1
BACTERIOLOGY HANDOUT: SPECIFIC BACTERIOLOGY
(based on the academic year 2011/2012)
1. Culture of bacteria, media
Aim of bacterial culture
•
isolation, diagnosis
•
vaccine production
•
industry (fermentation, antibiotic production etc.)
Characteristics of media
•
water
•
nutrients (C, N, vitamins, additives)
•
isotonic (~0.85% NaCl)
•
isoionic (pH 7.2-7.4)
•
sterile
Types of media
•
•
•
state
•
fluid (broth, milk, serum etc.)
•
semisolid (0.1-0.3% agar-agar)
•
solid
•
gelatin: solid at room temperature, 37 oC fluid
•
agar-agar: melting point 85-90 oC, solidifying 50-55 oC
origin
•
natural (milk, blood, serum, potato slides etc.)
•
artificial
•
synthetic (chemically describable)
function
•
common
•
selective media
•
differential media
2
Basic medium: common broth
•
minced meat
•
boiled
•
0.5% NaCl added
•
filtration
•
sterilisation
Dehydrated media
•
wide range
•
easy to use
•
dissolved, boiled
•
sterilisation
Sterilization
•
•
dry heat
•
red heat
•
flaming: 160-180 oC, 2h
•
hot air
•
incineration
moist heat
•
autoclave: 112 oC (50,7kPa) 30 min, 121 oC (101,4 kPa) 15 min
•
boiling: 15 min, spores survive
•
steaming: 15 min, spores survive
•
tyndallisation: (fraction sterilisation) 80-85 oC 30 min 3x
•
gas: ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, -propiolactone, ethylene imine
•
radiation: -radiation
•
filtration: 0.22 m): no real sterility (mycoplasma, viruses)
Pure culture
•
descendants of the same bacterium
•
same genotype
•
same phenotype (cultural, morphological biochemical characteristics)
3
•
inoculation of a single colony on 3 consecutive days
Anaerobic culture
•
candle
•
biologic (sprouting seeds, co-culturing)
•
chemical
•
pirogallic acid + KOH,
•
H2 (gas or produced) + catalisator,
•
evacuation
•
anaerobic broth
•
deep agar
•
pre-reduced media
Microscopes
•
light microscope
•
dark-field microscope
•
phase-contrast microscope
•
fluorescent microscopy
•
electron microscope (transmission, scanning)
Microscopy
•
resolving power (0.2 m)
•
immersion (oil)
•
magnification (1000-1500x)
4
2. Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Clostridium
BACILLUS, PAENIBACILLUS
1. Habitat: environment, soil, widely, mineralisation
B. anthracis
1. Habitat:
•
animals, environment
2. Morphology:
•
4-5 µm rod, central spore, capsule
3. Staining:
•
Gram positive,
•
toluidine-blue (metachromatic staining)
4. Culture:
•
simple (nutrient agar),
•
R-S colonies, (rough – smooth)
•
capsule (virulence), CO2 is needed to the production
•
spore (needed: 15 oC, water, O2)
5. Biochemistry:
•
active metabolism
6. Antigens:
•
•
capsule
•
D-Glu polypeptide
•
saprophytes also have
polysaccharide hapten:
•
Ascoli-test,
•
cross reaction with B. cereus
•
oedema factor (plasmid coded)
•
lethal factor (plasmid coded)
•
protective antigen
7. Resistance:
•
vegetative bacterium: medium
5
•
spore: decades
8. Pathogenicity:
•
mammals (mainly herbivorous animals)
Saprophyte Bacilli
•
B. subtilis
•
B. megaterium
•
B. cereus: sometimes gastrointestinal infection
•
B. licheniformis: bacitracin
•
B. thuringiensis: insect pathogen, pest control
•
Paenibacillus (Bacillus) polymyxa : polymyxins
•
Paenibacillus (Bacillus) larvae: American foul brood of honey bees
•
Geobacillus (Bacillus) stearothermophilus: heat resistant test organism
Differentiation of the most important Bacillus sp.
B. anthracis
B. subtilis
B. megaterium
B. cereus
flagella
-
+
+
+
capsule (air)
-
+
+
-
haemolysis
-
-
-
+
pathogenicity
+
-
-
-
CLOSTRIDIUM
1.Habitat:
•
soil, mud, water, gut (mineralisation)
2. Morphology:
•
7-10 µm rod,
•
flagella,
•
spore (terminal, subterminal, exceeds diameter of the cell),
•
no capsule
3. Staining:
6
•
Gram positive
4. Culture:
•
anaerobic, oxygen tolerance different
•
optimal temperature:
•
37 oC
•
40-45 oC C. perfringens
•
15-22 oC C. putrefaciens
5. Biochemistry:
•
active metabolism,
•
carbohydrates fermented (exc. C. tetani, C. histolyticum)
•
proteolytic: C. tetani, C. histolyticum, C. botulinum
•
exotoxins (toxoid, anatoxin)
6. Antigens:
•
complex,
•
close relationship
7. Resistance:
•
vegetative
•
spore
8. Pathogenicity:
•
gas gangrenic diseases
•
enterotoxemic diseases
•
intoxications
gas gangrenic diseases
•
•
malignant edema
•
C. septicum,
•
C. novyi,
•
C. haemolyticum,
•
Cl. histolyticum,
•
C. sordelli
blackleg:
•
•
C. chauvoei
human gas gangrene:
•
C. perfringens A, C. novyi A
enterotoxemic diseases
7
•
necrotic enteritis of chicken: C. perfringens A/C
•
lamb dysentery: C. perfringens B
•
necrotic enteritis of pigs, struck: C. perfringens C
•
pulpy kidney disease: C. perfringens D
•
ulcerative enteritis of chicken: C colinum
intoxications:
•
tetanus: C. tetani
•
botulismus: C. botulinum
C. septicum:
•
culture: nutrient agar
•
toxins:
•
•
alpha (haemolytic, necrotic, lethal),
•
DN-ase,
•
hialuronidase,
•
haemolysin
disease: malignant edema, bradsot
C. novyi:
•
toxins: alpha, lipase, lecitinase, ...
•
types: A, B, C
•
diseases:
•
gas gangrene Cl. novyi A/B
•
infectious necrotic hepatitis: Cl. novyi B
C. haemolyticum:
•
cattle
•
bacillary haemoglobinuria
C. histolyticum:
•
wide spread, microaerophil
•
toxins: alpha, collagenase, protease, elastase, haemolysin
C. chauvoei:
•
culture: blood agar, strong haemolysis, guinea-pig!
•
toxins: as C. septicum
•
disease: blackleg
•
differentiation from C. septicum:
8
•
culture,
•
IF,
•
animal trial,
•
toxin neutralisation
C. perfringens:
•
optimal temperature: 40- 45 oC,
•
no flagella,
•
capsule
•
toxins (12):
•
main toxins ()
•
auxiliary toxins,
•
toxin neutralisation
•
trypsin activation ()
C. perfringens toxins




(let. necr.,
(lethal,
(lethal,
(lethal,
lecitinase
necrotic)
necrotic)
necrotic)
infection
+++
-
-
-
B
Lamb dysentery
+++
+++
+++
-
C
Necrotic enteritis of pigs,
+++
+++
-
-
D Pulpy kidney disease
+++
-
+++
-
E
+++
-
-
+++
A Human gas gangrene, food
struck, necrotic enteritis of
poultry
?
C. colinum:
•
chicken, pheasant, quail
•
ulcerative enteritis
C. difficile
•
enterotoxin, cytotoxin
9
•
colitis (pseudomembranaceus colitis)
•
human, foal
C. tetani:
•
strict anaerobic,
•
several types – same toxin effect
•
toxins:
•
•
neurotoxin (tetanospasmin),
•
haemolysin,
•
fibrinolysin
disease: tetanus (contraction of muscles)
C. botulinum:
•
biochemically not uniform
•
A-G types
•
toxins:
•
•
heat stabile,
•
trypsin activate some of them
botulismus: lameness
C. piliforme
•
taxonomic position questionable
•
culture:
•
•
mouse fibroblast, liver,
•
embryonated egg
disease: Tyzzer-disease (dog, cat, foal)
10
3. Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Anaerobic
cocci, Lactobacillus
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
1. Habitat:
•
skin,
•
mucous membrane,
•
food, plant,
•
soil,
•
water
2. Morphology:
•
coccus, bunch of grape
3. Staining
•
Gram positive
4. Culture:
•
simple: nutrient agar, nutrient broth
•
pigment (golden, white),
•
haemolysis ()
•
selective culture:
•
10% NaCl – mannitol - phenolred agar,
•
Na-tellurite – glycine - pyruvic acid - egg
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase: +, oxidase: -, fermentative
•
extracellular enzymes: coagulase, fibrinolysin, hyaluronidase…
•
surface proteins (Protein-A)
•
toxins:
•
haemolysins
•
leucocidins
•
enterotoxins, dermotoxin
6. Antigens:
•
complex
7. Resistance:
11
•
good
8. Pathogenicity:
•
local suppuration,
•
abscesses,
•
arthritis,
•
mastitis,
•
metritis,
•
dermatitis
•
septicaemia
9. Species
•
coagulase positive species (extracellular enzymes, toxins, haemolysis, mannitol +)
•
S. aureus susp. aureus (biotypes A-E: different hosts)
•
•
S. aureus subsp. anaerobius
•
•
sheep: Morel disease
S. intermedius
•
•
cattle, swine, horse, sheep, dog, poultry etc.
dog, cat: dermatitis, otitis externa
coagulase negatíve:
•
S. epidermidis
•
S. haemolyticus
•
S. hyicus: exudative epidermitis
•
S. gallinarium
•
S. equinum
•
S. felis
MICROCOCCUS
1. Habitat:
•
environment, mucous membrane, food, skin
2. Morphology:
•
coccus,
3. Biochemistry:
•
glycose fermentation aerobic or missing
4. Pathogenicity:
12
•
saprophyte
STREPTOCOCCUS
1. Habitat:
•
skin, mucous membrane, food, milk, digestive track
2. Morphology:
•
coccus, chain
•
capsule: hyaluridic acid, polysaccharide (some species)
3. Staining:
•
Gram positive
4. Culture:
•
fastidious:
•
•
selective culture:
•
•
blood agar
crystal violet, thallium-SO4, esculin, blood (Edwards)
haemolysis
•
, none
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase -, oxidase -, fermentatíve
•
glycosides: esculin, salicin
•
extra cellular enzymes:
•
•
fibrinolysin,
•
hyaluronidase,
•
nucleases,
•
proteases
toxins
6. Antigens:
•
complex
•
Lancefield A-W
•
other type specific antigens
•
capsule antigens (S. suis, S. pneumoniae)
7. Resistance:
•
good
13
8. Pathgenicity:
•
local suppuration,
•
metritis, mastitis, arthritis,
•
septicaemia,
•
strangles,
•
pneumonic diseases
9. Grouping:
•
haemolysis
•
biochemical characteristics
•
antigens
10. Species
•
•
•
S. pyogenes:
•
capsule,
•
toxin,
•
human: scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae, S. uberis:
•
cow, ruminants
•
mastitis
S. equi
•
S. equi subsp. equi: horse strangles
•
S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus:
•
•
•
septicaemia (pigeon)
S. salivarius, S. sanguis, S. mutans
•
•
metritis, neonatal septicaemia
S. bovis
•
•
lymphadenitis, abscesses
S. canis
•
•
septicaemia, arthritis, meningitis
S. porcinus
•
•
S. equi subsp. equisimilis: lymphadenitis, abortion (horse)
S. suis:
•
•
suppuration, septicaemia, mastitis (several species)
oral streptococci
S. pneumoniae
14
•
calf, foal, human: pneumonia, meningitis
ENTEROCOCCUS
•
culture: 10-45 oC, pH 9,6 Lancefield D
•
E. faecalis,
•
E. faecium,
•
E. avium,
•
E. gallinarum
•
mainly saprophytes,
•
sometimes endocarditis, abscesses
LACTOCOCCUS
•
Lancefield N
•
L. lactis subsp. lactis
•
L. lactis subsp. cremoris
•
dairy products (Bulgarian milk, butter)
ANAEROBIC COCCI
•
Peptococcus, (metritis, arthritis, pneumonia)
•
Peptostreptococcus, (metritis, athritis, pneumonia)
•
Ruminococcus, (saprophytes)
•
Sarcina (saprophytes)
LACTOBACILLUS
1.Habitat:
•
mucous membranes, gut, food, feed, plant
2. Morphology:
•
long, thin, sometimes curved rods
3. Staining:
•
Gram positive
15
4. Culture:
•
microaerophilic,
•
optimal temperature 30-40 oC (2-53 oC),
•
pH 5.5-6.2
Biochemistry:
•
active fermentation,
•
lactate pH 4.0
•
silage
6. Pathogencity: saprophytes
7. Species:
•
L. delbrücki subsp. bulgaricus
•
L. delbrücki subsp. lactis
•
L. acidophilus
•
L. salivarius
•
L. plantarum
16
4. Erysipelothrix, Listeria, Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus, Rhenibacterium
ERYSIPELOTHRIX
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
1. Habitat:
•
alimentary tract, mud, slime of fishes, water
2. Morphology:
•
1-3 µm thin rods, S-R
3. Staining:
•
Gram positive
4. Culture:
•
nutrient agar,
•
blood agar: some strains a haemolysis
•
S-R colonies
•
broth:
•
•
S: uniform turbidity
•
R: sediment
selective:
•
NaN3 + crystal violet
•
neomycin
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase -,
•
oxidase -,
•
fermentative
6. Antigens:
•
two common protein antigens: protection
•
type specific polysaccharide haptens 1-26: diagnostics
7. Resistance:
•
good, halotolerance, soil
8. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogenic
17
•
swine: erysipelas
•
sheep: wound infection
•
birds: septicaemia
•
humans: wound infection
E. tonsillarum:
•
no biochemical difference
•
serotype 7 and further 6 serotypes
•
tonsils of swine,
•
endocarditis of dogs
LISTERIA
1. Habitat:
•
soil, sewage,
•
plants,
•
silage,
•
gut,
•
food
2. Morphology:
•
1-2 µm thick rods, flagella (22 oC)
3. Staining:
•
Gram positive
4. Culture:
•
simple,
•
b haemolysis,
•
4-45 oC
•
selective:
•
•
cattle serum – trypaflavin – nalidixic acid
selective enrichment
•
cold enrichment: 4 oC
•
U-tube
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase +,
18
•
oxidase -,
•
fermentative
6. Antigens:
•
cell wall polysaccharide
•
flagellar protein
•
16 serotypes (composite):
•
most common ones: 1/2a, 4b
7. Resistance:
•
months in soil, propagation!
8. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogenic
•
virulence:
•
haemolysis
•
lipolysis
•
monocytosis factor
•
cell wall lipoids
8. Pathogenicity:
•
sheep: mainly CNS signs
•
cattle: mainly abortion
•
rabbit: septicaemia, abortion
•
humans: abortion, newborn septicaemia, encephalitis
•
birds: septicaemia
9. Species:
L. monocytogenes
•
L. ivanovii (better haemolysis, serotype 5)
•
saprophytes
CORYNEBACTERIUM
1. Habitat:
•
mucous membranes, skin, soil, milk (animal pathogens - saprophytes)
2. Morphology:
•
polymorphism,
•
metachromatic granules
19
3. Staining:
•
Gram positive,
•
slightly acid-fast
4. Culture:
•
blood agar,
•
weak growth on nutrient agar
•
haemolysis
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase +, oxidase -, fermentative
•
toxin
•
C. diphtheriae,
•
C. pseudotuberculosis
6. Antigens:
•
complex
7. Resistance:
•
average
8. Pathogenicity:
•
local suppuration,
•
arthritis,
•
metritis,
•
mastitis
9. Species:
•
C. diphtheriae:
•
•
exotoxin (phage)
C. pseudotuberculosis:
•
polymorphism, fimbria,
•
haemolysis,
•
exotoxin: phospholipase-D, lipoids in the cell wall,
•
nitrate-negative biotype:
•
sheep, goat: pseudotuberculosis (caseous lymphadenitis), abortion,
arthritis
•
nitrate-positive biotype:
•
•
horse: equine ulcerative lymphadenitis
C. renale: fimbria, cattle (horse, swine) cystitis, pyelitis
20
•
C. pilosum: cattle cystitis, pyelonephritis
•
C. cystitidis: cattle haemorrhagic cystitis
•
C. bovis: udder, milk, mastitis, abortion
RHODOCOCCUS
R. (C.) equi
1. Habitat:
•
soil, plant, gut (horse)
2. Morphology:
•
coccus-rod cycle,
•
capsule
3. Staining:
•
Gram-positive,
•
some acid-fast
4. Culture:
•
simple,
•
pigment (pink),
•
capsule
5. Pathogenicity:
•
foal pneumonia,
•
horse gut,
•
mesentheric lymph nodes, abscesses (cattle, swine),
•
human pneumonia (immunosuppression, AIDS)
RENIBACTERIUM
Renibacterium salmoninarum
1. Habitat: water, fish
2. Morphology: 1-1,5 m rods, short chains
3. Staining: Gram positive
4. Culture: aerobic, 15-18 oC, fastidious (cistein, serum)
21
5. Pathogenicity:
•
obligate pathogenic, intra cellular
•
salmon, trout: abscesses in kidneys and other organs
22
5.
Mycobacterium,
Nocardia,
Actinomyces,
Arcanobacterium,
Streptomyces
MYCOBACTERIUM
1. Habitat:
•
infected host (obligate pathogens)
•
environment (facultative pathogens, saprophytes)
2. Morphology:
•
rods, coccoid,
•
cell structure (mycolic acids, lipids, waxes)
•
species differences
3. Staining:
•
Ziehl-Neelsen positive (acid and alcohol fast)
•
Gram positive,
•
fluorescence dyes
4. Culture:
•
obligate aerobic
•
broth:
•
•
•
•
Henley, Sauton (cord)
solid:
•
egg (Kertai, Dorset, Petragnani),
•
serum agar,
•
glycerine potato
selective:
•
Petragnani (malachite green),
•
acid treatment,
•
animal trial
incubation time, growth characteristics (species differences)
Actinobaculum,
23
M. tuber-
M. bovis
culosis
Incubation
M. avium
M. avium subsp.
subsp. avium
paratuber-culosis
3-6 weeks
4-8 weeks
2-3 weeks
6-12 weeks
Shape
slender rods
short rods
polymorph
short rods
Solid medium
dry colonies
wet colonies
cream-like
wet colonies*
time
colonies
Broth
thin film
islands
thick film,
sediment
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase -,
6. Antigens:
•
glycolipids, lipoproteins,
•
shared antigens,
•
cross reactions
•
immuno-electrophoresis
•
tuberculin (broth culture, boiled, filtered, concentrated)
•
PPD (purified protein derivate)
7. Resistance:
•
good
8. Pathogenicity:
•
obligate pathogens
•
facultative pathogens, saprophytes (atypical)
Pathogenic mycobacteria:
•
M. tuberculosis: human, swine, dog, cat, parrot, cattle
•
M. africanum: human
•
M. bovis: cattle, ruminants, swine, dog, cat, human, BCG
•
M. caprae: cattle, ruminants, human
•
M. microti: rodents
•
M. avium subsp. avium (M. avium): birds
thin film*
24
•
M. avium subsp paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis): cattle, ruminants
•
M. leprae: human
•
M. lepraemurium: mouse, cat
Facultative pathogens, saprophytes (atypical)
•
swine, cattle: local lesions
•
tuberculosis in fishes, reptiles: M. fortuitum, M. marinum
•
groups:
•
photochromogens: M. kansasii, M. marinum
•
scotochromogens: M. scrofulaceum, M. gordonae
•
non-chromogens: M. intracellulare, M. terrae
•
rapid growers: M. phlei, M. fortuitum
NOCARDIA
1. Habitat:
•
soil
2. Morphology:
•
long, branched filaments
3. Staining:
•
Gram positive,
•
irregular,
•
slightly acid fast
4. Culture:
•
obligate aerobic,
•
carotenoid pigment,
•
filaments
5. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogens,
•
local lesions,
•
N. asteroides:
•
cattle chronic suppuration,
•
skin, subcutaneous,
•
mastitis
25
ACTINOMYCES, ARCANOBACTERIUM, ACTINOBACULUM
1. Habitat:
•
mucous membranes
2. Morphology:
•
filaments,
•
broken filaments, rods
•
sulphur granules
3. Staining:
•
Gram positive
4. Culture:
•
anaerobic,
•
microaerophilic,
•
facultative anaerobic,
•
haemolysis (some species)
5. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogens
ACTINOMYCES
1. Culture:
•
anaerobic (aerotolerant), blood agar
2. Species:
•
A. bovis: cattle lumpy jaw, pig udder
•
A. viscosus: caryes human, dog
•
A. israeli: human actinomycosis
•
A. hordeovulneris: dog actinomycosis
ARCANOBACTERIUM
1. Culture:
•
blood agar, serum agar
•
protein demand
2. Species:
26
•
A. pyogenes:
•
toxin (haemolysis),
•
local suppuration
•
mastitis,
•
metritis,
•
arthritis,
•
pneumonia,
•
navel infection.
ACTINOBACULUM
•
A. (Corynebacterium, Eubacterium, Actinomyces) suis:
•
pigs
•
purulent cystitis,
•
pyelonephritis
DERMATOPHILUS
D. congolensis
1.Habitat:
•
soil, skin
2. Morphology:
•
coccoid - filaments
3. Staining:
•
Gram positive
4. Culture:
•
aerobic, fastidious, blood agar
•
proparagation
•
flagellated coccus (zoospora)
•
filaments - branching - growth
•
cracking - zoospora
5. Biochemistry:
•
proteolytic,
27
•
poorly saccharolytic
6. Pathogenicity:
•
exsudative dermatitis
•
sheep, cattle, human
STREPTOMYCES
1. Habitat:
•
soil
2. Morphology:
•
large, branched filaments
3. Staining:
•
Gram positive
Species:
•
S. griseus: streptomycin
•
S. fradiae: neomycin
•
S. rimosus: oxytetracyclin
•
S. venezuelae: chloramphenicol
28
6. Enterobacteriaceae, lactose positive enterobacteriaceae
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
1.Habitat:
•
gut, normal gut flora
•
environment
2. Morphology:
•
1-3 µm rod,
•
flagella (except: Shigella, Klebsiella)
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative
4. Culture:
•
simple,
•
aerobic, facultative anaerobic,
•
10-45 (37) oC
•
selective and differential media
•
chromogenic media
•
selective enrichment:  Salmonella
•
combined media
4. Culture:
•
selective and differential media:
•
low selective capacity:
•
•
•
crystal violet – lactose - litmus (Drigalski)
•
crystal violet – bile salts – lactose – neutral red (MacConkey)
•
eosin – lactose – methylene blue
medium selective capacity:
•
brillantgreen – lactose – phenol red
•
deoxycholate-citrate – lactose – neutral red (DC)
high selective capacity:
•
•
bismuth-sulphite agar
chromogenic media
•
Rambach agar (fermentation of propylene glycol): Salmonella
29
•
Chromocult Coloform Agar (differentiate coliform and E. coli)
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase +,
•
oxidase -,
•
fermentative (acid+gas)
6. Antigens:
•
O: cell wall
•
K: capsule
•
H: flagella
•
F: fimbria
7. Resistance:
•
medium
8. Pathogenicity:
•
obligate pathogenic - facultative pathogenic - saprophytic
9. Grouping:
•
genus: biochemical characteristics
•
species: biochemical and serological characteristics
•
serogroups: O antigens
•
serotype: O-K-H-F antigens
•
biotypes: fermentation pattern
10. Genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae:
•
•
Lactose-positive:
•
Escherichia
•
Klebsiella
•
Enterobacter
Lactose-negative:
•
Salmonella
•
Shigella
•
Yersinia
•
Proteus
•
Providencia
•
Edwardsiella
•
Serratia
•
Citrobacter
30
ESCHERICHIA
E. coli
1.Habitat:
•
gut,
•
aerobic, facultative anaerobic gut flora
2. Morphology:
•
2-3 µm rod, capsule, flagella, fimbria
3.Staining
•
Gram negative
4. Culture:
•
as Enterobacteriaceae
•
capsule (calf),
•
haemolysis (swine)
5. Biochemistry:
•
lactose +
•
indol +
E. coli
Klebsiella
Indol
+
Urease
-
Lactose
+
Mannitol
+
Methyl red
+
Voges-Proskauer
-
H2S
-
Phenylalanine-
-
deaminase
6. Antigens:
Enterobacter
31
•
O: type specific (174 types)
•
K: heat stabile (A) and heat labile (L): 80 types
•
F: 19 types
•
•
F1: common fimbria
•
F2, F3: human
•
F4 (K88), F6 (987p), F18 ab/ac: swine
•
F5 (K99), F17, F41: cattle
•
F7-F16: UTI (urinary tract infection): human, poultry
H: 57 types
7. Resistance:
•
medium
8. Pathogenicity:
•
saprophyte - facultative pathogenic
•
cattle
•
•
calf coli-diarrhoea (neonatal)
•
calf coli-septicaemia
•
cow: mastitis
swine
•
coli-diarrhoea of neonatal piglets
•
weaned piglets: coli-diarrhoea, edema disease
•
sow: mastitis, metritis
•
lamb, kid: coli-diarrhoea (neonatal)
•
rabbit: diarrhoea
8. Pathogenicity:
•
poultry:
•
day-old-chicken: septicaemia
•
chicken: septicaemia, respiratory disease
•
older: lesions in organs (airsacculitis, peritonitis, coli-granulomatosis)
•
foal, dog, cat, mink, fox, nutria, chinchilla: coli-diarrhoea, septicaemia
•
human: neonatal enteritis, septicaemia, urogenital infections, enteritis, haemorrhagic
enterocolitis
9. Pathogenic E. coli strains
•
enteropathogenic strains
•
intimin
32
•
•
enterotoxigenic strains
•
adhesive factors,
•
enterotoxin: LT 88.000 D, ST 1.500-2.000 D
verotoxigenic strains
•
•
VT1, VT2
necrotoxic (cytotoxic necrotic factor producing) strains
•
CNF
•
enteroinvasive strains (human): like Shigella
•
enteroadhesive-aggregative strains (human)
•
septicaemic strains
KLEBSIELLA
K. pneumoniae
1.Habitat:
•
gut,
•
respiratory way,
•
genital tract,
•
environment
2. Morphology:
•
rod
•
capsule
•
no flagellum
3. Culture:
•
large, merging, mucoid colonies
•
rapid change of the colour of the indicator
4. Biochemistry:
•
lactose +
•
Voges-Proskauer test +
•
urease +
E. coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
33
Indol
+
-
Urease
-
+
Lactose
+
+
Mannitol
+
+
Methyl red
+
-
Voges-Proskauer
-
+
H2S
-
-
Phenylalanine-
-
-
deaminase
5. Antigens:
•
82 serogroups (capsule)
6. Pathogenicity:
•
saprophytic - facultative pathogenic
•
calf: bronchitis, bronchopneumonia
•
cow: mastitis
•
mare: metritis
•
human: pneumonia, urogenital infections
ENTEROBACTER
1.Habitat:
•
gut,
•
environment
2. Morphology:
•
rod
•
capsule
3. Culture:
•
mucoid colonies
4. Biochemistry:
•
lactose +
•
Voges-Proskauer test +
34
E. coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Indol
+
-
-
Urease
-
+
-
Lactose
+
+
+
Mannitol
+
+
+
Methyl red
+
-
-
Voges-Proskauer
-
+
+
H2S
-
-
-
Phenylalanine-
-
-
-
deaminase
5. Pathogenicity:
•
saprophytic
•
rarely respiratory infection in humans
6. Species:
•
E. cloacae,
•
E. aerogenes
35
7. Lactose negative enterobacteriaceae, Gram negative anaerobic rods
SALMONELLA
Taxonomy:
•
1 species: S. enterica
•
6 subspecies, serovars/serotypes, (binominal names)
•
e.g.: S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium
1.Habitat:
•
gut, sewage, water, feed!, food
2. Morphology:
•
1-5 µm rod, flagella (except: S. Gallinarum / Pullorum)
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative
4. Culture:
•
selective enrichment
•
Na-selenite, cystine
•
Na-tetrathionate, bile salts
•
Rappaport-Vassiliadis (ph 5.2, higher osmotic pressure)
5. Biochemistry:
•
lactose -,
•
H2S +
•
differentiation of antigenically uniform types
•
S. Typhisuis: arabinose +, dulcitol +, mannitol –
•
S. Choleraesuis: arabinose -, dulcitol -, mannitol +
E. coli
Salmonella
Indole
+
-
Urease
-
-
Lactose
+
-
Mannitol
+
+
Methyl red
+
+
36
Voges-Proskauer
-
-
H2S
-
+
Phenylalanine-
-
-
desaminase
6. Antigens:
•
Kauffmann-White O-Vi-H
•
O antigens: 51 O-groups, composite antigens
•
K (Vi): S. Typhi, S. Dublin, etc.
•
H antigens:
•
specific (phase 1)
•
non specific (phase 2)
•
monophasic types: only specific H antigens
•
diphasic types: not only specific H antigens
7. Resistance:
•
fair
8. Pathogenicity:
•
pathogenic - facultative pathogenic
•
only human:
•
•
only animals:
•
•
S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A, B, C, S. Sendai
S. Typhisuis, S. Gallinarum, (S. Pullorum)
human-animal:
•
S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Thompson, S. Choleraesuis,
•
abortion: S. Abortusequi, S. Abortusovis, S. Abortusbovis
CITROBACTER
1.Habitat:
•
mammals, birds, gut, water, environment
2. Biochemistry:
•
KCN+,
•
lysine decarboxylase -
3. Pathogenicity:
37
•
saprophytic,
•
(secondary pathogenic)
Salmo-
Citro-
nella
bacter
Indole
-
-
Urease
-
-
Lactose
-
-
Mannitol
+
+
Methyl red
+
+
Voges-Proskauer
-
-
H2S
+
+
Phenylalanine-
-
-
Shigella
Proteus
Yersinia
desaminase
SHIGELLA
1.Habitat:
•
intestine (primates), sewage
2. Morphology:
•
no flagella
3. Culture:
•
DC
4. Biochemistry:
•
resembles E. coli, but lactose negative or late fermentation
5. Pathogenicity:
•
S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. boydii: bacillary dysentery
Salmo-
Citro-
Shigella
nella
bacter
Indole
-
-
-
Urease
-
-
-
Proteus
Yersinia
38
Lactose
-
-
-
Mannitol
+
+
-
Methyl red
+
+
+
Voges-Proskauer
-
-
-
H2S
+
+
-
Phenylalanine-
-
-
-
desaminase
PROTEUS, PROVIDENCIA
1.Habitat:
•
intestine, water, rotting materials
2. Staining
•
Gram-negative
3. Culture:
•
swarming!
4. Biochemistry:
•
phenylalanine-desaminase +,
•
indole +/-,
•
urease +
Salmo- Citro-bacter Shigella
Proteus
nella
Indole
-
-
-
+/-
Urease
-
-
-
+
Lactose
-
-
-
-
Mannitol
+
+
-
-/+
Methyl red
+
+
+
+
Voges-Proskauer
-
-
-
-
Yersinia
39
H2S
+
+
-
+/-
Phenylalanine-
-
-
-
+
desaminase
5. Pathogenicity:
•
saprophytic, (urinary tract infection)
•
P. vulgaris,
•
P. mirabilis,
•
P. morganii,
•
Prov. stuartii
YERSINIA
•
Y. pestis
•
Y. pseudotuberculosis
•
Y. enterocolitica
•
Y. ruckeri
Y. pseudotuberculosis
1.Habitat:
•
intestine, water
2. Morphology:
•
1-2 µm coccoid rods, flagella 22oC
3. Staining:
•
Gram -, bipolar staining
4. Culture:
•
optimal temperature 30 oC, simple, 4-42 oC, small colonies
•
selective culture: Enterobacteriaceae low selective capacity media
5. Biochemistry:
•
lactose Salmo-
Citro-
nella
bacter
Shigella
Proteus
Yersinia
40
Indole
-
-
-
+/-
-/+
Urease
-
-
-
+
+
Lactose
-
-
-
-
-
Mannitol
+
+
-
-/+
+
Metilvörös
+
+
+
+
+
Voges-Proskauer
-
-
-
-
-
H2S
+
+
-
+/-
-
Phenylalanine-
-
-
-
+
-
desaminase
6. Antigens:
•
O 6 serogroups,
•
5 H antigens
•
composite antigens
7. Pathgenicity:
•
rodents (rodentiosis),
•
turkey, pheasant, quail (septicaemia, abscesses),
•
cattle, swine, sheep (abortion), human
Y. enterocolitica
1.Habitat:
•
intestine, water
2. Culture:
•
optimal temperature: 22 oC
•
selective culture: Na-oxalate + bile salts
3. Antigens:
•
34 O-groups, O9: cross-reaction with Brucella-species
•
20 H antigens
4. Pathogenicity:
•
human: gastro-intestinal infection, abscesses
•
swine, rabbit: intestine, mesentherial lymph nodes, resembles tuberculosis
41
Y. ruckeri
1.Biochemistry:
•
inactive
2. Pathogenicity:
•
trout septicaemia, kidney (red mouth disease)
SERRATIA
1.Habitat:
•
soil, water
2. Culture:
•
lower optimal temperature, pigment
3. Pathogenicity:
•
saprophytes
•
S. marcescens: food contamination
EDWARDSIELLA
1.Habitat
•
intestine (fish, amphibians, birds, mammals), water
2. Culture
•
fastidious (vitamins, amino acids needed)
3. Pathogenicity
•
E. tarda: eel
•
E. ictaluri: septicaemia, ascites (channel catfish)
GRAM NEGATIVE ANAEROBIC RODS
1.Habitat:
•
mucous membranes (alimentary tract, respiratory ways, genital tract),
•
anaerobic gut flora
2. Pathogenicity:
42
•
facultative pathogens,
•
mucous membranes, wounds, abscesses
3. Genera
•
Fusobacterium
•
Bacteroides
•
Dichelobacter
FUSOBACTERIUM
1.Morphology:
•
polymorph, generally no flagella
2. Staining:
•
Gram negative, irregular
3. Culture:
•
fastidious (protein, yeast extract),
•
obligate anaerobic,
•
CO2
•
selective culture:
•
crystal violet, brillant green, vankomycin
4. Biochemistry:
•
inactive,
•
gelatine, casein
5. Resistance:
•
weak
6. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogenic,
•
anaerobic wounds, abscesses, gangrene
7. Species:
•
F. necrophorum:
•
F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum
•
F. necrophorum subsp. funduliforme
F. necrophorum
43
1.Morphology:
•
long chains, filaments
2. Culture:
•
blood agar, obligate anaerobic, haemolysis
3. Biochemistry:
•
carbohydrates are not utilised, lipase, DN-ase, hyaluronidase
F. necrophorum subsp. necroforum:
•
haemolysis,
•
haemagglutination,
•
cytotoxin,
•
synergism
•
calf, piglet, rabbit: necrobacillosis,
•
sheep: foot rot
F. necrophorum subsp. funduliforme:
•
no haemagglutination,
•
no cytotoxin,
•
no synergism
•
not pathogenic
F. nucleatum:
•
mainly human, dog, cat
•
abscess,
•
mastitis, metritis,
•
peritonitis,
•
wounds
BACTEROIDES
1.Habitat:
•
alimentary tract, respiratory way, genitals, mucous membranes, water
2. Morphology:
•
3-5 µm rod, fimbria
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative, irregular
4. Culture:
44
•
fastidious, obligate anaerobic
5. Biochemistry:
•
more active, proteases, keratinase (D. nodosus)
6. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogens, necrosis, abscesses
7. Species:
•
Dichelobacter (Bacterioides) nodosus:
•
•
B. fragilis:
•
•
mainly human, gut flora, appendicitis, wounds
B. melaninogenicus:
•
•
fimbria, proteolysis, keratinase, sheep foot rot
dog, cat: putrid inflammations
B. ureolyticus:
•
genital tract
45
8. Pasteurellaceae
Genera of the Family Pasteurellaceae
•
Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Bibersteinia
•
Actinobacillus
•
Haemophilus, Histophilus, Avibacterium
•
Other genera relating having shared characteristics with the Family Pasteurellaceae
•
Ornithobacterium
•
Riemerella
•
Taylorella
PASTEURELLA, MANNHEIMIA, BIBERSTEINIA
1.Habitat:
•
mucous membranes (respiratory way)
2. Morphology:
•
0,5-2 µm coccoid rods
3. Staining:
•
Gram-negative
•
bipolar staining
4. Culture:
•
fastidious (yeast extract, blood, pH),
•
M-S-R colonies,
•
smell,
•
M. haemolytica hemolysis
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase +,
•
oxidase +,
•
fermentative
•
cytotoxin production
•
•
P. multocida D, (dermonecrotoxin)
•
M. haemolytica (leukotoxin)
P. multocida subspecies:
46
•
biochemical differences
P. multocida
Cell wall
Capsule
Namioka 11
A, B, D, E, F
Heddleston 16
M. haemolytica
-
12
B. trehalosi
-
4
7. Resistance: weak
8. Pathogenicity:
Pasteurella
•
P. multocida A, D: ruminants, swine pneumonia, rabbit septicaemia, pneumonia, fowl
cholera
•
P. multocida D: atrophic rhinitis of swine,
•
P. multocida B, E: haemorrhagic septicaemia
•
P. pneumotropica: lab. rodents pneumonia, dog, cat oral cavity
•
P. aerogenes: alimentary tract of swine, abortion
•
P. canis, P. dagmatis, P. stomatis: dog, cat oral cavity, bite
•
P. caballi: horse respiratory infection
Mannheimia
•
M. (P.) haemolytica (P. haemolytica A): ruminants pneumonia, lamb septicaemia,
mastitis, arthritis.
Bibersteinia
•
B. trehalosi (P. haemolytica T, P. trehalosi) : acute systemic pasteurellosis of feedlot
lambs
ACTINOBACILLUS
47
1.Habitat:
•
alimentary tract, respiratory and genital ways, mucous membrane
Species:
•
A. lignieresii
•
A. equuli
•
A. suis
•
A. seminis
•
A. ureae
•
A. pleuropneumoniae
A. lignieresii:
1.Habitat:
•
cattle, sheep oral cavity, rumen
2. Morphology:
•
1-1,2 µm rods, filaments, sulphur granules in lesions (like: actinomycosis)
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative, bipolar
4. Culture:
•
aerobic, facultative anaerobic, poor growth on nutrient agar, sticks
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase +, oxidase +, fermentative,
6. Antigens:
•
cell wall antigens
7. Resistance:
•
weak
8. Pathogenicity:
•
cattle, sheep, swine actinobacillosis
A.equuli
1.Habitat:
•
horse, swine alimentary tract, tonsils, respiratory tract
48
2. Morphology:
•
1-2 µm rod, filaments
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative
4. Culture:
•
large, viscous colonies
7. Resistance:
•
weak
8. Pathogenicity:
•
foal: septicaemia, nephritis, pneumonia, arthritis
•
horse: pyosepticaemia,
•
swine: septicaemia, arthritis
A.suis
1.Habitat:
•
swine mucous membranes (respiratory and genital tract)
2. Staining, morphology
•
Gram negative rods
3. Culture:
•
blood agar, b haemolysis
4. Pathogenicity:
•
swine pneumonia, septicaemia, metritis
•
suckling piglet: septicaemia
A. seminis
1.Habitat:
•
mucous membranes of the genital tract of rams, semen
2. Culture:
•
10% CO2 blood agar
3. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogenic, inflammation of the accessory glands, epididymitis, abortion
49
A. (Pasteurella) ureae:
1. Habitat: human respiratory way
2. Pathogenicity: human upper respiratory infection
A. (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae
1.Morphology:
•
coccoid, short rods, some strains fimbria
2. Culture:
•
fastidious, ß haemolysis
•
blood agar, chocolate agar with yeast extract
•
biotype 1: V-factor demand
•
biotype 2: V-factor is not needed
3. Biochemistry:
•
Apx I-II-III-IV cytotoxin produced
4. Antigens:
•
12+3 serogroups
5. Resistance:
•
weak
6. Pathogenicity:
•
swine haemorrhagic-necrotic pleuropneumonia
HAEMOPHILUS
1.Habitat:
•
mucous membranes of humans and animals (respiratory, genital)
2. Morphology: 0,5-2 µm coccoid rods, filaments, (fimbria)
3. Staining: Gram negative
4. Culture:
•
fastidious, additives, aerobic-facultative anaerobic
•
haem (X-factor): blood
•
NAD (V-factor): yeast extract, satellitism
•
some species need 10-15 % CO2
50
5. Biochemistry: examination is difficult
6. Antigens:
•
cell wall and capsule antigens groups
7. Resistance: weak
8. Pathogenicity: facultative pathogenic
9. Species:
•
H. influenzae: human upper respiratory ways, meningitis
•
H. parasuis: V factor demand, facultative pathogenic, porcine polyserositis (Glässer’s
disease)
•
Avibacterium (H.) paragallinarum: CO2 and V factor demand, facultative pathogenic,
infectious coryza
Histophilus somni (Haemophilus somnus, Histophilus ovis, Haemophilus agni):
1. Habitat: urogenital mucous membranes, respiratory way
2. Staining, morphology: Gram negative rods
3. Culture: X, V factor not needed, CO2-demand, fastidious
4. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogenic,
•
cattle septicaemia, thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME), calf pneumonia,
•
sheep: epididymitis-orchitis, abortion, mastitis, lamb septicaemia
OTHER GENERA HAVING SHARED CHARACTERISTICS WITH THE FAMILY
PASTEURELLACEAE
•
Ornithobacterium
•
Riemerella
•
Taylorella
ORNITHOBACTERIUM
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
1.Habitat:
51
•
some bird species (turkey, chicken) upper respiratory ways
2. Morphology: 1-3 mm rods
3. Staining: Gram negative, bipolar
4. Culture:
•
fastidious, 10% CO2, blood agar
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase -, oxidase +,
6. Resistance: weak
7. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogenic, turkey, chicken bronchitis
RIEMERELLA
Riemerella anatipestifer
1. Habitat:
•
water fowl upper respiratory ways
2. Morphology: 1-3 m rods
3. Staining: Gram negative, bipolar
4. Culture:
•
fastidious, 10% CO2, chocolate agar
5. Biochemistry:
•
extra cellular enzymes, proteolytic
6. Resistance: weak
7. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogenic, anatipestifer disease in water fowl
TAYLORELLA
Taylorella (H.) equigenitalis
1.Habitat:
•
mucous membranes of the genitals of stallions, clitoris of mares
2. Morphology, staining:
52
•
Gram negative coccoid rods, filaments
3. Culture:
•
X and V factor not needed, CO2-demand, fastidious
4. Pathogenicity:
•
CEM: contagious equine metritis
Identification of an unknown bacterium culture
1. Inoculation on appropriate media
2. Selection of suspected colonies, production of pure cultures
3. Examination of cultural characteristics and colony morphology
4. Primary tests
•
Gram staining, spores
•
Examination of movement
•
Catalase production
•
Oxidase production
•
Oxidative – fermentative test (Glucose, aerobic/anaerobic prop.)
•
Identification of the genus or family
5. Secondary tests
•
Examination of enzymes and products of the carbohydrate metabolism
•
Examination of enzymes and products of the nitrogen metabolism
•
Detection of extra cellular enzymes
6. Identification of the bacterium
7. Examination of antibiotic resistance
53
9. Brucella, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Aeromonas, Francisella, Bordetella, Moraxella
BRUCELLA
1.Taxonomy:
•
monospecies system: B. melitensis, within the species biovars
•
B. melitensis biovar abortus 1, 2, 3, ….
•
multispecies system: B. abortus 1, 2, 3, ….
•
both systems are in use
2. Habitat:
•
host body
3. Morphology:
•
0,6-1,5 µm coccoid rods
4. Staining:
•
Gram negative, Köster
5. Culture:
•
obligate aerobic,
•
fastidious,
•
CO2,
•
S-R colonies
•
selective culture:
•
•
polymyxin, bacitracin, cycloheximide,
laboratory animals
6. Biochemistry:
•
catalase +,
•
oxidase +,
•
urease +
7. Antigens:
•
cell wall A and M polysaccharides
•
B. ovis - B. canis cross reaction
•
B. melitensis - B. abortus - B. suis cross reaction
8. Groups:
•
species (biovar):
54
•
•
phage susceptibility,
•
oxidative metabolism,
•
natural host
biotype:
•
CO2 demand,
•
H2S,
•
fuchsin/thionin tolerance,
•
agglutination
9. Resistance:
•
fair
10. Pathogenicity:
•
B. melitensis: goat, sheep,
•
B. abortus: cattle,
•
B. suis: swine, hare, reindeer, rodents
•
B. pinnipediales: seal, walrus
•
B. ceti: whale, dolphin
•
B. ovis: sheep
•
B. canis: dog,
•
B. neotomae: desert rat
•
B. microti: vole
PSEUDOMONAS, BURKHOLDERIA
1.Habitat:
•
soil, water, plants (except B. mallei)
2. Morphology:
•
1,5-5 µm rod, flagella (except B. mallei)
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative
4. Culture:
•
fastidious, obligate aerobic, pigment production
5. Pathogenicity:
•
saprophytes – plant pathogens – animal pathogens
6. Species
55
•
Burkholderia mallei
•
Burkholderia pseudomallei
•
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
•
Pseudomonas anguilliseptica
Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei
1. Habitat: host
2. Morphology: no flagella
3. Staining: irregular
4. Culture:
•
glycerol supports,
•
no pigment production
5. Biochemistry: catalase +, oxidase +, oxidative
6. Resistance: weak
7. Pathogenicity:
•
malleus (horse, donkey), cat, human
Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) pseudomallei
1.Habitat:
•
soil, water, tropics
2. Morphology:
•
flagella
3. Culture:
•
glycerol agar: large colonies,
•
broth: layer
4. Pathogenicity:
•
swine, cattle, sheep, goat, dog, cat, human melioidosis
P. aeruginosa
1.Habitat:
•
environment, water, sewage, gut
56
2. Morphology:
•
1 polar flagellum,
•
polar fimbria
3. Culture:
•
simple, 5-42 oC,
•
b haemolysis,
•
odour
•
pigments:
•
piocianin
•
fluorescein
4. Biochemistry:
•
catalase +, oxidase +, urease+
5. Antigens:
•
O (several components) 27 and H
•
phage typing,
•
pyocin typing
6. Resistance:
•
dehydration, heat, disinfection: generally susceptible
•
quaterner NH4 salts, amphoteric disinfectants: resistance
7. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogenic,
•
local suppuration,
•
cattle, mare: mastitis, metritis,
•
sheep: dermatitis
•
dog: otitis externa,
•
fur animals: septicaemia
P. anguilliseptica
1.Biochemistry:
•
inactice
2. Pathogenicity:
•
salmon, eel:
•
septicaemia,
57
•
keratitis,
•
haemorrhages
AEROMONAS
1.Habitat:
•
water, sewage, gut
2. Morphology:
•
1-4 µm rods, generally flagellated
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative
4. Culture:
•
simple, aerobic, facultative anaerobic
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase +,
•
oxidase +
6. Groups, species
•
„mesophilic aeromonas”: A. hydrophila
•
„psychrofilic aeromonas”: A. salmonicida
A. hydrophila
1.Morphology:
•
1-4 µm rods,
•
flagella
2. Culture:
•
simple,
•
haemolysis,
•
optimal temperature 28 oC
3. Biochemistry:
•
sometimes gas is produced
•
resembles E. coli
4. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogenic,
58
•
snake, frog, fish: septicaemia,
•
colonise farm animals
A. salmonicida
1.Morphology:
•
small coccobacillus, no flagella
2. Culture:
•
optimal temperature: 20 oC,
•
dark brown pigment
3. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogenic: fish (Salmonidae) furunculosis
FRANCISELLA
1.Habitat:
•
rodents, arthropods, (environment)
2. Morphology:
•
0,5-2 µm coccoid rods,
•
thin capsule
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative,
•
bipolar
4. Culture:
•
aerobic, fastidious,
•
additives:
•
•
protein,
•
cystein, cystin,
•
yeast extract
media:
•
Francis-blood agar:
•
•
cystein – glucose – rabbit serum
cystein – glucose – egg
5. Biochemistry:
59
•
catalase +,
•
oxidase -
•
glycerol
•
+: F. tularensis subsp. tularensis
•
-: F. tularensis subsp. holarctica (palaearctica)
•
+: F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica
6. Antigens:
•
uniform,
•
cross reactions
•
with Brucella
•
Y. pestis
7 Resistance:
•
weak
•
good survival in cold
8. Pathogenicity:
•
tularemia
•
rodents, dog, cat, cattle, swine, sheep, human
BORDETELLA
1.Habitat:
•
respiratory mucous membrane (mammals, birds)
2. Morphology:
•
2-3 µm rods
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative
4. Culture:
•
obligate aerobic
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase +, oxidase +, cannot utilise carbohydrates
6. Species
•
B. pertussis: human pertussis (DIPERTE)
•
B. parapertussis: human parapertussis
•
B. bronchiseptica
60
•
B. avium
B. bronchiseptica:
1.Habitat:
•
mucous membrane, respiratory (swine, dog, cat, horse, rabbit)
2. Morphology:
•
rods,
•
fimbria
3. Culture:
•
simple,
•
growth on media containing only citrate
•
selective isolation:
•
crystal violet, bile salts, penicillin, nitrofurantoin
4. Biochemistry:
•
cytotoxins,
•
dermonecrotoxin
5. Antigens:
•
more O, K, H and fimbria antigens
6. Resistance:
•
weak
7. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogenic,
•
swine atrophic rhinitis (with P. multocida),
•
rabbit (pneumonia)
•
dog (complication to distemper),
•
cat bronchitis, bronchopneumonia
B. avium:
1.Habitat:
•
poultry respiratory tract
2. Morphology:
•
capsule, flagella, fimbria
61
3. Culture: simple
4. Biochemistry:
•
cytotoxins, dermonecrotoxin
5. Pathogenicity:
•
respiratory disease of turkey (coryza-like)
MORAXELLA
1.Habitat:
•
mucous membranes (upper respiratory way, conjunctiva, genitals)
2. Morphology:
•
1-3 µm coccoid rods, capsule, pairs
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative
4. Resistance:
•
weak
5. Subgenera:
•
Moraxella,
•
Branhamella
6. Species
•
M. (M.) lacunata: human kerato-conjunctivitis
•
M.(M.) bovis
•
M. (B.) ovis
M.(M.) bovis:
1.Morphology:
•
rods in pairs, fimbria
2. Culture:
•
fastidious, blood agar,  haemolysis
3. Biochemistry:
•
catalase +,
•
oxidase +,
62
•
proteases,
•
hyaluronidase,
•
fibrinolysine
4. Antigens:
•
fimbria 7 groups
Pathogenicity:
•
cattle infectious kerato-conjunctivitis (pink eye)
M. (B.) ovis:
1.Habitat:
•
sheep, calf: conjunctivitis, nasal cavity
2. Morphology:
•
cocci in pairs,
•
fimbriae on some of them
3. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogenic,
•
keratoconjunctivitis of sheep and young calves
63
10. Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Arcobacter, Spirochaetes
VIBRIO
1.Habitat:
•
water, intestine, aquatic animals
2. Morphology:
•
1,5-3 µm curved rod, flagella
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative
4. Culture:
•
not fastidious,
•
facultative anaerobic,
•
selective culture: pH 8.6
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase +,
•
oxidase +,
•
fermentative,
6. Pathogenicity:
•
pathogens - facultative pathogens – saprophytes
7. Fajok
•
V. cholerae
•
V. metchnikovii
•
V. parahaemolyticus
•
V. (Listonella) anguillarum
V. cholerae
•
•
types cholera:
•
classical and El Tor (O1),
•
O139 (V. cholerae Bengal)
•
exotoxins, enzymes
pathogenicity: cholera
64
V. metchnikovii
1.Habitat:
•
water, sewage,
•
aquatic animals
2. Biochemistry:
•
oxidase -
3. Pathogenicity:
•
poultry haemorrhagic enteritis
V. parahaemolyticus:
•
sea, sea animals,
•
virulence factor: thermostabile hemolysin
•
food born infection in humans (gastroenteritis, septicaemia)
V. (Listonella) anguillarum:
•
sea, salmon, eel
CAMPYLOBACTER
1.Habitat:
•
mucous membrane (genitals, oral cavity, intestine), food
2. Morphology:
•
2-5 µm curved rods,
•
S- forms, spiral filaments,
•
flagella
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative
4. Culture:
•
fastidious
•
optimal temperature: 37 (C. fetus) and 42 oC (C. jejuni, C. coli)
•
microaerophilic,
•
•
6% O2, 10% CO2, 84% N2
selective culture:
•
vancomycin - polymyxin - trimethoprim
65
•
semisolid media
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase +/-, oxidase +,
•
no carbohydrate utilisation,
•
biochemical characteristics: species, subspecies
6. Antigens:
•
cell wall antigens
•
C. fetus: O1 and O2
•
C. jejuni/C. coli: 66 serogroups
7. Resistance:
•
weak
8. Pathogenicity: facultative pathogens - saprophytes
•
C. fetus subsp. fetus:
•
•
C. fetus subsp. venerealis:
•
•
cattle abortion, infertility
C. jejuni/C. coli:
•
•
sheep (cattle) abortion, mammals, birds enteritis
gut, sheep (cattle, goat) abortion, mastitis, enteritis, hens hepatitis
C. lari:
•
wild birds gut, pathogenicity like C. jejuni/C. coli
Lawsonia intracellularis
1.Habitat:
•
swine enterocytes, intra cellular
2. Morphology:
•
curved thin rods
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative
4. Culture:
•
microaerophilic
•
enterocyte cell culture
5. Pathogenicity:
•
swine proliferative enteropathies
66
HELICOBACTER
1.Habitat:
•
mammals (carnivores),
•
mucous membrane (human stomach, duodenum)
2. Morphology:
•
1,5-5 m, curved rod, helical
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative
4. Culture:
•
microaerophilic,
•
fastidious (blood, amino acids)
5. Biochemistry:
•
catalase +, oxidase +,
•
urease +,
•
carbohydrates not utilised,
•
cytotoxin (H. pylori)
6. Resistance:
•
weak
7. Pathogenicity:
•
H. pylori:
•
•
H. felis:
•
•
dog chronic gastritis
H. mustelae:
•
•
cat, dog chronic gastritis
H. canis:
•
•
human chronic gastritis, gastric/duodenal ulcer
weasel chronic gastritis
H. acinonychis (acinonyx):
•
cheetah chronic gastritis
ARCOBACTER
67
1.Habitat:
•
mucous membranes (genitals, intestine)
2. Morphology:
•
1-3 m curved rods, flagella
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative
4. Culture:
•
microaerophilic  aerotolerant,
•
Leptospira and Campylobacter-media
5. Pathogenicity:
•
A. cryaerophilus: cattle, swine abortion, mastitis, faeces
•
A. skirrowii: prepuce (bull), abortion (cow, pig, sheep), faeces
•
A. butzleri: human, apes enteritis, abortion (cattle)
SPIROCHAETES
1. Habitat:
•
mucous membranes, arthropods, environment
2. Morphology:
•
3-30 m thin helical filaments, no flagella
•
mucopeptide – periplasmic flagella - elastic membrane
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative,
•
staining of some species is difficult,
•
Vágó-, Giemsa,
•
india ink,
•
unstained,
•
Levaditi’s silver impregnation
4. Culture
•
culture is difficult or not possible
•
animal trial (Borrelia, Treponema)
•
culture is possible: Brachyspira (Serpulina), Leptospira
5. Resistance
68
•
weak
Genera of Spirochaetes
•
Borrelia
•
Brachyspira (Serpulina)
•
Treponema
•
Leptospira
BORRELIA
1.Habitat:
•
infected animals, rodents, arthropods, tropical countries
2. Morphology:
•
3-20 m,15-20 periplasmic flagella, irregular
3. Species
•
B. anserina: avian-borreliosis (avian spirochaetosis)
•
B. theileri: horse, cattle, borreliosis, (vectors ticks), tropics
•
B. burgdorferi, B. afzelii, B. garinii: Lyme-borreliosis
•
B. recurrentis, B. hispanica, B. caucasica: human tick-born relapsing fever
B. anserina:
1.Staining:
•
fuchsin, Giemsa,
•
unstained
2. Culture:
•
fastidious (protein, haemoglobin), embryonated egg
3. Resistance:
•
weak
4. Pathogenicity:
•
avian borreliosis (vectors: ticks, acari)
B. burgdorferi, B. afzelii, B. garinii:
1.Staining:
69
•
Giemsa,
•
unstained
2. Culture:
•
difficult, fastidious
3. Pathogenicity:
•
natural hosts: small rodents,
•
Lyme disease: humans, horse, dogs, cattle
BRACHYSPIRA (SERPULINA)
1.Habitat:
•
swine large intestine
2. Morphology:
•
7-9 m helical rods
3. Staining:
•
fuchsin, Giemsa,
•
unstained
4. Culture:
•
obligate anaerobic,
•
fastidious
B. (S.) hyodysenteriae:
1.Culture:
•
fastidious,
•
selective isolation spectinomycin, b haemolysis
2. Antigens:
•
9 serogroups
3. Resistance:
•
weak, 1 week in faeces
4. Pathogenicity:
•
facultative pathogenic,
•
swine dysentery
B. (S.) innocens:
70
•
saprophyte, weak haemolysis, biochemical differences
B.(S.) pilosicoli:
•
weak haemolysis,
•
swine intestinal spirochaetosis
•
avian intestinal spirochaetosis
B. (S.) intermedia:
•
weak haemolysis,
•
swine spirochaeta colitis
TREPONEMA
1.Habitat:
•
infected animals, humans, mucous membranes (oral cavity, genitals)
2. Staining:
•
pathogenic species cannot be stained, or staining is poor
3. Culture:
•
pathogenic species cannot be cultured
4. Pathgenicity:
•
T. pallidium: human syphilis
•
T. paraluiscuniculi: rabbit syphilis
•
T. denticola, T. parvum: human oral cavity
LEPTOSPIRA
1.Habitat:
•
infected animals (pathogens) - environment, water (saprophytes)
2. Morphology:
•
6-20 m helical rods, hooked
3. Staining:
•
difficult
•
unstained
•
Vágó-staining,
•
Levaditi
4. Culture:
71
•
aerobic, 28-30 oC
•
nutrients (free fatty acids, inorganic N, vitamins),
•
Korthof-medium, egyéb
•
animal trial,
•
embryonated egg
5. Biochemistry:
•
free fatty acids, inorganic N,
•
little endproduct, fructose-6-PO4
6. Resistance:
•
weak
7. Groups:
•
•
species,
•
L. interrogans
•
L. borgpeterseni
•
L. kirschneri
serogroups, serovars
•
pathogens:
•
•
7 species, 23 serogroups, some 230 serovars
saprophytes
Hosts of Leptospira serovars
Serovar
Maintenance (Main)
Incidental (Second) host
host
L. ichtero-
rat
dog, cattle, swine, rodents
vole, mouse, hamster
cattle, sheep, goat, pig,
haemorrhagiae
L. grippotyphosa
horse, dog
L. hardjo
cattle, sheep
cattle, sheep
L. sejroe
mouse
cattle
L. pomona
pig
cattle, sheep, horse, dog,
rodents
L. tarassovi
pig
carnivores, rodents
L. canicola
dog
swine, rodents
72
Pathogenicity of Leptospira serovars
Serovar
Animal
Disease
L. icterohaemorrhagiae
dog, horse
generalised disease, fever
L. grippotyphosa
cattle
fever, haemoglobinuria,
abortion
L. hardjo
cattle, sheep
abortion
L. sejroe
cattle
abortion
L. pomona
pig, cattle
abortion, haemoglobinuria
L. tarassovi
pig
abortion
L. canicola
dog
fever, uraemia
73
11. Chlamydia, Chlamydophila, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma
CHLAMYDIA, CHLAMYDOPHILA
Bacterium or virus?
•
both types of nucleic acids
•
replication with binary fission
•
cell wall
•
metabolic enzymes
•
susceptibility to antibiotics
1. Habitat:
•
mucous membranes (gut)
2. Morphology:
•
0,2-0,4 µm, coccoid,
•
replication:
•
elementary body
•
reticulate body
•
elementary body
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative,
•
Stamp (modified Ziehl-Neelsen)
•
Giemsa
4. Culture:
•
•
living cells
•
5-7 day old embryonated egg
•
cell culture
•
animals,
replication in the vacuoles of the cells
5. Antigens:
•
genus specific (heat resistant):
•
•
LPS
species specific:
74
•
protein
6. Resistance:
•
week
•
survives: faeces, foetal membranes, dust
7. Species:
•
Chlamydia trachomatis:
•
•
human: eye (trachoma), lymphogranuloma venereum
Chlamydophila psittaci:
•
ornithosis, conjunctivitis, enteritis, rhinitis (parrot, pigeon, hen, turkey, duck,
goose),
•
•
Chlamydophila abortus:
•
•
conjunctivitis (cat)
Chlamydophila pecorum:
•
•
abortion (sheep, goat, cattle, swine)
Chlamydophila felis:
•
•
ornithosis, conjunctivitis (human)
arthritis, pneumonia, encephalomyelitis of ruminants
Chlamydophila pneumoniae:
•
human pneumonia
RICKETTSIALES
1. Habitat:
•
obligate cell parasites, arthropod vectors, small rodents
2. Morphology:
•
0,3-0,8 µm coccoid rods
3. Staining:
•
difficult,
•
Giemsa, Köster, Stamp
4. Culture:
•
living cells;
•
embryonated eggs, cell culture, animals
5. Classification:
•
cell tropism
75
•
propagation intra cellular or extra cellular
•
vector
Genera
•
Rickettsia, Coxiella: propagate in all cell types
•
Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia: lymphoid cells, endothel cells
•
Anaplasma: in or on erythrocytes, in lymphoid cells
RICKETTSIA
1.Habitat:
•
reservoir: rodents and arthropods
2. Pathogenicity:
•
R. prowazeki: epidemic typhus fever - louse
•
R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever - ticks
•
R. sibirica: North-Asian tick-borne rickettsiosis - ticks
•
R. conori: Boutouneuse-fever - ticks
COXIELLA
C. burnetii:
1.Culture:
•
embryonated egg
2. Resistance:
•
very good
3. Patogenicity:
•
no vectors are needed,
•
Q-fever (human, cattle, sheep, goat)
EHRLICHIA, NEORICKETTSIA
1.Morphology:
•
coccoid
2. Culture:
•
tissue cultures,
76
•
cannot be cultured in embryonated eggs
3. Pathogenicity:
•
E. canis: canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (fever, generalised)
•
E. (Cowdria) ruminantium: heartwater of ruminants
•
Neorickettsia (Ehrlichia) risticii: Potomac horse fever
ANAPLASMA
1.Habitat:
•
ticks, ruminants
2. Culture:
•
not possible
3. Pathogenicity:
•
A. marginale: cattle anaplasmosis (anaemia)
•
A. ovis: sheep, goat anaplasmosis (anaemia)
•
A. phagocytophilum (Ehrlichia phagocytophila, E. equi): tickborne fever of ruminants,
equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (oedema, lymphadenopathy)
BARTONELLA
1.Species:
•
B. henselae,
•
B. quintana,
•
B. bacilliformis
2. Pathogenicity:
•
cat scratch disease
MYCOPLASMAS
1. Habitat:
•
mucous membranes (respiratory and alimentary tracts, genitals) of human and animals
•
on erythrocytes
•
plants
2. Morphology:
77
•
the smallest free living micro organisms, (0,2-0,8µm),
•
pleomorphic, pear shape, branching filaments,
•
no cell wall
3. Staining:
•
Gram negative,
•
Giemsa
4. Culture:
•
fastidious, horse serum (sterols, fatty acids),
•
yeast extract, DNA, lactalbumin hydrolysate, urea, cysteine
•
no turbidity;
•
typical colony form
•
selective isolation: penicillin, tallium acetate
•
some species cannot be cultured: M. suis, M. ovis
5. Biochemistry:
•
glucose fermentation, arginine hydrolysis, cholesterol demand
6. Antigens:
•
growth inhibition test,
•
metabolism inhibition test
•
surface proteins
7.Resistance:
•
weak
8. Classification:
•
Family:
•
•
genom size, cholesterol demand, morphology
Genus:
•
optimal temperature, pH, glucose, arginine, urease
9. Genera:
•
Mycoplasma
•
Ureaplasma
•
Acholeplasma
•
Spiroplasma
•
Anaeroplasma
10. Pathogenicity
•
saprophytes – facultative pathogens – pathogens
78
MYCOPLASMA
1.Culture:
•
facultative anaerobic, CO2,
•
cholesterol demand
2. Pathogenicity:
•
several pathogenic - facultative pathogenic species
Important Mycoplasma-species
Human:
•
M. pneumoniae: ember atypical pneumonia
Cattle
•
M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC: contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
•
M. bovigenitalium: pneumonia, genitals
•
M. bovis: arthritis, mastitis, pneumonia
Sheep, goat
•
M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae: goat contagious pleuropneumonia
•
M. capricolum subsp. capricolum: sheep, goat pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis,
septicaemia
•
M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC: sheep, goat
•
M. mycoides subsp. capri: goat
•
M. agalactiae: sheep, goat pneumonia, contagious agalactia, arthritis
•
M. conjunctivae: sheep, goat conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis
•
M. ovipneumoniae: sheep pneumonia, keratoconjunctivitis
•
M. (Eperythrozoon) ovis: sheep anaemia
Swine
•
M. hyopneumoniae: enzootic pneumonia
•
M. hyorhinis: polyserositis, rhinitis, arthritis
•
M. hyosynoviae: arthritis
•
M. (Eperythrozoon) suis: anaemia
Carnivores
•
Mycoplasma haemofelis (Haemobartonella felis): cat anaemia haemobartonellosis
•
Mycoplasma haemocanis (Haemobartonella canis): dog anaemia haemobartonellosis
79
Poultry
•
M. gallisepticum: chronic respiratory disease
•
M. synoviae: synovitis (poultry, turkey)
•
M. meleagridis: air sacculitis (turkey)
UREAPLASMA
1.Culture:
•
aerobic- facultative anaerobic, CO2, cholesterol demand
2. Biochemistry:
•
urease
3. Pathogenicity:
•
U. urealyticum: human, genital inflammation
•
U. diversum: cattle genital inflammation, semen anomalies
•
U. canigenitalium: dog genital infection
ACHOLEPLASMA
1.Culture:
•
aerobic-facultative anaerobic, cholesterol not needed
2. Pathogenicity:
•
saprophytes - facultative pathogens
•
A. axanthum: isolated from clinical samples
•
A. oculi: sheep, goat conjunctivitis
80
12. Fungi
General mycology
1. Position and characteristics of fungi
•
eucaryotes
•
non photosynthetic organisms
•
uptake of nutrients with absorption
•
degradation of organic materials, recycling
•
reproduction with sexual and asexual spores
•
about 250.000 species, about 150 species has pathologic importance
2. Habitat:
•
•
environment
•
soil, water, air,
•
decaying material
animal, human:
•
skin,
•
mucous membranes,
•
gut
3. Taxonomy:
•
Eucaryotes
•
phyla:
•
Zygomycota (Zygomycetes)
•
Ascomycota (Ascomycetes)
•
Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes)
•
Deuteromycota (Deuteromycetes, imperfect fungi)
•
Mycophycophyta (Lichenes)
4. Reproduction
•
sexual
•
zygospora (two hypha cells)
•
ascospora (ascus)
•
basidiospora (on club shaped structures: basidium)
4. Reproduction
81
•
asexual
•
clamydospora
•
arthrospora
•
blastospora
•
macroconidia
•
microconidia
•
phialoconidia
•
sporangiospores
5. Morphology:
•
uni- or multicellular, 3-100 m, branching
•
cell structure:
1. cell wall (chitin, hemicellulose, mucopolysaccharid, protein, lipid)
2. cytoplasma membrane
3. nuclear membrane,
4. nucleus,
5. nucleolus,
6. ribosomes,
7. endoplasmatic reticulum,
8. mitochondria,
9. lomasoma
•
moulds – yeasts – dimorphic
Morphology:
•
moulds
•
yeasts
•
dimorphic
6. Staining
•
unstained
•
staining,
•
•
simple staining
•
Gram-staining
•
PAS
KOH-treatment
7. Culture
•
heterotrophic, (C: organic, N: organic/inorganic)
82
•
15-37 oC 5-7 days (Dermatophytes 1-3 weeks)
•
pH 5-7 except: Dermatophytes (pH 7.0)
•
aerobic, facultative anaerobic
•
Sabouraud, Czapek
•
selective: penicillin, streptomycin, cycloheximid
8. Biochemistry
•
no photosynthesis
•
active metabolism (deterioration of food)
•
extra cellular enzymes (→ bacteria)
•
biochemical examinations: yeasts, dermatophytes
•
mycotoxin production
•
production of antibiotics
9. Antigens
•
complex
•
serological tests in systemic diseases (yeasts)
10. Resistance
•
sexual spores > asexual spores >vegetative parts
•
good resistance,
•
dehydration, years
•
high osmotic pressure,
•
low pH
11. Pathogenicity
•
•
•
saprophytes,
•
environmental fungi
•
commensal fungi
•
fungi of the skin (sometimes facultative pathogens)
•
obligate commensals of the gut
•
facultative commensals of the gut
facultative pathgens
•
mycosis (dermatomycosis, systemic mycosis)
•
mycotoxicosis
•
allergy
deterioration of food and feed
12. Identification
83
•
morphology (macroscopic- microscopic)
•
biochemical,
•
serological examinations
•
antibiotic-resistance
Specific mycology
ZYGOMYCOTA
•
sexual: zygospores
•
asexual: sporangiospores
•
genera: Mucor, Rhisopus, Absidia
•
deterioration of food and feed
•
abortion in cattle
ASCOMYCOTA
•
sexual: ascospores
•
groups
•
moulds
•
•
dermatophytes
•
•
Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium (partially)
Trichophyton, Microsporon
yeasts
•
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: baker’s yeast, wine yeasts, brewery yeasts
BASIDIOMYCOTA
•
sexual: basidiospores
•
Ustilago zeae,
•
Puccinia graminis,
•
Cryptococcus neoformans
•
mushrooms, toadstools
84
DEUTEROMYCOTA (Fungi imperfecti)
•
sexual reproduction is missing or not known
•
asexual: conidia
•
main groups
•
imperfect moulds
•
dermatophytes
•
imperfect yeasts
•
imperfect dimorphic fungi
Imperfekt moulds
Genera
•
Aspergillus
•
Penicillium
•
Fusarium
•
Stachybotrys
Aspergillus
•
conidia terminally on the hyphae
•
main species:
•
A. fumigatus: lung mycosis (poultry), mycosis of eggs, abortion
•
A. flavus: aflatoxin
•
A. ochraceus: ochratoxin
•
A. niger
Penicillium
•
conidiophores are brush-like
•
main species
•
P. notatum, P. chrysogenum:
•
•
penicillin
P. rubrum, P. viridicatum:
•
mycotoxin production in feed:
•
rubratoxin,
85
•
ochratoxin,
•
patulin
Fusarium
•
feed (corn, other),
•
asexual reproduction macroconidia, microconidia
•
pigment production
•
mycotoxin production
•
main species
•
F. graminearum: T-2, F-2 toxin
•
F. sporotrichoides: T-2, F-2 toxin
•
F. moniliforme: fumonisins (liver, kidney, cancer)
Stachybotrys
•
S. atra: utilisation of cellulose, black colonies
•
toxin: stachybotryotoxins
DERMATOPHYTES
Genera
•
Trichophyton (perfect: Arthroderma)
•
Microsporon (perfect: Nannizzia)
Trichophyton
•
skin, hair, feather → ringworm
•
detection in skin scrapings
•
culture:
•
•
Sabouraud medium + cycloheximid,
•
pH 7
•
2-3 weeks
main species
•
T. verrucosum: cattle, human
•
T. equinum: horse, dog, human
•
T. mentagrophytes: dog, cat, human, rabbit
•
T. gallinae: hen
86
Microsporum
•
similar to Trichophyton
•
main species
•
M. gypseum: dog, horse, human
•
M. canis: dog, cat, human
Imperfect yeasts
Candida
•
no sexual reproduction,
•
C. albicans: human, piglet, calf, poultry mucous membranes
•
C. guillermondi: cattle genital mucous membranes
•
C. tropicalis
•
C. krusei
Cryptococcus
•
C. neoformans: mastitis (cattle, goat), systemic mycosis
Malassezia
•
M. pachydermatis: dog, cat outer ear infection
Dimorphic fungi
•
yeast form in the host, mould form on media
•
genera
•
Histoplasma
•
Sporothrix
•
Coccidioides
•
Blastomyces
Histoplasma
•
tropics, Mediterranean area
•
H. farciminosum: equine epizootic lymphangitis
•
H. capsulatum: systemic (respiratory) mycosis: human, dog, cat
87
Sporothrix
•
S. schenckii: horse, dog, sub cutaneus granulomatosis (sporotrichosis)
Coccidioides
•
C. immitis: systemic mycosis cattle, sheep, human, dog lung
Blastomyces
•
B. dermatitis: human, dog blastomycosis (granulomatosis)