NOTES: 2.3 part 2 - NUCLEIC ACIDS and PROTEINS
So far, we’ve covered…the following MACROMOLECULES:
● CARBOHYDRATES…
● LIPIDS…
Let’s review…
CARBOHYDRATES:
● elements?
● purpose(s)?
● monomers / building blocks?
● polymers?
● examples?
LIPIDS:
● elements?
● purpose(s)?
● monomers / building blocks?
● polymers?
● examples?
And now we will look at: NUCLEIC ACIDS & PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS!
● nucleic acids
● Two types of nucleic acids:
1)
2)
Structure of Nucleic Acids
● polymers made up of monomers called NUCLEOTIDES:
● elements present:
-
-
-
-
-
in DNA;
in RNA)
● each nucleotide consists of:
1) a simple sugar (
2) a phosphate group
3) a base (e.g. in DNA, the bases are
)
● nucleotides are joined together in
● results in a “backbone” with a repeating pattern of
...
1) DNA =
● forms the
- the instructions for the proteins (amino acid sequences)
of an organisms’ proteins
●
cells to another
from one generation of
2) RNA =
● functions in the actual synthesis of proteins coded for by DNA
PROTEINS:
● Polymers (long chains) of
-arranged in specific sequence
-linked by
-range in length from a few to 1000+
AMINO ACIDS:
●
● there are 20 common amino acids
● structure of an amino acid:
● elements included in a protein:
-
-
-
-
-
(usually
Amino Acid Monomers
● Cells use
to make thousands of proteins
● amino acids differ from each other at their “side” or “R” chains
● because they are so different, and can be put together in almost infinite combinations, proteins are among
.
● Amino acids are linked together through
to form PEPTIDE BONDS
PROTEIN STRUCTURE:
● a protein’s function depends on its specific
Levels of Protein Shape / Organization:
● amino acids are assembled into polypeptide chains according to
!
● there are 4 levels of structure for proteins…
● PRIMARY:
● SECONDARY:
● TERTIARY: complete,
;
(in small, local areas);
;
● QUATERNARY: some proteins include multiple polypeptide chains that come together to form 1 functioning unit
Protein Shape:
●
● stabilized by
, H-bonds, van der Waals forces
● can be altered by environmental conditions
● DENATURATION: protein loses its natural shape, and therefore
This can be caused by:
-
-
Functions of proteins include:






**more about enzymes in 2.4!!
!