PREFACE
Sources
This evolving manuscript is based on lecture notes used in Biology 455
(Cardiopulmonary Physiology) at Millersville University, Millersville, PA. In many cases, the
factual information in these lecture notes were derived from previous course notes, scientific
meetings, textbook sources, student comments, journal reports, etc. and the trail of
documentation has been lost. Many of the ideas presented in this manuscript were borrowed and
modified from the following general sources. This list also serves as a source for further,
readings.
Berne, R.M. and M.N. Levy. 1986. Cardiovascular Physiology. 5th ed. C.V. Mosby Co, St. Louis
Dubin, D. 1974. Rapid Interpretation of EKG's. 3rd ed. Cover Publishing Co., Tampa, FL.
Ganong, W.F. 1989. Review of Medical Physiology. 14th ed. Applegate and Lange, Norwalk,
CT.
Green, J.F. 1977. Mechanical concepts in Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physiology. Lea and
Febiger, Philadelphia
Guyton, A.C. and J.E. Hall. 1996. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 9th ed. W.B. Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia
Heller, L.J. and D.E. Mohrman. 1981. Cardiovascular Physiology. McGraw Hill, New York
Katz, A.M. 2000. Physiology of the Heart. Physiology of the Heart. 1st, 2nd & 3rd eds. Raven
Press, New York
Rhoades, R.A. and G.A. Tanner. 1995. Medical Physiology. Little, Brown and Co., Boston
Rosendorff, C. 1983. Clinical Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physiology. Raven Press, New
York
Shepherd, J.T. and P.M. Vanhoutte. 1979. The Human Cardiovascular System. Facts and
Concepts. Raven Press, New York
Smith, J.J. and J.P. Kampine. 1984. Circulatory Physiology - The Essentials. 2nd ed. Williams
and Wilkins, Baltimore
Tortora, G.J. and N.P. Anagnostakos. 1981. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 3rd ed.,
Harper and Row, New York
Cover page sketch by K.S. Bookman, 1982
Preface
i
Standard Symbols and Abbreviations used in Cardiopulmonary Physiology
.
V = volume
V = volume/time (rate of flow)
P = pressure
F = fractional concentration (dry gases)
f = frequency
.
Q = volume, usually blood Q = blood flow rate
A dot above a symbol indicates a rate; a bar above a symbol indicates a mean value.
B = barometric
I = inspired
E = expired
A = alveolar
D = dead space
a = arterial
v = venous
c = capillary
STPD = standard temperature (273 °K) and pressure (760 mm Hg), dry gas (PH2O = 0 mm Hg)
BTPS = body temp. (310 °K), ambient pressure, saturated gas (PH2O = 47 mm Hg at 37 °C)
ATPS = ambient temperature, pressure and saturation (PH2O = 22 mm Hg at 24 °C)
Gas Volume Conversion:
BP-47
V (STPD) = 760
273
x 310
x V (BTPS)
Preface
ii