Marine mammals

advertisement
Guided Notes Marine Mammals
MARINE MAMMALS
•
marine mammals
•
_________________________________________
•
depend on the ocean for its food
•
marine mammals evolved to live in the ocean ____________________________
•
after mammals originally evolved to live on land
Guided Notes Marine Mammals
EVOLUTION OF MARINE MAMMALS
•
________________________________________ 7 separate times
•
A prehistoric deermouse is the link between land animals and the whale lineage
•
New fossils suggest ________________________________________________
•
Breathe air with ___________________________________________________
•
Have hair
•
Live birth
•
Mothers feed young milk
•
________________________________- regulate body heat with their metabolism
•
4 chambered heart
SOME ADAPTATIONS TO A LIFE IN WATER
•
Blubber and thick coats of hair to ____________________________________
•
Tetrapod limbs modified into _______________________________________
–
Swim by moving up and down
–
Caudal tail is oriented horizontally
•
Bodies modified for swimming: _____________________________________
•
Collapsible lungs and rib cages for deep diving
•
Ability to _______________________________extremities to increase dive time
•
Record-1 1/2 hour long, 6000 ft deep dives ex.-___________________________
CLASSIFICATIONS
•
Order- __________________________________
–
Family Mysticeti
–
Family Odontoceti
Guided Notes Marine Mammals
•
Order __________________________________
–
Suborder Pinnepedia
–
Family Phocidae
–
Family Otariidae
–
Family Odobenidae
–
Family Mustelidea
–
Family Ursidae
–
•
Order __________________________________
Order Cetacea
•
80 different species, _______________________________________
•
Intelligent social animals
•
Two groups of whales
Suborder Mysteceti- ___________________________________________
–
_________________________that eat plankton and small fish
–
Blue, finback, humpback, right and gray whales
–
To feed- open mouths and take in enormous quantities of water and filter
out food
–
Rorqual whales have _____________________to help collect more water
–
Baleen- _____________________________________________________
Baleen Feeding Methods
•
________________- take in huge gulps of water to eat krill and small fish
•
_______________ -swim through near surface waters to skim and strain plankton
•
______________ - bottom feeders that suck up sediments to filter out small
crustacean and other invertebrates
•
_________________ -____________________________________________
–
Swim up thru middle of the bubbles and gulp prey
–
May involve cooperative hunting
Guided Notes Marine Mammals
Order Odontoceti ____________________________________
–
Peglike teeth to catch fish, seals, penguins and squid
–
Sperm, killer, pilot, beluga, dolphins and porpoises
–
__________________________with specialized teeth who swallow their
prey whole
–
Male narwhal tooth grows out of it’s upper jaw
•
Used to attract mates and _________________________
Whale Reproduction
•
Fertilization and development are __________________________________
•
Gestation lasts 11 to 18 months
•
Breeding once every three years
•
_______________________________________________________________
–
Newborns are brought to the surface for their first breath
–
Nursed for 6 to 10 months
–
Milk is 50% fat so the calves can grow quickly
Whale Adaptations and Behavior
Breathing
•
Breathing thru the ________________________(nostril)
•
Thru whale evolution nostril moved from the snout to the top of the head
•
Air moves from ___________________________________________
•
________________________________________________________
Swimming
•
_______________________________________________________
•
Dorsal fin is used in _______________________________________
•
Pectoral fins are used in ____________________________________
–
Bone structure is similar to the bones in hand
Guided Notes Marine Mammals
Other Movements
•
_______________- smashing tail down on the surface of water (maybe displaying
aggression)
•
_______________- head is raised above water surface for a period of time
•
_______________- leaps out of water and crashes back down
Migration
•
Whales travel 1000’s of km a year with their______________________________
_________________________________________________________________
•
Navigate using geologic features, ocean currents, water chemistry, magnetic field,
and sun
•
Migrate between ________________________________________
–
Summer-feeding in rich Arctic waters
–
Winter- Breed in warm, shallow and secluded tropical waters
Keeping Warm
•
__________________________________________________________
–
Sperm whale may dive to depths of 3000m
•
Migrate to cold Arctic waters
•
Posses thick layer of ____________________________________________
–
Traps and prevents heat loss
–
Can be 2 feet thick
Communication
•
_________________________________________________________________
•
Complex types of communication have been documented
–
Used in _____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Guided Notes Marine Mammals
•
Echolocation-
•
Humpback whales compose complex songs which differ by individual and pod
Order Carnivora
•
Suborder Pinnepedia
–
Family Phocidae: True seals
–
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
–
Family Odobenidae: ___________________________________________
–
two long tusks, no external ears, but can rotate their hind flippers and
"walk" on land
Seals and Sea Lions and walruses…
•
Pad-like appendages and torpedo shaped bodies
•
Seals and sea lions are
_________________________________________________
Pinniped Reproduction
•
Return to land to mate and give birth
•
Breeding season results in congregates of 1000’s
•
Males usually compete for harems of females with whom they mate
•
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Pinniped Adaptations
•
_____________________________________ who also use communication
•
Deep divers- elephant seal dives up to 1500m
•
Thick layer of blubber insulation
•
Thick fur
•
Walruses have tusks for __________________________________________
Guided Notes Marine Mammals
Family Mustelidea _____________________________________
•
Only recently adapted to aquatic life (3mya)
•
Sleep, eat, mate and rear young in ocean
•
Smallest mar mamm found only in Pacific
•
_____________________________________________________
–
Feed on species that would otherwise destroy the kelp (sea urchins and
snails)
•
Dive for shellfish, at surface use a rock to get to their food
•
________________________________________________ (1000 hairs per inch)
•
________________________________________________________________
Threats to Sea Otters
•
Oil spills- _____________________________________________
–
•
Past hunting for their prized fur decimated otter populations almost to extinction
–
•
Otters freeze because of the loss in insulation
________________________________________________
Predation-killer whales and sharks
Family Ursidae: Polar bears
•
Most terrestrial ____________________________________
•
Lives on ice floes of the north polar region
•
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
•
Not an excellent swimmer
•
Hunt seals sunning on ice or coming up thru ice holes to breathe
•
__________________________________________________________________
Guided Notes Marine Mammals
Order Sirenia- Dugongs and Manatees
•
live in warm or tropical waters
•
________________________________________________________________
•
Shy, social animals thaft communicate via squeaks
•
________________________________________________________________
•
the Steller sea cow, once inhabited Arctic waters, but was hunted to extinction by
1768, within 27 years of its discovery
Threats to Manatees
•
________________________________________________________________
•
Frequently injured or killed by powerboat propellers
•
________________________________________________________________
Guided Notes Marine Mammals
MAMMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Download