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2nd 9 Weeks Test Review
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Where are the youngest rocks located? Near the mid-ocean ridge.
How quickly do the plates move? 1-12 cm per year.
How do the plates move? They float on the taffy-like asthenosphere.
Where can the results of plate movement be seen? At plate boundaries.
What evidence supports continental drift? Same rocks and fossils on different
contents, puzzle-like fit of the continents, glacial deposits
6. How do scientists know the magnetic field of Earth has reversed itself many
times? They have studied the alignment of iron minerals in rocks when they are
formed at the mid ocean ridge.
7. Why didn’t scientists believe Pangaea existed? There wasn’t enough evidence.
8. What did the Glomar Challenger provide? samples of old rock far from the mid
ocean ridge
9. Why does seafloor spreading occur? Magma rises to Earth’s surface.
10. What is the Great Rift Valley? divergent boundary
11. Where are the most active volcanoes found? convergent oceanic-continental
boundaries (subduction zones)
12. Understand how to read a boundary map.
13. What is the Richter scale based upon? wave amplitude
14. What makes a good fossil? quick burial, has hard parts, is protected from
scavengers
15. What does it mean if a fossil is found in two separate rock layers? They are one
continuous deposit of rock
16. What does it mean if the same sequence of rock is observed over a large area? A
large rock deposit formed over that area.
17. Why are there fewer volcanoes in the Himalaya Mountains? There was no
subduction during their formation.
18. How were the Andes, Appalachian, and the Himalaya Mountain ranges similarly
formed? They were all formed by convergent boundaries.
19. Describe the cone of a composite volcano. It would be steep with a large caldera
or crater at the top.
20. Do all rocks contain fossils? Describe the conditions necessary for fossils to
form. No. All rocks do not contain fossils. They usually form in sedimentary
rocks. For a good fossil to form it needs to be buried quickly, have hard parts,
and be protected from scavengers.
Know the following vocabulary words:
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abiotic—nonliving
biotic—living
population—all organisms of one species in a community
niche—the role an organism plays in its environment
population density—the number of individuals in a given area
limiting factor—anything that limits the number of individuals living in an area
lithosphere—crust and upper part of the mantle
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asthenosphere—taffy-like lower part of the mantle
continental drift—plates have moved slowly to their current locations
convergent boundary—plates move together; mountains form
divergent boundary—plates move apart; volcanoes form
transform boundary—earthquakes occur
subduction zone—convergent boundary where a denser plate sinks under a less
dense plate
convection currents—rising and sinking air that might drive plate tectonics
seismic waves—earthquake waves
tsunamis—big waves caused by earthquake motion on the ocean floor
primary waves—the fastest and smallest waves
secondary waves—the medium sized waves
surface waves—the slowest and most damaging earthquake waves
magma—molten rock beneath Earth’s surface
lava—molten rock on Earth’s surface
composite volcano—has a steep slope, explodes, and is made of layers
cinder cone volcano—has a cone shape, made of hardened lava, and explodes
shield volcano—is flat, oozes (erupts) with lava, and is made of layers
relative dating—determining the order of events and the relative age of rocks by
examining the position of rocks in a sequence
unconformities—gaps on rock layers
principle of superposition—in undisturbed rock, the bottom layer of rock is the
oldest, and the rocks get gradually younger
eon—the longest subdivision of geologic time
metamorphic rocks—form from heat and pressure
igneous rocks—form from cooled magma
sedimentary rocks form from compaction and cementation