1
SPRING 2011 Preliminary Study Guide SOP3004 Psychology Test 1 (Quiz 1 Ch 1 & 2)
Using the Study Guide
For each term:

What is it? A definition, a theory, an experiment? Can you define it? Can you tell it apart from related concepts?

How does it relate to other concepts covered? If it is a definition, what theory and experiments relate to it? If it is a theory, what experimental support is there for the theory? If it is an experiment, what theory was being tested?

If an experiment were briefly described, would you be able to identify the outcome? Would you know what theory it was testing? What are the independent and dependent variables?

Can you recognize similarities between example situations and appropriate theories and experiments?
Chapter 1
Social Influence
Social Psychology
Construal
Differences between philosophy, personality, sociology and social
Wall street game (Ross & Samuelson, 1993)
Individual Differences:
Fundamental Attribution Error
Behaviorism
Gestalt Psychology (Kurt Lewin)
Self-Esteem
Social Cognition
Naïve Realism (Ross, 2004)
Need to be accurate
Suffering and self-justification
Aronson & Mills (1959)
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968) self-fulfilling prophecy
Learning Objectives:
1.
Describe the importance of an individual’s construal of a social event in the social psychologist’s attempts at understanding social behavior
2.
Distinguish between the social psychologist’s preferred method of understanding social influence (i.e., scientific experimentation) and alternative ways of understanding social influence (i.e., folk wisdom, and philosophy)
3.
Describe how social psychologists and sociologists differ in their levels of analysis
4.
Describe how Gestalt principles influenced social psychological thought Describe a "self-fulfilling prophecy" and how it can alter social situations
5.
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
Chapter 2 (know the starred items especially well)
Hindsight Bias
Observational Method
Interjudge Reliability
Archival Analysis
Correlational Method
*Correlation Coefficient
Surveys
*Random Selection
Literary Digest Landon miscall
STDs and birth control (Rosenberg et al.)
Experimental Method
*Independent Variable
*Dependent Variable
*Random Assignment to Condition
*Internal Validity
*External Validity (generalizability)
Mundane Realism
Psychological Realism
Cover Story

Replication
Meta-Analysis
Cross-Cultural Research
Field Experiments
Basic Research
Applied Research
Informed Consent
Deception
Institutional Review Board (IRB):
Debriefing
Hypothesis
Aronson & Mills (1959) Justification study
Experimenter Bias
Subject Bias
Hawthorne Effect
Blind and Double Blind studies
Demand Characteristics
Learning Objectives:
1.
What a hypothesis is, and how researchers develop them.
2.
The different research methods used by social psychologists (i.e., the archival method, the correlational method, and the experimental method).
3.
interjudge reliability (interrater reliability)
4.
Limits of the observational method
5.
The correlation coefficient, and how it is used to help predict behavior
6.
representative sample
7.
Distinguish between a sample and a population, and describe how random selection can be used to help researchers make inferences about a population from a sample.
8.
survey
9.
Random selection
10.
Describe why correlation does not equal causation
11.
Independent and dependent variables
12.
Internal vs external validity
13.
Generalizability
14.
Random assignment .
15.
Mundane realism vs psychological realism .
16.
Cover story in a social psychology experiment .
17.
Describe the role of replications in increasing external validity
18.
Describe a field experiment and how it differs from a laboratory experiment .
19.
Tradeoff between internal and external validity
20.
Describe how informed consent, deception, and debriefing are all important ethical issues for social psychologists to consider.
21.
Distinguish between basic and applied research.
22.
Understand the 2x2 design as a basis for traditional social psych research
23.
Be able to interpret a graph of results from simple experiments
2

3
Chapters 8
Conformity)
Informational Social Influence:
Resisting informational and normative social influence
Private Acceptance
Public Compliance
Social Norms
Normative Social Influence
Deviance from social norms
Importance of being accurate
Idiosyncrasy Credits
Minority Influence
Social Comparison Processes (Festinger, 1954) lecture
Taylor’s breast cancer support groups (lecture)
Salary compression and inversion (lecture)
Social Impact Theory (omitted for this test)
Idiosyncrasy credits
Minority Influence
Wood et al. (1984) meta-analysis (lecture)
Factors affecting conformity (group size, importance, unanimous, collectivistic)
Gender differences
Anderson et al. (1992) food supply and body image
Silverstein et al. (1986) Vogue and Ladies Home Journal bust-to-waist ratio
Men’s body image (GI Joe)
Obedience to authority (p. 260)
My Lai massacre
Migram’s shock experiment (various manipulations; percent conformity)
Wrong norms
Self-justification
Lack of personal responsibility
Injunctive Norm and Descriptive Norm
Reno, Cialdini & Kallgren garbage, 1993
Experiments
Sherif autokinetic effect (1936)
Asch line-judging experiments (1951; 1956)
Schacter (1951) Johnny Rocco study
Milgram experiments (1961; 1974); ethics, method, percent obedience 65% (subsequent conditions that raised or lowered obedience), agency, urgency, incremental shock levels, distance)
Zimbardo Prison Study
Reasons for Abu Graib prison scandal
Burger (2009) Milgram Replication
Schulze 2007 energy study
Lederman et al (2003) Social Norms approach
Learning Objectives:
1.
Define conformity and understand the distinction between informational social influence, normative influence, private acceptance, and public compliance.
2.
Describe the three situations that can increase the occurrence of informational social influence
3.
Describe normative social influence and contrast it with informational social influence.
4.
Describe the Asch line judgment paradigm for studying compliance, and understand the role of normative social influence in this paradigm.
5.
Describe the negative consequences of resisting normative social influence
6.
Describe how social influence can be used for positive purposes, including a description of descriptive and injunctive norms
7.
Describe compliance, how the foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face techniques are compliance techniques, and the underlying reasons these techniques work
8.
Describe Milgram’s research paradigm for studying obedience, and the results and implications of this research.