Activities in 2009
Antimicrobial resistance
Christopher Teale
VLA Weybridge, New Haw,
Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
Tel.: (+44-1743) 46.76.21, Fax: ((+44-1743) 44.10.60
c.teale@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk http://www.defra.gov.uk/vla/
Summary of general activities related to the disease
1.
2.
Test(s) in use/or available for the specified disease at your laboratory
Test
For
Specificity
Total
Disc diffusion susceptibility
test
Antimicrobial susceptibility of
veterinary pathogenic and
commensal bacteria to a panel
of 8 antimicrobials for
diagnostic purposes.
Antimicrobial resistance to
8 antimicrobials; resistance
to other antimicrobials
may be inferred where
cross-resistance occurs.
~9,100
Disc diffusion susceptibility
test
Antimicrobial susceptibility of
Salmonella to a panel of 16
antimicrobials for surveillance
purposes.
Antimicrobial resistance to
16 antimicrobials;
resistance to other
antimicrobials may be
inferred where crossresistance occurs.
~4,500
Determination of minimum
inhibitory concentration.
Antimicrobial susceptibility
determined by broth
microdilution MIC.
Resistance to other
antimicrobials may be
inferred where crossresistance occurs.
340
Molecular detection of
selected beta-lactamase
resistance genes by PCR.
Characterisation of betalactamase resistance,
particularly of ESBL and
AmpC types.
Specific for certain betalactamase resistance genes.
>100
Microarray for the detection of
a number of resistance genes
(>50) in bacteria.
Antimicrobial resistance
genotype.
Specific for antimicrobial
resistance genes.
>300
Production and distribution of diagnostic reagents
Microarray technology for identification of resistance genes carried by bacteria. Details are available at
http://www.identibac.com/
Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2009
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Antimicrobial resistance
Activities specifically related to the mandate
of OIE Reference Laboratories
3.
International harmonisation and standardisation of methods for diagnostic testing or the
production and testing of vaccines
Attendance at quarterly meetings of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Working Party on
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, which sets breakpoints and defines methods for use in the medical field in
the UK.
Membership of the OIE Ad hoc Group on Antimicrobial Resistance.
Membership of the European Food Safety Authority Working Groups on Antimicrobial Resistance and on the
Analyses of the MRSA Baseline Survey in Breeding Pigs.
Attendance at the EU Community Reference Laboratory annual meeting on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
and participation in the EU EQAS programme.
An external quality assurance programme for testing for S. aureus and MRSA was set up and offered in 2009.
4.
Preparation and supply of international reference standards for diagnostic tests or vaccines
EQAS offered in 2009 for S. aureus and MRSA.
5.
Research and development of new procedures for diagnosis and control
Research into development of micro-arrays and other methods for rapid detection of antimicrobial resistance
genes. Micro-arrays are now in routine use (and have been made commercially available) to examine bacterial
isolates of particular interest, for example, those carrying extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Further information
regarding the microarrays is available at http://www.identibac.com/ The AMR Array Tube version 4 was validated
to the equivalent of OIE stage 2.
Publication of a paper describing the development and evaluation of a new culture medium for isolation of E. coli
expressing ESBLs from animal faecal samples where E. coli expressing AmpC beta-lactamase enzymes may also
be present. [L. P. Randall, M. Kirchner, C. J. Teale, N. G. Coldham, E. Liebana, and F. Clifton-Hadley Evaluation
of CHROMagar CTX, a novel medium for isolating CTX-M-ESBL-positive Enterobacteriaceae while inhibiting
AmpC-producing strains J. Antimicrob. Chemother., February 2009; 63: 302 – 308].
6.
Collection, analysis and dissemination of epizootiological data relevant to international disease
control
Production of reports concerning antimicrobial resistance in bacteria in livestock in England and Wales. These
reports have been published on the internet and are available at:
http://defraweb/animalh/diseases/zoonoses/zoonoses_reports/annualrep05.pdf
Contribution of data on antimicrobial resistance in bacteria recovered from livestock in England and Wales to the
EU “Trends and Sources” report.
7.
Provision of consultant expertise to OIE or to OIE Members
Member of and rapporteur for the OIE Ad hoc Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. The Group did not formally
convene in 2009.
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Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2009
Antimicrobial resistance
8.
Provision of scientific and technical training to personnel from other OIE Members
None in 2009.
9.
Provision of diagnostic testing facilities to other OIE Members
None in 2009.
10. Organisation of international scientific meetings on behalf of OIE or other international bodies
None in 2009.
11. Participation in international scientific collaborative studies
Membership of the European Food Safety Authority Working Group on Antimicrobial Resistance which has
developed proposals for harmonized monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella and Campylobacter
among food animals in the European Union (Bronzwaer et al. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, (2008) 14,
522–533).
This group has also produced proposals for the monitoring of the occurrence of MRSA in pigs in Europe, which
were adopted in 2008. Participation in an international Working Group to analyse the results of a European MRSA
Baseline Survey in Breeding Pigs in 2009.
Membership of an EFSA international Working Group on antimicrobial resistance focused on zoonotic infections.
12. Publication and dissemination of information relevant to the work of OIE (including list of
scientific publications, internet publishing activities, presentations at international conferences)

Presentations at international conferences and meetings
Poster at ASM MRSA Conference, 2009, London:
Absence of MRSA in Clinical Mastitis Samples recovered from Dairy Cattle across England and Wales.
Sharma M. Coldham N. Rogers J. Ganner M. Kearns A. Teale C.
Poster at ECCMID Conference 2009, Helsinki:
Evaluation of the frequency of antibiotic resistance genes by Identibac TubeArray in CYX-M ESBL E. coli of
veterinary origin. H. Cockrem, H. Wearing, L. Randall, C. Teale, N. Coldham. (Available at
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122401284/PDFSTART )
Presentation at Infection 2009, Birmingham:
Is the tide turning on animal infections? C J Teale. ( www.infection2009.com)

Scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals
L. P. Randall, M. Kirchner, C. J. Teale, N. G. Coldham, E. Liebana, and F. Clifton-Hadley Evaluation of
CHROMagar CTX, a novel medium for isolating CTX-M-ESBL-positive Enterobacteriaceae while inhibiting
AmpC-producing strains J. Antimicrob. Chemother., February 2009; 63: 302 - 308.
Andrew M. Bailey, Chrystala Constantinidou, Al Ivens, Mark I. Garvey, Mark A. Webber, Nick Coldham, Jon L.
Hobman, John Wain, Martin J. Woodward, and Laura J. V. Piddock. Exposure of Escherichia coli and Salmonella
enterica serovar Typhimurium to triclosan induces a species-specific response, including drug detoxification J.
Antimicrob. Chemother., November 2009; 64: 973 - 985.
Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2009
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Antimicrobial resistance
David W. Verner-Jeffreys, Timothy J. Welch, Tamar Schwarz, Michelle J. Pond, Martin J. Woodward, Sarah J.
Haig, Georgina S. E. Rimmer, Edward Roberts, Victoria Morrison, and Craig Baker-Austin High Prevalence of
Multidrug-Tolerant Bacteria and Associated Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Isolated from Ornamental Fish and
Their Carriage Water PLoS One. 2009; 4(12): e8388.
13. Inscription of diagnostic kits on the OIE Register
i)
Did you participate in expert panels for the validation of candidate kits for inscription on the
OIE Register? If yes, for which kits?
No
ii)
Did you submit to the OIE candidate kits for inscription on the OIE Register? If yes, for
which kits?
No.
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Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2009