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Supplementary Information
Detailed materials and methods
Genotyping: RD sib-pair sample, Montreal/New York/Oxford schizophrenia samples:
SNP genotyping was performed using the Sequenom system according to the
manufacturer's instructions (based on allele-specific primer extension and resolution by
mass spectrometry). Mendelian inheritance was checked using an in-house database
system (IGS). Inconsistent genotypes resulted in all genotypes for that SNP being
removed from the family showing the error. Genotypes that forced unlikely
recombinations were also eliminated by use of Merlin51. The genetic map was the same
as used for linkage analysis9, with SNPs inserted according to their physical locations
(UCSC Genome Browser, July 2003 Build, http://genome.ucsc.edu). Any SNPs showing
excessive Mendelian or recombination errors were removed entirely from all families for
subsequent analysis. SNPs showing deviation (P<0.01) from Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium within founders (Merlin-Pedstats)51 were also removed from all analysis.
This left 87 SNPs for the initial mapping phase (Table S1), and an additional 32 SNPs
were genotyped around LRRTM1 following the initial identification of trait-association
to this locus (see main text, and Table S1).
Schizophrenia, Irish High Density Sample: Genotyping was performed using the
SNPstream® Genotyping System (Beckman Coulter, Inc.) according to the
manufacturer's instructions. Data were checked and cleaned similarly as above.
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Schizophrenia, Han Chinese sample: Genotyping was performed using TaqMan® Pre-Designed
SNP Genotyping Assays (Applied Biosystems) and ABI 7900 instrument, and by following
manufacturer's instructions. Data were checked and cleaned similarly as above.
Schizophrenia, Afrikaner sample: Genotyping was performed at the Center for Inherited
Disease Research, http://www.cidr.jhmi.edu/, using the Illumina platform. Data were checked and
cleaned similarly as above.
Schizophrenia, Munich and Aberdeen case-control samples. The genotyping was
performed using the Illumina Infinium assay. Raw data were re-checked for genotyping
quality.
Brisbane Twin Sample: Genotyping was performed using the Sequenom iPLEX™ system
according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Data were checked and cleaned similarly as
above.
Association analysis: Handedness. We used QTDT18 to perform paternal-specific
single-marker association analysis with relative hand skill in 222 siblings, using genotype
data from parents to establish parent-of-origin. Rather than using the in-built paternalspecific option in QTDT, we first generated best-fit haplotypes for all individuals using
Merlin51, and then used the paternally-inherited allele for each SNP (in cases where phase
could be assigned) as a binary covariate in a variance component (VC) model that also
included a grand mean with polygenic, QTL-specific, and unshared environmental VCs.
The likelihood of the model including the paternally inherited allele as a covariate was
compared with the likelihood without this covariate for each SNP, for a chi-square
significance test with one degree of freedom. This approach has the advantage that it uses
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sibling multipoint identity-by-descent estimation to obtain extra information on parental
allelic origin in situations that are otherwise ambiguous (i.e. where both parents and a
child are heterozygous). As linkage is modelled explicitly by variance components, the
association test is unbiased in the presence of linkage.
For analysis of haplotypes, we used together the in-built options in QTDT for paternalspecific, total and multi-allelic analysis. For this analysis the haplotypes were again
estimated with Merlin, and where phase could be resolved the haplotypes were recoded
as individual "alleles", and then used as input to QTDT. In this analysis the full model
includes separate mean effects for all haplotypes simultaneously, and is compared to a
model that includes no haplotype effects (just a grand mean and variance components as
above). There was therefore only a single test for each set of haplotypes defined by a
specific set of SNPs, and this reduced multiple testing. In follow-up analysis of the
positive result upstream of LRRTM1, we modelled individual haplotype effects one-at-atime versus all others, in order to gauge the contribution of individual haplotypes.
We used the same approach to test a proxy (see below) of the LRRTM1 ‘risk’ haplotype
for association with relative hand skill in a sample of 354 pseudo-independent normal
sibpairs from 215 twin-based families from Brisbane, Australia52 (based on the SNPs
rs1007371, rs723524, see fig S1).
Association analysis: Schizophrenia.
Families: We generated haplotypes as above, and where phase could be assigned the
haplotypes were recoded as individual "alleles", and then used as input to 'SIB_TDT'
within the package ASPEX http://watson.hgen.pitt.edu/docs/usage.html, using the 'sex-split' option to
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test paternal and maternal transmission separately. We did not use inferred haplotypes for
individuals from whom genotype data were missing. Furthermore, SIB_TDT is
conservative and scores transmission only in unambiguous situations, with no inference.
Non-independence within affected sib pairs is accounted for by permutation to derive
empirical significance levels. For the case-control populations we used Haploview 3.32 to
test for haplotypic association using the default settings, using the SNPs rs1446109 and
rs17019074 (the latter is equivalent to rs723524 for tagging the haplotypes of interest (see
below), according to international HapMap data).
Case-control: Given the rarity of the risk haplotype in European populations, we
combined the Munich and Aberdeen case-control samples for a single test of association,
analyzed with logistic regression using a flexible genotypic model with two degrees of
freedom, with covariates for sex and the collection site, using the software PLINK
(http://pngu.mgh.harvard.edu/~purcell/plink/).
Mutation screening: To screen for polymorphisms within and close to LRRTM1, we
used denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), followed by direct
dideoxy sequencing. DHPLC was performed using the WAVE™ system (Transgenomic),
according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and data were analyzed with the
WAVEMAKER software.
Cell lines and tissues for imprinting analysis: Hybrid cells were maintained at 37˚C,
5% CO2 in DMEM supplemented with 10% calf serum and 800 µg/ml GENETICIN
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(Gibco BRL, Rockville, MD, USA). EBV-transformed lymphoblast cultures were
maintained at 37˚C, 5% CO2 in RPMI 1640 (Gibco BRL) supplemented with 10% fetal
calf serum. In Oxford, 24 non-tumor human brain tissues were used for extraction of total
RNA and genomic DNA. In Tottori, 12 non-tumor human brain tissues were used for
extraction of total RNA and genomic DNA. In Tallinn, 8 unrelated post mortem human
brains were identified that were informative for LRRTM1 expression analysis, and 5 for
CTNNA2. In Leipzig, 2 unrelated post mortem chimpanzee brains were identified as
informative for LRRTM1 and used for extraction of total RNA and genomic DNA. All
samples were acquired with the approval of the appropriate ethical committees.
PCR-based polymorphic analysis of A9 hybrids: PCR amplification was performed to
detect the region of human chromosome 2 that was contained in mouse A9 hybrids using
primer pairs for the proopiomelanocortin (POMC), gamma-glutamyl carboxylase
(GGCX), transcription factor 7-like 1 (TCF7L1), BCL2-like 11 (BCL2L11), v-ral simian
leukemia viral oncogene homolog B (RALB), distal-less homeo box 1 (DLX1), and STS
marker D2S293. Primer sequences and reaction conditions are available on request.
PCR analysis of a polymorphic marker, D2S337, was used to determine the parental
origin of human chromosome 2 in mouse A9 hybrids.
Expression analysis for imprinting: Tottori: Total RNA samples, extracted from all
cultured cells and tissues using the RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Bethesda, MD, USA)
according to the manufacturer’s instructions, were treated with RNase-free DNase I
(NIPPON GENE, Tokyo, Japan). First strand cDNA synthesis was performed with (RT+)
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or without (RT-) M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Gibco BRL) using an oligo (dT)15 primer
(Promega, Madison, WI, USA). As a control, integrity of RNA was assessed by
amplification of mouse and human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
(GAPDH) genes as described previously.53 RT-PCR was performed on the synthesized
cDNA or Human Multiple Tissue cDNA (MTC) Panels (Clontech) with Taq GOLD
polymerase (Perkin Elmer, Foster, CA, USA).
For imprinting (or monoallelic expression) analysis of LRRTM1, cDNA samples
synthesized from normal human lymphoblastoid cell lines and non-tumor brain tissues
were amplified using the primers flanking C/T and C/G polymorphisms (at nt 87965 and
88009 of GenBank acc. AC016670). PCR amplification of genomic DNA or cDNA was
performed, and PCR products of lymphoblast samples and non-tumor brain tissues were
purified and sequenced directly from both directions using the Dye terminator sequencing
core kit (PE Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK). Sequencing was performed on an
ABI3700 automated sequencer. The expression of LRRTM1 in mouse A9 cells, human
fibroblasts and mouse A9 hybrids were also analysed.
We tested cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, olfactory bulb, thymus, heart, lung,
liver, intestine, pancreas, spleen, kidney, muscle, and testis of two reciprocal crossed F1
mice between C57BL/6J and JF1 strains for allele-specific expression. Each of the F1
mice was 30 weeks old. Expression of Lrrtm1 was detected in cerebral cortex, cerebellum
and brain stem. cDNA samples were amplified for 26 cycles by PCR primers flanking the
following polymorphic sites: C/T poymorphism at 56323bp on genomic clone
AC121356, A/G poymorphism at 69272bp on AC121356, C/T polymorphism at 69302bp
on AC121356.
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Oxford: Genomic DNA and total RNA were extracted from 24 post mortem non-tumor
human brain tissues according to standard protocols, and the LRRTM1 transcribed SNP
rs6733871 was genotyped by PCR/RT-PCR followed by allele-specific digestion with
DdeI and agarose gel eletrophoresis (primer sequences and reaction conditions are
available on request).
Tallinn: LRRTM1 imprinted expression was tested similarly as in Oxford, but from many
different brain regions (details available on request).
Leipzig: The third exon of LRRTM1 was sequenced in five chimpanzees for which brain
samples were available. A SNP was identified in two individuals (C/T polymorphism at
position chr2a:82,045,147 in chimpanzee March 2006 assembly), from which total RNA
was isolated from a cortex sample. Biallelic expression was determined by RT-PCR and
sequencing (details available on request).
Methylation analysis: Genomic DNA samples from post-mortem brain samples were
treated with sodium bisulfite using the CpGenome DNA Modification Kit (INTERGEN,
Purchase, NY, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. PCR was performed
on modified DNA in which cytosine was converted to uracil. Amplified PCR products
were separated and isolated from a 2% agarose gel using the Qiaquick gel extraction kit
and directly sequenced as described above. We examined a total of 26 CpG sites in CpG
island 1, and 38 CpG sites in CpG island 2.
To assess methylation we used also a Sequenom modified protocol developed to detect DNA
methylation in CpG islands and based on the MassCLEAVE method for the detection of novel
SNPs (Introduction to DNA Methylation Analysis Using the MassARRAY System
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54
http://www.sequenom.com/depts/qa/Document/Application%20Notes/Methylation%20Analysis/8876-007.pdf.
Briefly,
amplification was carried out using tailed primers, then the PCR products obtained were
processed using the Sequenom MassCLEAVE transcription protocol, followed by C and T
specific RNAse cleavage reactions. Samples were conditioned according to manufacturer
instruction and run on MALDI-TOF using the Autoflex mass spectrometer and mass spectra
were analyzed using the SNP discovery (Sequenom, San Diego, USA), and in parallel specially
designed software.55 Working on the reverse strand methylation was detected as a G/A
polymorphism, where G corresponded to a methylated C protected from bisulfite conversion on
the forward strand, and A to no methylation.
Subcellular localisation
Oxford: Mouse LRRTM1 protein, untagged or with C-terminal [myc + 6xHis] tags, was
over-expressed in mammalian cells using plasmids pcDmL1 and pcDmL1m, respectively,
containing the full-length mouse LRRTM1 cDNA cloned into pcDNA4-TO-mycHisA
vector (Invitrogen).MRC-5 SV2 cells (SV40-transformed human foetal lung fibroblasts)
were grown on coverslips in 24-well tissue-culture plates, in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle
medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% Foetal Bovine Serum, 2mM L-Glutamine and
100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin at 37 ºC with 5% CO2. Cells were transfected with
0.5µg of plasmid per well using GeneJuice (Novagen) as transfection reagent according
to manufacturer’s instructions; medium was changed 4-8 hours after transfection. Cells
were grown as described above for 24-36 hours, washed with PBS, fixed for 30 min with
3% paraformaldehyde in PBS at room temperature, washed 5x with around 1ml IF
solution (0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS) and used for indirect immunofluorescence
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experiments. Cells were incubated for 1 hour with antibodies diluted in IF block solution
(0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS + 10 mg/ml fish gelatine) and then washed 5x with IF
washing solution. Coverslips were mounted on to microscope slides and examined using
a Zeiss LSM510 META Confocal Imaging System. Polyclonal antisera against LRRTM1
were obtained by Eurogentec (Seraing, Belgium) after immunization of rabbits with both
peptides “126” (LVDGGEGHDGTFEPIC, positions 395 to 409) and “127”
(CFVTQRRKQKQKQTMH, positions 463 to 478); specific anti-peptides were purified
by affinity chromatography against each of the mentioned peptides. Anti-peptide 126, but
not 127, was proved to specifically detect LRRTM1 (data not shown). Mouse monoclonal
antibody A1/182 against BAP31,56 kindly provided by Dr. Hans-Peter Hauri (Basel,
Switzerland), was used as an ER marker. Alexa-Fluor 488 (green) goat anti-mouse and
594 (red) goat anti-rabbit (Molecular Probes) were used as secondary antibodies.
Yale: Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) isolated from one 3-5 weeks old rats were digested with
collagenase and dispaseII, triturated, nucleofected according to manufacturer's
instructions (Amaxa GmbH), and cultured in Neurobasal-A media supplemented with
10% FCS, 2mM L-glutamine and 100 nM NGF on poly-L-lysine and laminin coated
slides. Mouse E17 cortical cell cultures were transfected with Lipofectamine 2000
(Invitrogen), resulting in solitary transfected neurons. Neuro-2a and Cos-7 cells (ATCC)
where cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS, 2 mM L-glutamine and
penicillin-streptomycin, and transfected with Fugene6 (Roche). Mouse LRRTM1 and
Lingo1 expression vectors were prepared by standard molecular biology techniques. The
final constructs contain Ig ĸ signal peptide and myc and 6xHIS tags, followed by
LRRTM1 or Lingo1 open reading frame devoid of signal peptide, cloned into XbaI
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restriction site created to replace stop-codon in original pSecTag2a plasmid (QuikChange
II Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit, Stratagene) . All constructs were sequenced to confirm
that no unwanted changes occurred. ER-marker dsRED2-ER vector was from Clontech.
All immunostainings were done 40 hours after transfection. Cells were fixed,
permeabilized and stained with anti-myc antibody (Santa Cruz biotechnology, Santa
Cruz, CA), and neurons were visualized with anti beta-tubulin antibody (Covance,
Princeton, NJ). Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse and 568 goat anti-rabbit secondary
antibodies (Invitrogen) were used. For live-cell stainings cells were incubated in HBSS
with alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-myc antibody (9E10; Sigma) at room
temperature or at +4°C for 1 hour, washed, fixed with 4% PFA, incubated 2 hours at 65ºC
to block endogenous phosphatases, and developed using BCIP/NBT reagents. Live-cell
staining resulted in 20-30 strongly stained DRG neurons per well for myc-Lingo1 but
none for myc-LRRTM1.
In situ hybridisation
Mouse: Coronal sections from fresh-frozen adult mouse brain and sagittal sections of
PFA-fixed E12 and E15 mouse embryos were analyzed by in situ hybridization with
Lrrtm1 riboprobes as described previously.35
Human: In situ Hybridization was performed as described previously Easterday et al. Dev Biol.
2003 Dec 15;264(2):309-22; Abu-Khalil, Fu et al. J Comp Neurol. 2004 Jun 21;474(2):276-88.
Gene-specific probes for LRRTM1 (Genbank NM_178839.4, see below) were amplified by
PCR and cloned into pCR II (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). In vitro transcription was then
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performed to generated S35- labeled antisense cRNA. Labeled probe was hybridized onto 20 μm
frozen tissue, sectioned in the coronal plane, and opposed to autoradiography films. Results
were consistent for two LRRTM1-specific probes. No signal was observed following
hybridization of a labeled sense probe.
Probes:
pBSA116
oBSA526/527 PCR product (459 bps) in pCRII-TOPO vector.
Corresponds to human LRRTM1 (GenBank Accession NM_178839.4)
Product spans intron (chr2:80384144-80384874) and runs bps 125 through 582
Specific by BLAT. 061107; JVP. Sequence Good
For sense probe cut with Kpn1 and transcribe with T7
For antisense probe cut with Xho1 and transcribe with SP6
pBSA117
oBSA528/259 PCR product (430 bps) in pCRII-TOPO vector.
Corresponds to human LRRTM1 (GenBank Accession NM_178839.4)
Product not intron spanning and runs bps 625 through 1035
Specific by BLAT. 061107; JVP. Sequence Good
For sense probe cut with Xho1 and transcribe with SP6
For antisense probe cut with Kpn1 and transcribe with T7
Northern analysis
Human Multiple Tissue Northern (MTN) Blots II and V (BD Biosciences) were probed at 42 ºC
using formamide, according to standard procedures. To obtain LRRTM1 probe, a PCR
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fragment corresponding to bases 895 to 1567 of human LRRTM1 cDNA (1165 to 1837 in
GenBank clone BC045113) was amplified with AmpliTaq Gold DNA polymerase (PE Applied
Biosystems) using a BamHI fragment of plasmid pBEhL2-B5 (LRRTM1 full-length cDNA
cloned into pBluescript) as a template. Human -Actin cDNA control probe was supplied with
the MTN blots. Probes were labeled with [32P]-dCTP using the Megaprime DNA labeling
system (Amersham Biosciences) according to manufacturer’s instructions.
Quantitative PCR from left and right rodent forebrain
Oxford, mice: The morning when the vaginal plug was detected was defined as embryonic day
0.5 (E0.5). At E14.5 left and right forebrain hemispheres of 11 embryos from 2 litters were
dissected in ice-cold dissection buffer (15mM HEPES, NaHCO3, 25mM Glucose in HBSSCMF). Meninges were removed and tissue samples were immediately homogenized in TRIzol
(Invitrogen) using a Dounce homogenizer.
Total RNA was extracted using standard procedures followed by cleanup with RNeasy columns
(QIAgen). First-strand cDNA was synthesized from 2µg total RNA using Superscript III
reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen) and random hexamers as primers. Relative quantification of
cDNA was performed by real-time quantitative PCR with iQ SYBR Green Supermix (BioRad)
on a BioRad iCycler instrument using the 60s ribosomal subunit for normalisation. After
an initial incubation for 3 min at 95°C, PCR was performed.
Tallinn, rats: LRRTM1 mRNA levels were measured in the right and left hippocampus
of 12 adult Wistar rats using quantitative real time PCR (protocol available on request).