Earth Science
Time Zones:
Time increases or decreases an hour every
150 longitude.
If “X” is 6 pm, B is 10 pm, C is 12
midnight, D is 4 am.
Law of Superposition:
Use the diagram to the left.
Geologic cross sections A through F shown below represent
different stages in the development of one part of Earth’s
crust over a long period of geologic time.
What is the correct order of development from the
original (oldest) stage to the most recent (youngest)
stage?
Answer: B → F → C → D → E → A
Use the diagram to the lower right:
Base your answer to this question on the geologic cross section of bedrock shown below. A through G identify rock layers
and Q represents a fault. Lines W, X, Y, and Z are locations of unconformities. The rocks have not been overturned.
Which layer is oldest?
Answer: G
What is the youngest?
Answer: A
Which statements are true:
1) Y is younger than F.
2) Q occurred before F.
3) Z is unconformity.
4) E occurred before D.
5) C is younger than B.
6) E is older than Y.
7) D is younger than X
Answer: 2, 3, 4,7
Dependent (DV)/Independent variable
(IV):
Scientific method problem: Does heating a cup of water
allow it to dissolve more sugar?
Match the following terms:
1. Temperature of water
a. controlled variable (what is kept the same)
2. amount of dissolved sugar
b. Independent variable (what is changed)
3. amount of water/stirring/type of sugar
c. Dependent variable (what is observed)
Answer: 1=b
2=c
3=a
Which variable is measured rather than manipulated?
IV or DV
Answer: DV
First born children will learn to speak at a younger age than second born children?
Which is true based on the statement above?
1) The dependent variable is order of child
2) The dependent variable is age the child learns to speak.
Answer: 2 (You will change order of child but measure the ability to learn to speak younger)
Positive people have more friends than negative people
Which is true based on the statement above?
1) The dependent variable is the positivity of the participant
2) The dependent variable is the number of friends
Answer: 2
Participants will react quicker to a light than a buzzer.
Which is true based on the statement above?
1) The dependent variable is the stimulus - light or buzzer.
2) The dependent variable is reaction speed.
Answer: 2
Participants who exercise regularly are happier than those that don't.
Which statement is true based on the statement above?
1) The independent variable is frequency of exercise.
2) The independent variable is happiness.
Answer: 1
Which variable is manipulated
1) Independent variable
2) Dependent variable
Answer: 1
Horses can swim faster than dogs
Which statement is true based on the statement above?
1) The dependent variable is type of animal
2) The dependent variable is speed of swimming
Answer: 2
High / Low pressure systems
Low= counterclockwise,
inward, rising air
L’s= light, lousy
High=
clockwise, outward,
sinking air
H’s= Heavy, happy
Fronts
Steep frontal boundary
Stormy
Decreasing temps
Short rain
Sometimes violent weather
Gradual frontal boundary
Rain may last for hours or days (due to the distance the front
covers)
Sometimes rain (sometimes steady rain)
Increasing temps
Generally less violent than cold fronts
Air masses
air masses are classified according to the characteristics of their source
region or area of formation
Air masses are also classified as being either continental or maritime in
terms of moisture characteristics
mP= maritime polar
(wet and cold)
cP=continental polar
(dry and cold)
mT=maritime tropical
(wet and warm)
cT=continental tropical
(dry and warm)
A=continental arctic
(cold)
Meteor/Meteoroid/Meteorite
Meteoroid= object in space
Meteor= space object that enters Earth’s
Atmosphere, shooting star
Meteorite= space object that strikes a
planets surface
Clouds
Rocks
Sedimentary
Igneous
Metamorphic
Compaction and Cementation
Clastic/chemical/organic
May contain fossils
Sandstone
Limestone
Shale
conglomerate
Cooling magma
Intrusive/extrusive
Classified by texture and composition
Porphyritic, glassy, coarse-grained, finegrained
Granite, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite scoria
Crystal size depends on cooling rate
Heat and pressure
Foliated/nonfoliated
Schist
gneiss
marble (derived from limestone)
quartzite (sandstone)
slate (shale)