Psychodynamic Theory, Research and Therapeutic Intervention Across the Lifespan
Psychology 952
Spring 2016
Thursday 10:20am-1:10pm
Room: 153 Psychology Building
Professor: Alytia Levendosky, Ph.D.
Office: 107 C Psychology
Phone: 353-6396
Email: levendo1@msu.edu
Office Hours: As needed
Course Goals: The purpose of this class is to acquaint students with the broad range of
psychodynamic theories, including historical and current views, focusing on contemporary
relational/interpersonal approach to theory and psychotherapy. In addition, students will learn about
research on psychodynamic theoretical concepts and interventions. Finally, students will learn three
evidence-based psychodynamic psychotherapies, a play therapy for children, a short-term model for
higher functioning adults, and a long-term model for adults with personality pathology. A thorough
understanding of psychodynamic theory is a lifetime project – this course is aimed at acquainting
you with this rich and varied theoretical framework and inspiring you to continue to learn more
about it on your own.
Course Requirements: Weekly reaction papers, a midterm exam and a final paper are required.
Class Participation: Worth 30% of your grade. Write 10, 1-2 page double-spaced reaction papers.
(your choice as to which 10 class periods to write them for) In addition, you are expected to actively
participate in class discussion and role plays.
Midterm Exam: Given on February 12 and due on February 19 . Worth 35% of your grade.
This exam will cover the first half of the course and will be a take-home essay exam in which
you will choose 3 of 5 essay questions – each essay will be limited to 4 double-spaced typed pages.
You will have 1 week to complete the exam.
Final Paper: Due date of May 5. Worth 35% of your grade.
You are to write a 10-12 page paper on an evidence-based psychodynamic approach to
psychotherapy that was not covered in by one of the assigned books. The paper should discuss the
theoretical approach, specific guidelines or techniques utilized, the evidence base for the treatment,
and its utility across patient populations.
Readings: There are 4 required texts and articles. The articles can be downloaded online. The texts
are available at the student bookstores.
Fonagy, P. & Target, M. (2003). Psychoanalytic Theories: Perspective from Developmental
Psychopathology. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. PT
Strupp, H. H. & Binder, J. L. (1984). Psychotherapy in a New Key: A Guide to Time-Limited
Dynamic Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books. PNK
Clarkin, J.F., Yeomans, F. E., & Kernberg, O. F. (2006). Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality:
Focusing on Object Relations. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing. PBP
Bromfield, R. (2007). Doing Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy: Adapting Psychodynamic
Technique to Contemporary Practice. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. CAP
For the purposes of the syllabus, these books will be referred to as PT, PNK, PBP, & CAP.
Two additional books are required for our program for research methods. They are as follows:
Kazdin, A. E. (Ed.) (2003). Methodological Issues & Strategies in Clinical Research, 3rd edition.
Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. MI
Kazdin, A. E. (2003). Research Design in Clinical Psychology, 4th Edition. Boston, MA: Allyn &
Bacon. RD
For the purposes of the syllabus, these books will be referred to as MI and RD.
Course Format: Primarily this course will be taught on Thursdays by Alytia Levendosky, however,
there will be some co-teaching across core classes. Specifically, on Tuesday, Jan. 12 and Tuesday,
Jan. 26, Jason Moser and Alytia Levendosky will be co-teaching classes during CBT class time
devoted to understanding the historical bases of current therapeutic orientation and evidence for
effectiveness of psychotherapeutic approaches. In addition, Chris Hopwood and Alytia Levendosky
will be co-teaching a couple of classes in the section on Relational/Interpersonal approaches to
psychotherapy on the therapeutic relationship and interpersonal processes. Finally, at the towards
the end of the semester, Jason Moser and Alytia Levendosky will co-teach 2, 1 hour periods during
Psychodynamic class time in which an advanced student will come and give a case presentation
which the class will then discuss from CBT and psychodynamic perspectives.
SYLLABUS
January 12
Introduction and Overview: Historical and current views on
psychotherapy (co-taught with Jason Moser during CBT class period)
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Sun. 1/10 at 9pm.
Westen, D. (1998). The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a psychodynamically
informed psychological science. Psychological Bulletin, 124, (3), 333-371.
Stricker, G. & Trierweiler, S.J. (1995). The local clinical scientist: A bridge between science and
practice. American Psychologist, 50, 995-1002.
Lilienfeld, S. et al. (2013). Why many clinical psychologists are resistant to evidence-based
practice: Root causes and constructive remedies. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 883-900.
Stampfl, T. G., & Levis, D. J. (1967). Essentials of implosive therapy: A learning-theory-based
psychodynamic behavioral therapy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72, 496-503.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to
corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20-35.
Brewin, C. R. (2006). Understanding cognitive behavioral therapy: A retrieval competition
account. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 765-784.
January 14
Unconscious conflict, motivation and defenses: Historical and current
views
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 1/12 at 9pm.
Freud, S. (1990). The method of interpreting dreams: An analysis of a specimen dream. Ch. 2 in
The Interpretation of Dreams.
Freud, S. (1990). The psychology of dream processes. Ch. 7 in The Interpretation of Dreams.
Freud, S. (1923). The Ego and the Id., Ch. 1-3.
PT: Ch. 1 - 3
January 21
Origins of personality and social relationships in childhood and internal
representations: Developmental considerations
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 1/19 at 9pm.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base. Ch. 2 and 7.
Huth-Bocks, A. C., Levendosky, A. A., Theran, S. A., & Bogat, G. A. (2004). The impact of
domestic violence on mothers’ prenatal representations of their infants. Infant Mental Health
Journal, 25, 79-98.
Blatt, S. J. (2006). A fundamental polarity in psychoanalysis: Implications for personality
development,psychopathology and the therapeutic process. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 26 (4),
494-520.
Overall, N. C. & Simpson, J. A. (2015). Attachment and dyadic regulation processes. Current
Opinion in Psychology, 1, 61-66.
Fraley, R. C. & Roisman, G. I. (2015). Do early caregiving experiences leave an enduring or
transient mark on developmental adaptation? Current Opinion in Psychology, 1, 101-106.
Reference: PT: Ch. 10
January 26
Research Design and Evidence Base for Psychotherapy – Psychodynamic and
CBT (co-taught with Jason Moser during CBT class period)
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Sun. 1/24 at 9pm.
Driessen, E., et al. (2013). The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy
in the outpatient treatment of major depression: A randomized clinical trial. The American
Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 1041-1050.
Palmer, R., Nasciemento, L. N., & Fonagy, P. (2013). The State of the Evidence Base for
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents. Child and Adolescent
Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22, 149-214.
Leichsenring, F. et al. (2014). Long-Term Outcome of Psychodynamic Therapy and
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Social Anxiety Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry,
171, 1074-1082.
Leichsenring, F., Luyten, P., Hilsenroth, M. J., Abbass, A., Barber, J. P., Keefe, J. R., Leweke, F.,
Rabung, S., & Steinert, C. (2015). Psychodynamic therapy meets evidence-based medicine:
a systematic review using updated criteria. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 648-660.
Tolin (2010). Is cognitive-behavioral therapy more effective than other therapies? A meta-analytic
review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 710-720.
Baardseth et al. (2013). Cognitive-behavioral therapy versus other therapies: Redux. Clinical
Psychology Review, 33, 395-405.
RD Ch. 14
January 28
Relational/Interpersonal Approach to Psychotherapy: Part 1: Theory,
Historical and Current Views
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 1/26 at 9pm.
Sullivan, H.S. (1953). Infancy: Interpersonal Situation in The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry.
New York, NY: Norton. Ch. 7, pp. 110-134.
Benjamin, L. S. (1993). Every psychopathology is a gift of love. Psychotherapy Research, 3, 1-24.
Hopwood, C.J., Wright, A.G.C., Ansell, E.B., & Pincus, A. L. (2013). The interpersonal core of
personality pathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27, 270–295.
Winnicott, D. W. (1969). The theory of the parent-infant relationship. International Journal of
Psychoanalysis, 50, 711-717.
Kernberg, O. (1967). Borderline personality organization. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic
Association, 15,641-685.
Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. (2008). The development of borderline personality disorder – a
mentalizing model. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22, 4–21.
Luyten, P. & Blatt, S. (2013). Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition in normal and disrupted
personality development: Retrospect and prospect. American Psychologist, 68, 172-183.
Freud, A. (1981). The concept of developmental lines: Their diagnostic significance: The
Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 36, 129-136.
Reference: PT Ch. 4, 7-9, 12
February 4
Relational/Interpersonal Approach to Psychotherapy: Part 2: The Therapeutic
Relationship
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 2/2 at 9pm.
Høglend, P., Amlo, S., Marble, A., Bøgwald, K.-P., Sørbye, Ø., Sjaastad, M. C., & Heyerdahl, O.
(2006). Analysis of the patient-therapist relationship in dynamic psychotherapy: An
experimental study of transference interpretations. The American Journal of Psychiatry,
163(10), 1739-1746.
Høglend, P., Hersoug, A. G., Bøgwald, K.-P., Amlo, S., Marble, A., Sørbye, Ø., . . . Crits-Christoph,
P. (2011). Effects of transference work in the context of therapeutic alliance and quality of
object relations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(5), 697-706.
Kernberg, O. (1987) Projection and projective identification: Developmental and clinical aspects.
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 35, 795-819.
Ellman, S. J. (2007). Analytic trust and transference: Love, healing ruptures, and facilitating repairs.
Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 27, 246-263.
Eagle, M.N. (2000). A critical evaluation of current conceptions of transference and
countertransference. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 17, 24-37.
Hamer, F. M., (2006). Racism as a transference state: Episodes of racial hostility in the
psychoanalytic context. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 75, 97-214.
Del Re, A. C., Fluckiger, C., Horvath, A. O., Symonds, D., & Wampold, B. E. (2012) Therapist
effects in the therapeutic alliance–outcome relationship: A restricted-maximum likelihood
meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 642-649.
Safran, J. D., & Kraus, J. (2014). Alliance ruptures, impasses, and enactments: A Relational
perspective. Psychotherapy, 51, 381-387.
February 11
Relational/Interpersonal Approach to Psychotherapy: Part 3:
Gender/Sexual Orientation/Multicultural Considerations
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 2/9 at 9pm.
Freud, S. (1933). Femininity. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, pg. 145-169.
Chodorow, N. (1989). Family structure and feminine personality. Ch. 2 in Feminism and
Psychoanalytic Theory. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
Tummala-Narra, P. (2007). Skin color and the therapeutic relationship. Psychoanalytic Psychology,
24, 255-270.
Altman, N. (2006). Whiteness. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 75, 45-72.
Hamer, F. M. (2002). Guards at the gate: Race, resistance, and psychic reality. Journal of the
American Psychoanalytic Association, 50, 1219-1237.
Leary, K. (2012). Race as an adaptive challenge: Working with diversity in the clinical consulting
room. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 29, 279-291.
Perry, J. C. (2011). When race and culture matter in psychodynamic child therapy: Considerations
of theory, process and technique. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society, 16, 179-195.
Downey, J. I., & Friedman, R. C. (2008). Homosexuality psychotherapeutic issues. British Journal
of Psychotherapy, 24, 429-468.
Suchet, M. (2011). Crossing over. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 21, 172–191.
Midterm Exam. This will be emailed to students on Feb. 12 and will be due on Feb. 19.
February 18 Relational/Interpersonal Approach to Psychotherapy: Part 4: Mechanisms of
Change (will be rescheduled)
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 1/16 at 9pm.
Messer, S. B. (2013). Three mechanisms of change in psychodynamic psychotherapy: Insight,
affect, and alliance. Psychotherapy, 50, 408-412.
Binder, J. L., & Betan, E. J. (2013). Essential activities in a session of brief
psychodynamic/interpersonal psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 50, 428-453.
Johanssen, P. et al., (2010). The mediating role of insight for long-term improvements in
psychodynamic therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 438-448.
Safran, J. D., Muran, J. C., & Eubanks-Carter, C. (2011). Repairing alliance ruptures. Psychotherapy,
48(1), 80-87.
Hersoug, A.G., Haglend, P., Gabbard, G. O., & Lorentzen, S. (2013). The combined predictive effect
of patient characteristics and alliance on long-term dynamic and interpersonal functioning
after dynamic psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 20, 297-307.
Watson, J.C., Steckley, P.L., McMullen, E.J. (2014). The role of empathy in promoting change.
Psychotherapy Research, 24, 286-298.
Owens, T. M. (2013). The need for an other's mind: An innovative approach to the psychoanalytic
treatment of children and adolescents. Journal of Infant, Child & Adolescent Psychotherapy,
12, 1-9.
February 25 Relational/Interpersonal Approach to Psychotherapy: Part 5: Interpersonal
processes in psychotherapy (co-taught with Chris Hopwood)
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 2/23 at 9pm.
Anchin, J.C., & Pincus, A.L. (2010). Evidence-based Interpersonal psychotherapy with personality
disorders: Theory, components, and strategies. In J.J. Magnavita (Ed.), Evidence-based
treatment of personality dysfunction: Principles, methods, and processes (pp. 113-166).
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Teyber, E. & Teyber, F.M (2014). Working with process dimensions in relational therapies:
Guidelines for clinical training. Journal of Counseling Psychology.
Sullivan, H.S. (1954). Psychiatric Interview. Ch. 1-4.
Watch video of Chris Hopwood doing psychotherapy with Alytia Levendosky playing one of her
patients. You will have seen this patient’s assessment data (and eventually the report) in your
Personality Assessment class. You should watch the entire session and I will specify a specific
section of the therapy session to focus on for discussion related to processes of rupture and repair.
The video will be available for viewing 2 weeks prior to this class period.
Mar. 3
Short-term Psychotherapy: Strupp and Binder’s approach and Research Design
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 3/1 at 9pm.
PNK: Ch. 2-4
MI: Ch. 30
RD: Ch. 6-12
March 10
March 17
No Class Spring Break
Short-term psychodynamic therapy
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 3/15 at 9pm.
PNK: 5-7
Hilsenroth, M. J. (2007). A programmatic study of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy:
Assessment, process, outcome, and training. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 31-45.
Briggs, S. (2010). Time-limited psychodynamic psychotherapy for adolescents
and young adults. Journal of Social Work Practice, 24(2), 181-195.
Frey, L. L. (2013). Relational-cultural therapy: Theory, research, and application to counseling
competencies. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 44, 177-185.
March 24
Long-term Psychotherapy – Transference Focused-Psychotherapy approach
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 3/22 at 9pm.
Clarkin, J. F., Levy, K. N., Lenzenweger, M. F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2007). Evaluating three
treatments for borderline personality disorder: A multiwave study. The American Journal of
Psychiatry, 164, 922-928.
Perez, D. L., Vago, D. R., Pan, H., Root, J., Tuescher, O. et al… (2015). Frontolimbic neural circuit
changes in emotional processing and inhibitory control associated with clinical improvement
following transference-focused psychotherapy in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry
and Clinical Neurosciences.
PBP: 1-6
March 31
Long-term Psychotherapy
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 3/29 at 9pm.
Aron, L. (1992). Interpretation as an expression of the analyst’s subjectivity. Psychoanalytic
Dialogues, 2, 475-507.
Fitzpatrick, K. (1999). Terms of endearment in clinical analysis. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 68,
119-125.
Goodman, G. (2013). Is mentalization a common process factor in transference-focused
psychotherapy and dialectical behavior therapy sessions? Journal of Psychotherapy
Integration, 23, 179-182.
Bateman, A. & Fonagy, P. (2013). Mentalization-based treatment. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 33, 595613.
Smith, J. D. (2014). Focusing on reflections: Mentalization and mirroring in brief dynamic therapy.
British Journal of Psychotherapy, 30, 212-228.
Leichsenring, F., Abbass, A., Luyten, P., Hilsenroth, M., & Rabung, S. (2013). The emerging
evidence for long-term psychodynamic therapy. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 41, 361-384.
PBP: Ch. 7-9
April 7
Play Therapy: Developmental considerations
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 4/5 at 9pm.
CAP: 1-10
Novick, K. K., & Novick, J. (2013). A new model of techniques for concurrent psychodynamic
work with parents of child and adolescent psychotherapy patients. Child and Adolescent
Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22, 331-349.
April 14
Play therapy
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 4/12 at 9pm.
Perepletchikova, F. & Goodman, G. (2014). Two approaches to treating preadolescent children with
severe emotional and behavioral problems: Dialectical behavior therapy adapted for children
and mentalization-based child therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24, 298-312.
Göttken, T., White, Lars, O., Klein, A.M., & von Klitzing, K. (2014). Short-term psychoanalytic
child therapy for anxious children: A pilot study. Psychotherapy, 51, 148-158.
Abbass, A. A., Rabung, S., Leichsenring, F., Refseth, J.S., & Midgley, N. (2013). Psychodynamic
psychotherapy for children and adolescents: A meta-analysis of short-term psychodynamic
models. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 863-875.
Lieberman, A.F., & Harris, W.W. (2007). Still searching for the best interests of
the child: Trauma treatment in infancy and early childhood. The Psychoanalytic Study of the
Child, 62, 211-238.
Muratori, F., Picchi, L., Bruni, G., Patarnello, M., & Romagnoli, G. (2003). A two-year follow-up
of psychodynamic psychotherapy for internalizing disorders in children. Journal of the
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 331-339
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., van IJzendoorn, M.H., & Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: Metaanalyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological
Bulletin, 129, 195-215.
Tonge, B.J., Pullen, J.M., Hughes, G.C., & Beaufoy, J. (2009). Effectiveness of
psychoanalytic psychotherapy for adolescents with serious mental illness: 12 month
naturalistic follow-up study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 467475.
1 hour of class: Child therapy case presentation by Katherine Pickard and discussion of
Psychodynamic and CBT formulations and treatment (with Jason Moser – cross-over event
with CBT)
April 21
Group Therapy
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 4/19 at 9pm.
Luthar, S., Suchman, N. W., Altomare, M. (2007). Relational psychotherapy mothers’ group: A
randomized clinical trial for substance abusing mothers. Development and Psychopathology,
19, 243-261.
Wilheim, E. (2013). Dyadic psychotherapy with infants and young children: Child-Parent
Psychotherapy. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22, 215-239.
Marvin, R., Cooper, G., Hoffman, K., & Powell, B. (2002). The Circle of Security
project: Attachment-based intervention with caregiver-pre-school child dyads. Attachment &
Human Development, 4(1), 107-124.
Tasca, G. A.; Foot, M.; Leite, C.; Maxwell, H.; Balfour, L.; & Bissada, H. (2011). Interpersonal
processes in psychodynamic-interpersonal and cognitive behavioral group therapy: A
systematic case study of two groups. Psychotherapy, 48, 260-273.
1 hour of class: Adult therapy case presentation by XXXX and discussion of Psychodynamic
and CBT formulations and treatment (with Jason Moser – cross-over event with CBT)
April 28
Supervision and Consultation
1 page reaction paper to be submitted online by Tues. 4/26 at 9pm.
Friedlander, M. L. (2015). Use of relational strategies to repair alliance ruptures: How responsive
supervisors train responsive psychotherapists. Psychotherapy, 52, 174–179.
Safran, J., Muran, J. C., Demaria, A., Boutwell, C., Eubanks-Carter, C., & Winston, A. (2014).
Investigating the impact of alliance-focused training on interpersonal process and therapists'
capacity for experiential reflection. Psychotherapy Research, 24(3), 269-285.
Tracey, T.J., Bludworth, J., & Glidden-Tracey, C.E. (2012). Are there parallel processes in
psychotherapy supervision? An empirical examination. Psychotherapy, 49, 330-343.
Riggs, S. A., & Bretz, K. M. (2006). Attachment processes in the supervisory relationship: An
exploratory investigation. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37, 558-566.
Tummala-Narra, P. (2004). Dynamics of race and culture in the supervisory encounter.
Psychoanalytic Psychology, 21(2), 300-311.
Liang, B., Tummala-Narra, P., & West, J. (2011). Revisiting community work from a
psychodynamic perspective. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42, 398-404.
Blumenfield, M. (2006). The place of psychodynamic psychiatry in consultation-liaison psychiatry
with special emphasis on countertransference. Journal of the American Academy of
Psychoanalysis & Dynamic Psychiatry, 34, 83-92.
Walker, A. M. (2014). The psychodynamic formulation in the pediatric medical consultation:
Purpose, approach, and clinical application. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 68, 305318.
A current critique by an insider:
Luyten, P. (2015). Unholy Questions About Five Central Tenets of Psychoanalysis That Need to be
Empirically Verified. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 35, 5-23.
Recommended Readings for Further Exploration of Psychodynamic Theories
Freud, S. (1915/1977). Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Freud, S. (1900/1913). The interpretation of dreams. New York: MacMillan.
Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and Society. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Winnicott, D.W. (1971/1989). Playing and Reality. London: Routledge.
Sullivan, H.S. (1953/1977). Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry. New York: W.W. Norton & Co..
Sullivan, H.S. (1954). Psychiatric Interview. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Greenson, R.R. (1967). The Technique and Practice of Psychoanalysis. International Universities
Press.
Kohut, H. (1984). How does analysis cure? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Reik. T. (1948). Listening with the third ear: The inner experience of a psychoanalyst. New York:
Grove Press.
Greenberg, J. & Mitchell, S. (1983). Object relations in Psychoanalytic Theory. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Leary, T. (1957). Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality. New York: Ronald Press Co.
Herman, J. (1992). Trauma and Recovery. New York: Basic Books.
Stern, D. (1985). The Interpersonal World of the Infant. New York: Basic Books.
Fraiberg, S. (1959). The Magic Years. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Axline, V. (1964). Dibs: In Search of Self. New York: Ballantine Books.