Joint submission from the Equality and Human Rights Commission, the
Equality Commission for Northern Ireland, the Northern Ireland Human Rights
Commission and the Scottish Human Rights Commission
UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Draft General
Comment on Article 12
28 February 2014
Contact details:
Colin Caughey, Policy Worker, NIHRC, email: colin.caughey@nihrc.org
Darren McKinstry, Director of Policy and Research, ECNI, email:
dmckinstry@equalityni.org
Lynn Welsh, Head of Legal, EHRC, email: lynn.welsh@equalityhumanrights.com
Duncan Wilson, Head of Strategy and Legal, SHRC, email:
duncan.wilson@scottishhumanrights.com
1. Introduction
The Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), the Equality Commission for
Northern Ireland (ECNI), the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC)
and the Scottish Human Rights Commission (SHRC) are designated, by Article
33(2), as the UK Independent Mechanism (UKIM), to promote, protect and monitor
the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
(UN CRPD) in the UK.
UKIM notes that there has been significant anticipation around the publication of the
draft general comment on Article 12. This anticipation is a reflection of the paradigm
shift which the UN CPRD, and Article 12 in particular, represents.
The protections offered to persons with disabilities by way of the UN CRPD are
significantly distinct to existing mechanisms within both our jurisdictional frameworks
and regional rights protection frameworks such as the European Convention on
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR). The task of interpreting the
legal consequences emerging from article 12 of the UNCRPD has consequently
proved a difficult task for both State Parties and national human rights institutions.
UKIM therefore welcomes the opportunity to consider the legal implications of Article
12.
General Comments are authoritative interpretations of the binding obligations in
treaties. General Comments related to substantive human rights matters have
generally been developed by treaty bodies based on often very significant practice in
reviewing States reports over many years. It is notable that the UN CRPD
Committee proposes to take a different approach, developing General Comments on
substantive matters at an early stage to clarify its understanding of obligations in the
treaty and therefore its expectations of States reporting.
This approach brings with it risks in that the Committee will not have had the benefit
of reviewing state practice consistently over all regions, in fact at the time of writing,
the Committee has completed review of only eleven states. The Committee’s open
and inclusive approach to developing the draft, based on significant participation and
now open to consultation, is to be welcomed and provides some mitigation to the risk
of early adoption. Nevertheless:
UKIM recommends that the UN CRPD Committee carefully consider the
benefits of gaining further experience in reviewing State practice before
finalizing the present General Comment.
2. Comments on the draft General Comment
Autonomy is one of the general principles of the Convention, which should be
considered in applying all of the rights in the Convention. Article 12 protects a
cornerstone of autonomy, the right to legal capacity and equal recognition before the
law. It is well known that this was one of the most controversial articles in the
Convention during drafting.
2. 1 Article 12 to be read in conjunction with other international human rights
law and standards
The draft comment refers to selected other international human rights legal
instruments including Articles 6 and 7 of the UDHR, Article 16 of the ICCPR, Article
15 of CEDAW and Article 3 of the African Charter of Human and Peoples Rights.
As the Committee notes the Human Rights Committee has considered Article 16 of
the ICCPR is one of those provisions which cannot be derogated from even in times
of emergency.1 The Human Rights Committee has generally applied this principle to
birth registration, denial of equal recognition as a subject of the law (affecting women
and Indigenous Peoples), and also to situations of disappearance. Since the
adoption of the CRPD, it has begun to apply this also to persons with disabilities. For
example, in the case of the Czech Republic the Committee expressed concern that
“all persons who lacked full legal capacity are placed under guardianship”,2 a
situation which would certainly engage Article 12 of the UN CRPD.
Another group which is routinely denied full legal capacity is children, considered in
paragraph 32 of the draft. It is notable that the draft General Comment does not
make reference to the UN CRC, in particular Article 12.
The draft would benefit from a fuller consideration of the relationship between Article
12 and other sources of international law. In particular it does not at present include
full consideration of regional human rights law and standards.
In the European human rights system, for example, the European Court of Human
1
UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment number 31.
UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations on the Czech Republic, 2007, UN Doc.
CCPR/C/CZE/CO/2.
2
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Rights (the Court) has recognized that autonomy and decision making are an
integral part of the right to respect for private and family life as protected by Article 8
of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). 3 The Court has held that a
restriction of a person’s legal capacity amounts to an interference with that right
which must have a legal basis, pursue a legitimate aim, and be a proportionate
means of achieving that aim.4 The Court has considered that blanket approaches
which divest groups of people of their legal capacity are disproportionate,5 and
considers that the ECHR requires a functional (or “tailor made”) approach.6 There
has also been found to exist a positive obligation on the State to protect individuals
from interference with their legal capacity from others;7 and further, that individuals
have a right to a fair hearing in relation to a determination of their legal capacity. 8
The Court has however found that, where these procedural safeguards are
respected,
“restrictions on the rights of persons divested of legal capacity, even when
they occur in the sphere of their private and family life, are not in principle in
contradiction with the requirements of Article 8”.9
The Court has also considered that Council of Europe Recommendation No R (99) 4
“Principles concerning the legal protection of incapable adults”, “may define a
common European standard in this area”.10 Principle 3 of R (99)4 on “Maximum
reservation of capacity” recognises that different degrees of capacity may exist and
may vary from time to time and therefore any restriction of legal capacity must be
shown to be necessary for the protection of the person concerned.
It is not clear how the approach taken in the European human rights system is to be
read in the light of the draft General Comment.11
UKIM recommends that the UN CRPD Committee consider and clearly
articulate how Article 12 of the CRPD is to be read alongside regional
international law and standards.
2.2 Classification of rights
The present draft does not make it clear which elements of Article 12 are to be
considered as absolute, qualified, limited rights or rights to be fully realized
progressively. Different types of obligations may co-exist even within the same
article12 and this may be the case with Article 12. The draft proposes that aspects of
3
See for example Evans v UK, Grand Chamber (application 6339/05) judgment of 10 April 2007;
Pretty v UK, (2002) 35 EHHR 1.
4 Shtukaturov v Russia, (Application no. 44009/05), judgment of 27 March 2008.
5 Alajos Kiss v Hungary, (Application no. 38832/06) judgment of 20 May 2010.
6 Shtukaturov v Russia, (Application no. 44009/05), judgment of 27 March 2008.
7 Storck v Germany, (Application no. 61603/00), judgment of 16 June 2005.
8 Salontaji-Drobnjak v Serbia, (Application no. 36500/05) judgment of 13 October 2009.
9 Kruskovic v Croatia, (application No. 46185/08), 21 June 2011, para 30.
10 Shtukaturov v Russia, (Application no. 44009/05), judgment of 27 March 2008.
11 Para 13 of the draft, for example, indicates that the functional approach (amongst others) is a
“discriminatory denial of legal capacity”.
12 Dr. Jean Allain, Treaty Interpretation and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities, Queen’s University Belfast on behalf of Disability Action’s Centre for Human Rights
of People with Disabilities, Legal Report 2, 2009, p 11.
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Article 12 are to be considered absolute rights.13 It further proposes that “the doctrine
of progressive realization does not apply to legal capacity”.14
The draft clearly states that persons with disabilities should enjoy legal capacity on
an equal basis with others in all areas of life and that a person’s impairment must
never be grounds for denying legal capacity. The current draft indicates that all forms
of substitute decision making should be abolished and replaced with systems of
supported decision making15 and that regimes of substitute decision making cannot
be continued in parallel as supported decision making is developed.16
This absolutist approach appears to base the minimum acceptable standard on the
maximum desired conduct, rather than taking a more pragmatic approach which
reflects the state of opinio juris,17 the complexity of the issues and the emerging
nature of supportive decision making regimes.
The draft does not, for example, appear to give consideration to the changes that
have been made in a significant number of countries to develop a human rightsbased approach to legal capacity that provide a range of measures, beginning with
the presumption of capacity, and are tailored to individual capabilities and needs.
While stating an absolutist position, the draft offers little in terms of guidance as to
how it should be observed, including in difficult cases. In fact paragraph 47
recognizes that research is required into best practices in supportive decision
making.
In respect of a functional approach to legal capacity (the qualified rights approach)
the present draft is at times contradictory. For example suggesting such approaches
are always unacceptable18 and later suggesting that they violate Article 12 “if they
are either discriminatory or disproportionately affect the right of person with
disabilities to equality before the law”.19
Furthermore, the draft states that “legal capacity to act under the law recognizes the
person as an agent who can perform acts with legal effect”.20 It does not presently
address circumstances where an individual lacks the functionality to make a
decision. In many circumstances persons with an intellectual disability or a mental
health problem often simply require support to enable them to make a decision.
Where this is the case there is an obligation to ensure adequate and appropriate
support is provided to enable people to exercise their right to legal capacity.
However, there are circumstances in which despite the provision of additional
support an individual may lack the functionality to arrive at a reasoned decision.
Furthermore, in emergency circumstances or where an individual has a serious
impairment present since birth, the individual’s will and preferences may be
13
See for example paras 6, 30, 38.
Para 26.
15 para 23, para 46(1).
16 para 24.
17 State practice which is accepted as binding – see Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article
34.
14
18
para 13.
para 21 (emphasis added).
20 Para 11.
19
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unascertainable. The General Comment must address such circumstances. In failing
to recognize that substitute decision making will in practice be required in such
situations the General Comment risks depriving individuals of the procedural
safeguards which should accompany substitute decision making regimes. Paragraph
15 for example which envisaged “trusted support persons” assisting people with
disabilities (while indicating that such a situation should never amount to substitute
decision making) may in effect open the door to arrangements that amount to
informal guardianship, with no assessment of capability or need, no accountability or
protections from undue influence or the measures contained in Art 12 (4).
In contrast to the absolutist approach in the draft, others have recently
recommended a more nuanced approach. A recent issues paper of the Council of
Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, for example, recommends among other
steps that States:

abolish mechanisms which provide for full incapacitation and plenary
guardianship;

review judicial procedures to guarantee that a person who is placed under
guardianship has the possibility to challenge that guardianship or the way it is
administered;

develop supported decision-making alternatives for those who want
assistance in making decisions;

establish robust safeguards to ensure that any support provided respects the
person receiving it, is free of conflict of interests and subject to regular judicial
review.21
UKIM recommends that the Committee consider the categorization of
absolute, qualified and progressively realized aspects of Article 12
outlined above.
UKIM recommends that the General Comment include
substitute and supported decision making.
definitions of
2.3 Positive measures to support for the exercise of legal capacity
The doctrine of a duty to adopt positive measures to support the realization of human
rights is well established in international human rights law. 22 It may offer some useful
guidance in this context.
The draft at paragraph 25 (d) refers to the legal recognition of a support person.
Many legal systems make provision for an individual to nominate another person to
21
Who Gets to Decide? Right to legal capacity for persons with intellectual and psychosocial
disabilities, CommDH/IssuePaper(2012)2.
22
See for example General Comments related to equality and non-discrimination developed by
CEDAW, CERD, the Human Rights Committee and the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights.
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act as a decision maker in the event that they lose mental functionality. 23 An
individual may provide guidance on their will and preferences to a nominated person
in the event that they lose mental functionality.
The draft does not appear to consider the use of advance statements or the
appointment, by a person with capacity, of an attorney. Yet systems which support a
person with capacity deciding arrangements for when they lack capacity would
appear to be the kind of pragmatic yet progressive measure which upholds
autonomy that would pursue the purpose of article 12.
UKIM recommends that the General Comment also includes guidance
on how the will and preferences of an individual can be ascertained, in
circumstances where an individual suffers from a significant
impairment.
3. Conclusion
In light of the comments above UKIM considers that an alternative interpretation of
Article 12 would be that:




the right to equal recognition as a person before the law is an absolute right
(legal personality),
and the right to non-discrimination in the determination of legal capacity is an
absolute right.
legal capacity should be assumed and that support should progressively be
made available for all decision making, with a reduction in the use of
substitute decision making to the minimum necessary; and
that where substitute (or supported) decision making is in place there must be
adequate safeguards against abuse, including that any substitute decision
making is limited in time and in scope to what is necessary in the particular
case (the functional or tailor made approach).
Such an interpretation would be consistent with our understanding of the regional
human rights standards and with a progressive reading of the original intentions of
the States Parties on drafting the CRPD. It would also be consistent with the
approach outlined in the UN Secretary General’s report on the rights of persons with
disabilities.24
Selected sources:
Bartlett P, Lewis O, Thorold O, Mental Disability and the European Convention on
Human Rights, Nijhoff, 2007, pp 149-175.
EFC, Study on challenges and good practices in the implementation of the UN
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities VC/2008/1214 Final Report, pp
90 et seq.
23
24
Examples within our own systems include powers of attorney.
UN Doc. A/58/181, paras 14-17.
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