AP European History
Exam, Unit 12
1. Which of the following areas was conceded to Hitler at the Munich Conference of 1938?
a. The Polish Corridor
b. The Rhineland
c. The Saar
d. Silesia
e. Sudetenland
2. Which of the following was NOT a policy Mussolini pursued in building a fascist dictatorship?
a. signing a treaty with the Catholic Church to gain its support
b. emancipating women from domestic duties to increase factory production
c. establishing physical fitness programs for young people
d. dividing the economy into "corporations" of workers, employers, and government
e. censoring the press and establishing a secret police
3. Appeasement refers to the policy of:
a. pacifism that marked the 1920s
b. accommodating the territorial demands of Hitler
c. arms reduction after the First World War
d. armed neutrality by the United States
e. abandoning the gold standard
4. Surrealism, an artistic genre of the twentieth century, has as a central theme the:
a. accurate portrayal of a moment in time
b. exploration of dream images and the irrational
c. depiction of contemporary mass-produced goods and images
d. idealization of cone, cube, and cylinder shapes
e. portrayal of ordinary people in natural settings
5. "We see men living with their skulls blown open; we see soldiers run with their two feet cut off....Still the
littlest piece of convulsed earth in which we lie is held. We have yielded no more than a few hundred yards of
it as a prize to the enemy. But on every yard there lies a dead man." The quotation presents a theme in:
a. Emile Zola's Germinal
b. Albert Camus' The Stranger
c. T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land
d. James Joyce's Ulysses
e. Erich Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front
6. Most historians would agree with which of the following descriptions of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919?
a. A treaty that spelled out the Soviet Union's reparation obligations
b. A triumph of farsighted political and economic planning
c. A treaty that dismantled the British Empire
d. A destructive peace dictated by the United States
e. A treaty that the defeated thought too harsh and the victors thought too lenient
7. Which was NOT a weakness of the Weimar Republic?
a. economic problems of inflation and unemployment
b. lack of a democratic tradition
c. lack of voting rights for women
d. opposition from extreme parties on the Left and Right
e. a constitution that allowed for the subversion of democratic procedures during crisis
8. The major objective of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) was to:
a. end the use of war for solving international controversies
b. end the Russo-Polish border conflict
c. end tensions between France & Great Britain over export of French farm surpluses to Great Britain
d. end of the French occupation of the Ruhr
e. replace the Dawes and Young plans
9. The painting above, Musical Forms (1931) by Georges Braque, is an example of which of the following
schools of painting?
a. Romantic
b. Impressionist
c. Cubist
d. Expressionist
e. Realist
10. "The nation had been tottering on the verge of military insurrection since it became a republic in 1931,
because the Republicans included not only moderate middle-class liberals but a wide array of extremists....A
revolt by the army led to civil war, in which each side received aid from outside nations, which served to
transform the local conflict into an international ideological war." The nation described above is:
a. Spain
b. Italy
c. Poland
d. Yugoslavia
e. Ethiopia
11. The _______________ invasion of ____________ best demonstrates the weakness of the League of
Nations in the interwar period.
a. French, the Ruhr
b. Italian, Ethiopia
c. German, Austria
d. British, South Africa
e. Soviet, Hungary
12. What is the term used to describe the group of intellectuals and writers who came of age during and after
the First World War?
a. the Generation of Fear
b. the fascist front
c. Gotterdamerung
d. The Lost Generation
e. the Amoral Ones
13. Which of the following developments occurred in Europe in the 1920s?
a. Devastating inflation in Germany
b. High prices paid to farmers for agricultural commodities
c. Repudiation of the Locarno treaties
d. The widespread formation of Popular Front governments
e. Nearly full employment in Great Britain
14. Which of the following provisions affecting Germany in the Versailles Treaty was LEAST important in
fostering antagonisms that led to the Second World War?
a. The loss of Germany's Pacific island possessions
b. The creation of the Polish Corridor and the establishment of Danzig as a self-governing city within
the Polish tariff area.
c. The payment by Germany of reparations for war damages.
d. The limitation of the Germany army to 100,000 soldiers
e. The assignment of sole responsibility for planning and instigating the war to Germany.
15. All of the following were factors in the Holocaust EXCEPT the:
a. ability of the Nazis to secure collaborators in occupied territories
b. long tradition of anti-Semitism in Germany and other areas of Europe
c. ability of a totalitarian regime to mold ideas and suppress dissent
d. lack of intervention by the Allies preoccupied with the battlefield
e. exclusive focus of Nazi genocidal policies on German Jews
* repression of individual liberties
* control of the media
* appeal to nationalism
* glorification of the leader
16. The political philosophy incorporating the characteristics above is:
a. socialism
b. anarchism
c. fascism
d. democracy
e. Marxian communism
17. French leaders decided to occupy Germany's Ruhr Valley in January 1923 in order to:
a. counterbalance Soviet influence in Germany
b. incorporate German territory permanently into France
c. halt the rise of the Nazi party among workers in the region
d. use the region's industrial production to accelerate France's rearmament
e. seize goods as payment for Germany's reparations debt
18. The most notable social effect of hyperinflation in Germany was the:
a. depletion of the savings and income of the middle class
b. encouragement of population shifts from cities to the countryside
c. strengthening of the position of women in the work force
d. acceleration of a trend toward the establishment of cooperative pension plans
e. reduction of social tensions
19. All of the following are policies to which totalitarian states have traditionally adhered EXCEPT:
a. encouragement of multiparty political systems
b. promotion of social welfare measures
c. expansion of the military
d. economic planning
e. holding of periodic elections
20. Which of the following was a major factor in German military victories in 1939-40?
a. Overwhelming German technological and numerical superiority to the French and the English
b. French insistence on continuing to fight, regardless of the cost
c. Britain's campaign in Norway, which diverted British troops from Western Europe
d. The German army's effective use of armor and air power in the Blitzkrieg
e. The German defeat of the Russian army at Tannenberg in August 1939
21. The illustration above from a 1940 German magazine suggest that women should
a. bear as many children as possible
b. not be discouraged by shortages of food and consumer goods
c. not work outside the home
d. support the war effort by doing their sons' and husbands' jobs
e. enlist in the army to help the war effort
22. What would one most likely conclude about the development of radio and film during the 1920s and 30s?
a. it undermined the position of high culture and led to the decline of modern art
b. it was virtually ignored by the working classes
c. it was used by governments to spread propaganda and manipulate mass politics
d. it coincided with the rise of economic prosperity
e. technological developments in these fields helped the Allies win World War II
23. Which of the following groups was harmed MOST by the policies of Stalin?
a. women
b. kulaks
c. workers
d. intellectuals
e. bureaucrats
24. All of the following describe features of Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) EXCEPT:
a. State ownership of heavy industry, banks, and transport ended.
b. The growth of a group of prosperous, independent peasants was encouraged.
c. There was a tactical retreat in communist economic planning.
d. Industries employing fewer than twenty workers were denationalized.
e. All agricultural requisitions ended and were replaced by conventional taxes.
25. “The worth of a State, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it; and a State that dwarfs
its men, in order that they may be more docile instruments…will find that with small men no great thing can be
accomplished.” Which of the following would agree with the statement above?
a. Benito Mussolini
b. John Stuart Mill
c. Otto von Bismarck
d. Louis XIV
e. Pope Pius IX
26. The political and social values of the Vichy government in France during the Second World War are best
described as:
a. democratic, socialistic, peaceful
b. radically fascist, antichurch, antielitist
c. conservative-authoritarian, corporatist, Catholic
d. monarchist, nationalistic, antimilitary
e. republican, liberal, expansionist
27. Which of the following characterized Mussolini’s ideal of the fascist corporate state?
I. Organization of the population into syndicates
II. Establishment of semiautonomous regional governments
III. Abolition of strikes, lockouts, and the older trade unions.
a. I only
b. II only
c. I and II only
d. I and III only
e. I, II, and III
28. Which of the following was a central part of National Socialist ideology?
a. Anticommunism
b. Conservatism
c. Protestantism
d. Utilitarianism
e. Syndicalism
29. Which of the following best describes the Nazi party’s ideal role for “Aryan” women in Germany?
a. They were to be mothers, wives, and homemakers
b. They were to serve in equal numbers with men in state and party bureaucracies
c. They were to enjoy economic power equal to that of men
d. They were to have no political and legal rights
e. They would be a reserve military force, available for frontline duty when there was a shortage of
male soldiers
“No prudent master of a family ever attempts to make at home what it will cost him more to make than to buy.
If a foreign country can supply use with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it
from them with some part of the produce of our own industry.”
30. The quotation above was used to justify:
a. the establishment of Utopian socialist communities in early nineteenth-century Great Britain
b. free trade in early nineteenth-century Great Britain
c. the social legislation proposed by Bismarck in late nineteenth-century Germany
d. European imperialism in Africa in the late nineteenth century
e. economic integration of Central and Eastern Europe in the early twentieth century
31. Which of the following best characterizes European art and literature in the 1920s?
a. Questioning of accepted values and practices
b. A rejection of atheism and socialism
c. A reaffirmation of human beauty and goodness
d. A resurrection of Victorian sensibilities and styles
e. Adherence to classical rules of composition
32. The purges carried out in the Soviet Union during the 1930s resulted in:
a. the protection of ideological diversity with in the Communist party
b. improvements in military preparedness
c. a decrease in the size of the bureaucracy
d. elimination of the old Bolshevik elite
e. an enhanced Soviet image abroad
33. In the 1930s one of the effects of the Great Depression in Europe was:
a. a reconciliation between communists and fascists in France
b. a strengthening of efforts to facilitate international trade
c. a rise in the production of consumer goods
d. the increased effectiveness of the League of Nations in international relations
e. the broadening of popular support for the Nazi party in Germany
34. The constitution of Weimar Germany helped to undermine republican government by:
a. providing for rule by a single individual in cases of national emergency
b. favoring the Left over the Right in the political spectrum
c. committing Germany to support all decisions made by the World Court
d. denying some citizens the basic civil rights of a modern democracy
e. using complicated legal language that few people could understand
35. Which of the following best describes Lenin’s New Economic Policy?
a. The first systematic application of Marxist principles to the economic life of a state.
b. The First Five-Year Plan for Soviet economic development.
c. A state plan for the collectivization of agriculture.
d. A compromise with capitalist economic principles.
e. An important element of Lenin’s “April Theses.”
36. The French and British policy of appeasing Mussolini and Hitler can be partly explained by:
a. France and Britain’s eagerness to cooperate with the Soviet Union
b. France and Britain’s confidence in the League of Nations
c. France and Britain’s desire to maintain foreign policies independent of the United States
d. the belief that some terms of the Treaty of Versailles were unjust
e. a general loss of faith in the effectiveness of diplomacy
37. Which of the following is the best description of the condition of Great Britain’s national economy in the
1920s?
a. A renewed prosperity in the traditional manufacturing industries
b. Increased national wealth as a result of mounting export of British goods
c. A stagnant manufacturing sector and a widening gulf between right and poor
d. Dislocation brought about by a shift from manufacturing to agriculture
e. A resurgent national prosperity caused by increased working-class wealth
38. Which of the following best summarizes Nazi aims in the systematic killing of millions of Jews along with
large numbers of communists, disabled people, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and Russian
POWs?
a. To fulfill the terms of the Nazi-Soviet Pact
b. To eliminate allegedly inferior and undesirable peoples
c. To prevent these people from collaborating with the Allies
d. To meet the demands of the German electorate
e. The prevent the rest of the civilian population from defecting to the Allies
“…it must be love of fatherland that governs the state by placing before it a higher object than the usual one of
maintaining internal peace, property, personal freedom, and the life and well-being of all. For this higher
object alone, and with no other intention, does the state assemble an armed force.”
39. The quotation above best reflects which of the following?
a. Nationalism
b. Feudalism
c. Democracy
d. Imperialism
e. Deism
40. The 1921 German drawing by George Grosz shown above reflects the:
a. reaction against capitalism and war profiteering following the First World War
b. cooperation between industrialists and the working classes during the First World War
c. high level of support for the Nazis among German capitalists
d. efforts by government to provide assistance to the elderly and those unable to find work
e. high level of self-consciousness and solidarity among the European working classes after the First
World War
41. Which of the following had the greatest influence on the work of French Surrealist painters in the period
between the First and Second World Wars?
a. Freudian psychology
b. Rules of painting developed during the Renaissance
c. Seventeenth-century Dutch landscape painters
d. Nineteenth-century theological speculation
e. The clean, sharp lines of African art
42. Which of the following occurred during Stalin’s First Five-Year Plan?
a. The execution of the Romanovs
b. The introduction of women’s suffrage
c. The establishment of the New Economic Policy
d. The liquidation of the kulaks as a class
e. The Soviet invasion of Poland
43. Which of the following resulted from the Spanish Civil War?
a. Agrarian reform was carried out in the Spanish countryside.
b. The forces of the Spanish Second Republic were victorious.
c. The borders of Spain were redrawn to include territory formerly held by France.
d. Spain’s territories in Africa were lost.
e. An authoritarian regime was established in Spain.
44. Women’s suffrage was first achieved at the national level in Germany and Great Britain in the period:
a. 1848-1870
b. 1871-1885
c. 1886-1900
d. 1901-1913
e. 1914-1930
45. The cartoon above by the British caricaturist David Low was published:
a. just after the seizure of power by the Nazis in 1933 in Germany
b. at the outset of the Spanish Civil War in 1936
c. after the 1939 nonaggression pact between the USSR and Germany
d. after the defeat of France in 1940 by the German invaders
e. in response to the German invasion of Russia in 1941
46. The ideology of Italian fascism was based on:
a. a socialist government founded on military conquest
b. a radical democracy with a socialist economy
c. limited democracy and a capitalist economy
d. nationalism and a communist economy
e. an authoritarian state and a corporate economy
47. All of the following resulted from the First World War (1914-1918) EXCEPT:
a. increased government regulation of the economy
b. the entrance of large numbers of women into the work force
c. a decline in the use of mass political propaganda
d. the democratization of society through shared suffering
e. an increase in the power and prestige of labor unions
48. A major economic impact of total war in the twentieth century has been to:
a. ensure wage equality for women in the workplace
b. increase the involvement of the state in the economy
c. produce a higher standard of living in the short-term
d. produce a labor shortage as a result of military losses
e. undercut the influence of trade unions
49. A major consequence of World War I (1914-18) for Eastern Europe was:
a the widespread adoption of communism on the Soviet model
b. the creation of independent republics and kingdoms out of former empires
c. a revival in commerce and economic prosperity
d. its dismemberment between Germany and Russia
e. the emergence of peasants and workers as the major political force
50. All of the following were major cultural developments in the interwar years (1918-39) EXCEPT:
a. increased production and consumption of movies as a popular entertainment
b. paintings that reflected despair and disillusionment with western culture
c. increased consumption of household goods such as kitchen appliances
d. literature which experimented with concepts of time and consciousness
e. a return to classical styles and Renaissance motifs in public buildings
51. The Weimar Republic (1918-33) in Germany was weakened by all of the following EXCEPT:
a. a president who believed in hereditary monarchy
b. heavy reparations due to the Allies
c. the Great Depression
d. hyperinflation
e. invasion by the Soviet Union
52. The “Kristallnacht” of November 9-10, 1938 in Germany involved:
a. the assassination of President Hindenburg
b. the abolition of all political parties
c. the failure to take over Austria
d. destruction of Jewish property
e. massive book burning
53. Which of the following was a major new consumer item that gained wide popularity in European
between the First World War and the Second World War?
a. Bicycles
b. Coffee
c. Radios
d. Televisions
e. Woolen clothing
54. The graph above of the voting (by party) in the German elections from 1928 to 1932 shows which of
the following?
a. The percentage of persons voting for the Nazi Party grew in every election.
b. The Nazi Party enjoyed a substantial share of the German vote even before the Depression
began.
c. The Depression saw an increase in the percentage of votes for Communist and Nazi
parties.
d. Social Democrats voted increasingly for Nazi candidates.
e. By the end of 1932, the Nazi Party had an absolute majority in the Reichstag.
55. The collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union in the 1930s had all of the following results
EXCEPT:
a. an increase in the domestic food supply
b. greater mechanization of production
c. movement of surplus rural labor to cities
d. destruction of the rural middle class
e. an increase in the power of the Communist Party
56. Which of the following best describes the effect of the Great Depression (1929-1939) in Europe?
a. It resulted in increased government economic intervention and control in many nations.
b. It strengthened the trend toward popular democracy in central and eastern Europe.
c. It was more severe in France than in Germany.
d. It encouraged the development of a global economy based on free trade and private enterprise.
e. It strengthened the influence of the League of Nations.
57. The Soviet Second World War poster shown above gives which of the following messages?
a. Soviet weapons are superior to German equipment.
b. Stalin has transformed the Soviet Union into a modern industrial state.
c. The German invaders are primitive barbarians.
d. The Soviet army will spread the doctrines of Communism across Europe.
e. Soviet soldiers defend the Motherland like heroes from Russian history.
58. In the first quarter of the twentieth century, women replaced men most rapidly in which of the following
pairs of occupations?
a. Domestic service and agricultural work
b. Textile production and agricultural work
c. Textile production and clerical work
d. Teaching and clerical work
e. Teaching and agricultural work
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“The Italian nation is an organism endowed with a purpose and a life transcending those of the
individuals composing it.”
“Labor unions legally recognized and subject to State control alone have the right to represent the
whole category for which they are constituted.”
“The collective labor contract conciliates the opposing interests of employers of workers,
subordinating them to the higher interests of production.”
Mussolini’s Charter of Labor, 1927
59. Which of the following is best supported by the excerpts above?
a. Wages and working conditions were ultimately to be determined by collective bargaining
between labor and management.
b. Italian business firms and factories belonged to the state.
c. Any group could organize a union and negotiate binding contracts with management.
d. The state’s highest priorities were the individual liberty and economic freedom of its citizens.
e. Any agreement was subject to the state’s interpretation of the national interest.
60. The picture above does which of the following?
a. Protests the Nazi treatment of the Jewish population.
b. Condemns the bombing of a Basque town during the Spanish Civil War.
c. Introduces Impressionism as an artistic movement.
d. Celebrates the importance of science and technology for twentieth-century society.
e. Mourns the deaths of victims of AIDS.
61. The term “Five Year Plans” would most likely be discussed in conjunction with which of the following?
a. A book on urban planning in post-Second World War England
b. A work on German democratic socialism in the twentieth century
c. A book on the economic development of the Soviet Union after the Bolshevik Revolution
d. A monograph on French military security from 1920 to 1939
e. An examination of the influence of Keynesian economics in the 1930s
62. In the period after the First World War, the British economist John Maynard Keynes argued that
a. price inflation was the primary threat to economic growth
b. military spending should remain high even in peacetime
c. governments should respond to economic downturns by increasing spending
d. the best ideas of Adam Smith and Karl Marx could be reconciled
e. government interference with the market created economic inefficiencies
63. The political cartoon above from the 1930s illustrates
a. the perceived problem of European over-population
b. British indifference to aggression by the Axis powers
c. France’s dependence on goods from the British Empire
d. Austria’s role as a buffer between the Soviet Union and the new states of central Europe
e. Britain’s system of military alliances
64. In the years immediately after the First World War, which of the following was the most important change
affecting the status of German women?
a. Married women were encouraged to have only one child.
b. Women were invited to join the military.
c. Women received the right to vote.
d. Women’s clothing became less constricting.
e. Many women gained equal pay with men.
65. All of the following developments during the 1930s contributed to improved relations between the Soviet
Union on one hand and Great Britain and France on the other EXCEPT
a. Stalin’s purge of Bolshevik leaders
b. capitalist desires for new markets
c. Soviet desires for technology and markets
d. the fear of fascism in Germany and Italy
e. the rise of Popular Front governments
66. Which of the following was originally part of German Nazism but not of Italian fascism?
a. anti-communism
b. anti-Semitism
c. political violence
d. the replacement of a democratically elected government
e. a single charismatic figure
67. During the Spanish Civil War, the Nationalist forces led by General Franco received military assistance
from which of the following pairs of states?
a. France and Italy
b. France and the Soviet Union
c. Germany and Great Britain
d. Germany and Italy
e. the Soviet Union and the United States