Unit 5: Evolution
Progression of early ideas about evolution
Lamarck, Darwin, Mendel,
Concept of inheritance of acquired traits, natural selection, punctuated equilibrium
Significance of observations made on Darwin’s voyage; examples
- concept of natural selection versus artificial selection
survival of the fittest, concept of adaptation
– macroevolution versus microevolution
– gradualism versus punctuated equilibrium
– examples of evidence for evolution
Eg. Fossil records, molecular record, homologous versus analogous features,
embryological development, vestigial structures, co-evolution, mimicry, patterns of
distribution
- speciation (allopatric versus sympatric)
reproductive isolating mechanisms: prezygotic mechanisms (ecological, temporal,
behavioural, mechanical, gametic isolation) and postzygotic (zygotic mortality, hybrid
inviability and infertility)
- patterns of selection: nonrandom mating, sexual and stabilizing selection, mutations, cumulative,
directional and disruptive selection
– random change and evolution
Genetic drift, gene flow, bottle neck effect, founder effect
– altruism
Divergent and Convergent evolution
adaptive radiation
coevolution
Phylogeny – construction of cladograms
Human evolution, hominids related to humans