Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
MTX 2
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Class Location:
Days / Time:
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Summer 2014
66029 3 Units
NVC 1630
MTWTh 8:00 AM – 9:50 AM
RIDDELL
Raven, Berg, Hassenzahl: Environment, 7th Edition
Chapter 7 Human Health and Toxicology
1. Which of the following action(s) may unintentionally contribute to outbreaks of infectious disease?
a) global travel
b) social factors
c) disruption of natural environments
d) crowding of people in cities
e) All of these choices are correct
2. Endocrine disrupters:
a) do not include DDT
b) only affect the reproductive capability of females
c) affect the reproduction of fishes, birds, reptiles and mammals
d) only affect the reproduction of humans
e) are still often used in the US
3. Pollutants that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones are called:
a) radioisotopes.
b) synergists.
c) stimulants.
d) endocrine disrupters.
e) carcinogens.
4. The large number of children being driven to school rather than walking has led to which of the
following:
a) Increased fossil fuel burning by vehicles
b) A decrease in the child’s exercise
c) Reduced interaction of children with their environment
d) Increased risk of childhood obesity
e) All of these choices are correct
5. The three leading causes of death in the United States today are cardiovascular disease, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease and:
a) pneumonia.
b) cancer.
c) influenza.
d) tuberculosis.
e) diarrhea.
Page 1 of 21
106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
MTX 2
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Days / Time:
Instructor:
Summer 2014
66029 3 Units
NVC 1630
MTWTh 8:00 AM – 9:50 AM
RIDDELL
6. Two indicators of human health in a given country are
a) BMI and life expectancy
b) mortality rate and BMI
c) emerging diseases vs. reemerging diseases
d) health care and mortality rate
e) infant mortality and life expectancy
7. Emerging diseases are
a) infectious diseases that were not previously found in humans and typically jump from an animal host to
humans.
b) infectious diseases that existed in the past but for a variety of reasons are increasing in incidence.
c) infectious diseases that were previously found in humans and typically jump from a human host to
animals.
d) non-infectious diseases that have transformed into infectious diseases.
e) hidden diseases that are finally being detected through technology.
8. A carcinogen is a
a) type of microorganism associated with human sewage.
b) cancer-causing chemical, radiation, or virus.
c) vehicle that requires no gasoline to operate.
d) phytochemical (a protective plant compound that promotes health).
e) computer chip.
9. The build up of pesticides in an organism's body is termed:
a) persistence.
b) bioaccumulation.
c) biological magnification.
d) biological amplification
e) the pesticide treadmill.
Raven, Berg, Hassenzahl: Environment, 7th Edition
Chapter 8 Human Population
10. The science of population structure and growth is called:
a) ecology
b) demography
c) democracy
d) human dynamics
e) ethology
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106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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Summer 2014
66029 3 Units
NVC 1630
MTWTh 8:00 AM – 9:50 AM
RIDDELL
11. The potential for future increases or decreases in a population based on the present age structure is
called
a) intrinsic rate of increase
b) population density
c) population growth momentum
d) total fertility rate
e) age structure
12. As of 2013, the current size of the human population was
a)
b) 6 billion
c) 6.8 billion
d) 6.9 billion
e > 7 billion
13. The human population is increasing because of:
a) medical advances.
b) agricultural advances.
c) sanitation practices.
d) improved water quality.
e) All of these choices are correct
14. Developing countries fall into two categories. Mark all that apply
a) Less developed
b) Moderately undeveloped
c) Moderately developed
d) Least developed
e) Slightly developed
15. Relative to the United States, China:
a) has higher CO2 production per unit of energy
b) has higher per-capita CO2 emissions
c) has lower overall CO2 emissions
d) burns much less coal
16. An age structure diagram shaped like a pyramid is characteristic of a country with:
a) a decreasing population growth rate.
b) an increasing population growth rate.
c) a steady rate of population growth.
d) a population crash.
e) a population at its carrying capacity.
Page 3 of 21
106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
MTX 2
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Summer 2014
66029 3 Units
NVC 1630
MTWTh 8:00 AM – 9:50 AM
RIDDELL
Raven, Berg, Hassenzahl: Environment, 7th Edition
Chapter 9 Urbanization
17. Which event (s) corresponded with a rapid increase in the population growth rate of Las Vegas, NV?
a) the end of World War II
b) completion of the trans-continental railroad
c) construction of the Hoover Dam
d) recent climate change
e) all of these choices are correct
18. Which of the following problems is commonly shared by cities in both highly developed and
developing countries?
a) lack of adequate medical facilities
b) lack of adequate clean water
c) lack of adequate technology
d) lack of adequate schools
e) lack of adequate shelter
19. Mexico City:
a) is representative of urbanization in a developing country.
b) is a good example of a megacity
c) was one of the 10 largest cities in the world in 2005
d) had a population of 19.4 million in 2005
e) all of these choices are correct
20. What percentage of the U.S. population lives in cities?
a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 79%
d) 85%
e) 100%
21. Urbanization:
a) is growing more quickly in developing countries than in developed countries.
b) currently accounts for housing about 75% of the global population.
c) results in fewer employment opportunities in developed countries as compared to rural areas.
d) refers to the migration of city people to the country to enjoy country living.
e) describes a grouping of 10,000 or more individuals.
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106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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RIDDELL
22. The young age structure of urban areas can be attributed to:
a) high birth rates in urban areas
b) influx of young people from rural areas
c) high death rates in urban areas
d) the presence of more females than males in urban areas
e) shortened life expectancy of urban dwellers
23. Unlike people who live in urban areas, people who live in rural areas
a) are employed in occupations which involve industrial labor
b) are far more heterogeneous with respect to race
c) are far more heterogeneous with respect to religion
d) are generally younger than those in the surrounding cities
e) are employed in occupations which involve harvesting natural resources
24. What characteristic defines a megacity?
a) a city that has more than 10 million inhabitants
b) a city that grows by approximately 1,000 new immigrants each day from overpopulated rural areas
c) a cluster of small or medium-sized cities, each with population of less than 1 million
d) a suburban sprawl of developed suburbs
e) a city that has over 100 high-rise buildings
25. The process in which people increasingly move from rural areas to densely populated cities is
termed:
a) high density accommodation
b) rural redistribution
c) urbanization
d) metropolitan relocation
e) municipality magnetism
26. Susstainable urban development, ideally, involves
a) green space
b) recycling
c) urban farmers
d) solar energy
e) all of these choices are correct
27. A patchwork of vacant and developed tracts around the edges of cities that contain a low population
density is considered:
a) smart growth
b) sustainable development
c) green architecture
d) suburban sprawl
e) compact development
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106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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66029 3 Units
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MTWTh 8:00 AM – 9:50 AM
RIDDELL
28. What is gentrification?
a) The movement of wealthier people back to older, run-down homes that have been renovated.
b) The remaining people in the city and older suburbs who find themselves the victims of declining property
values and increasing isolation from suburban jobs
c) The movement of more affluent citizens to the suburbs to avoid the noise and pollution of inner cities.
d) The remaining of people in the inner city because of prejudice encountered when they seek to move out to
suburban neighborhoods
e) The movement of people to the suburbs to pay less in terms of taxes but more in terms of transportation
costs.
29. Transportation has affected the spatial structures of cities because:
a) as cities grow, a grid must be maintained for street development
b) as cities grow, a plan must be in place to evenly distribute the accumulation of heat from automobile use
c) as cities grow, they expand along public transportation routes
d) as cities grow, they expand in the direction of waterways
e) as cities grow, the dependence on transportation is lessened
30. In 2007 __________ was the fourth largest city in the world with 19 million people. By 2025, this
city’s population is projected to be 26.4 million, which will make it the second largest city in the world.
a) Mumbai (Bombay), India
b) Mexico City, Mexico
c) Calcutta, India
d) Shanghai, China
e) New York, U.S.A.
Raven, Berg, Hassenzahl: Environment, 7th Edition
Chapter 10 Energy
31. If Hydroelectric power generation was doubled in the US, that would greatly contribute to energy
independence of the US : See Big Screen
a)
True
b)
Somewhat
c)
False
32. Adding 10 times the current wind power electric generation would dramatically reduce the US
dependence on foreign sources of petroleum. See Big Screen
a)
True
b)
Somewhat
c)
False
Page 6 of 21
106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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RIDDELL
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
33. Oil / Petroleum is represents approximately ______% of electric generation in the US.
39%
23%
8%
1%
<1%l
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
34. The US is reliant on the following priority order of fuel sources for its electric power supply.
Oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, renewables
Oil, ethanol, natural gas, coal, nuclear, renewables
Coal, Nuclear, Natural Gas, Oil, renewables
Coal, Nuclear, Natural Gas, Renewables, Oil,
Methanol, ethanol, propane, butane and isobutenel
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
35. Biomass can be converted into which of the following liquid fuels:
methanol
ethanol
fossil fuels
diesel
both methanol and ethanol
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
36. Which of the following is not a form of energy technology that originates as solar energy?
nuclear energy
hydropower
wind power
photovoltaic solar cells
fossil fuels
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
37. Which of the following is not a renewable source of energy?
wind
fossil fuels
direct solar
biomass
hydropower
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
38. Energy produced from any source other than fossil fuel is called:
conventional energy
alternative energy
renewable energy
nuclear energy
sustainable energy
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106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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RIDDELL
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
39. The amount of solar radiation hitting the Earth depends on:
the amount of cloud cover
the distance from the equator
the time of day
the season of the year
all of these
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
40. In the United States, solar radiation is greatest in:
the southwest
the northeast
the northwest
the mid-west
Florida
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
41. Which of the following is fuel that can be used in a fuel cell?
hydrogen
coal
uranium
natural gas
petroleum
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
42. All of the following materials are examples of biomass fuels except:
wood
oil
animal waste
crop wastes
sawdust
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
43. Which of the following does not involve solar energy?
geothermal energy
photovoltaic cells
solar power towers
wind farms
solar thermal collectors
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
44. Wind:
is the result of the conversion of radiant energy into chemical energy
is used in Montana to generate most of the electricity used in that state
cannot be used to generate electricity
has been used to pump water, irrigate fields and grind grain for many hundreds of years
energy produces low levels of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides
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106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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RIDDELL
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
45. Which of the following problems is commonly shared by cities in both highly developed and
developing countries?
lack of adequate medical facilities
lack of adequate clean water
lack of adequate technology
lack of adequate schools
lack of adequate shelter
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
46. What percentage of the U.S. population lives in cities?
25%
50%
79%
85%
100%
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106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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66029 3 Units
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MTWTh 8:00 AM – 9:50 AM
RIDDELL
Raven, Berg, Hassenzahl: Environment, 7th Edition
Chapter 11 Fossil Fuels
47. Based on the figure below, which region of the world has the would be most
dependent on nuclear energy as an alternate to oil?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
North America
Western Europe
Asia and Oceania
East Europe and former U.S.S.R.
South and Central America
Page 10 of 21
106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
48. Which of these fossil fuels was/were formed from the remains of ancient microscopic algae and
aquatic organisms?
oil
natural gas
gas hydrates
methane
all of these
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
49. Combustion of which of these fossil fuels is/are linked to global warming?
oil
natural gas
coal
methane
all of these
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
50. Which fossil fuel reserves will most likely last the longest?
oil
natural gas
coal
peat
uranium
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
51. Which fossil fuel is most abundant in North America?
oil
natural gas
uranium
coal
peat
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
52. The type of fossil fuel made from the remains of ancient plants that lived millions of years ago is:
peat
coal
oil
natural gas
synfuel
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
53. At the current rate of consumption, the world's coal reserves could last for possibly another:
20 years
50 years
100 years
200 years
500 years
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106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
54. The concern about global warming is directly related to increased levels of what chemical in the
atmosphere?
mercury
carbon dioxide
sulfur oxide
nitrogen oxide
chlorofluorocarbon
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
55. Today the world's main energy source is:
coal
hydroelectric
natural gas
nuclear
oil
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
56. How has the burning of fossil fuels affected the global carbon cycle?
less carbon is stored underground
carbon is stored underground for longer periods of time
the amount of carbon taken up by plants has decreased
the total amount of carbon on earth has increased
the carbon cycle has slowed down
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
57. The greatest increase in worldwide energy consumption in the last few years is related to:
American fascination with driving SUVs
economic development in China and India
use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture
increase in population in Africa
global warming
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
58. A major reason that global energy consumption is increasing is that:
energy prices keep falling
developing countries are using more energy as they improve their standard of living
the world's population growth is slowing
global energy reserves are increasing
farmers in developing countries depend on the energy of animals for plowing and other work
Page 12 of 21
106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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RIDDELL
Raven, Berg, Hassenzahl: Environment, 7th Edition
Chapter 12 Nuclear and Renewable Energy
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
59. Nuclear energy:
is released when the chemical bonds that hold atoms together are changed
involves changes within the nuclei of atoms
involves converting a large amount of matter from the nucleus into a small amount of energy
results in the production of greater mass at the end of the energy process
all of these
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
60. Nuclear fission:
is a form of combustion
is the blending or "melting together" of two small atoms to form a large atom
is the splitting of a large atom into two smaller atoms of different elements
is the rearrangement of electrons that occurs during a chemical reaction
is the process that powers the sun and other stars
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
61. The half-life of a radioactive element is the period of time required:
to convert half of a given mass into radioisotopes
to extract one-half of the energy from the Earth's uranium supply
for one half of the total amount of a radioactive substance to change into a different material
for the sun to us up one-half of its available atomic resources
none of these
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
62. The process of refining uranium ore and insuring the proper amounts of various types of uranium is
called:
breeding
fabrication
enrichment
fission
integration
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
63. A reactor vessel in a nuclear power plant is:
the protective structure surrounding the reactor core
the container used to store spent fuel rods
used to control the fission process in the reactor core
the site of steam and electricity production
the standard location for on-site waste storage
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106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
64. When high temperatures begin to melt the metal encasing of the uranium fuel pellets, this is called a:
breeder reaction
fission reaction
fusion reaction
meltdown
flame out
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
65. The worst nuclear accident ever to happen at a nuclear power plant occurred at:
Bristol, England
Chornobyl, Ukraine
Fukishima, Japan
Savanna River, GA
Three Mile Island, PA
a)
b)
d)
e)
66. All of the following are related to NIMBY response except:
not in my back yard
it commonly is a response to the proposal for a nuclear power plant
is the “sister” response to NIMTOO
all of these are related
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
67. One advantage of conventional nuclear power, when compared to coal, is:
no connection to water pollution
limited risk from catastrophic accidents
emission of few pollutants to the atmosphere
no related occupational death
unlimited supply
Raven, Berg, Hassenzahl: Environment, 7th Edition
Chapter 13 Water
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
68. We depend on water for:
manufacturing
travel
energy production
mining
all of these
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
69. Worldwide, freshwater use is:
increasing because, on average, each person is using more water
decreasing because, on average, agriculture is conserving more water
decreasing due to the decline in the global population growth rate
decreasing due to improved technology and greater efficiency
relatively stable due to offsets between individual use and industrial conservation
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106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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a)
b)
c)
d)
70. An area of land that is drained by a single river is called a/an: Mark all that apply
wetland
aquifer
watershed
drainage basin
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
71. The greatest use of fresh water is for:
irrigation
industry
small businesses
homes
mining
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
72. Water problems are particularly severe in the:
Pacific Northwest
American Southwest (Colorado River basin)
High Plains
Gulf Coast States
Upper Midwest
73. The effects of flooding are more destructive today than in the past because:
a) the use of levees has been determined to be an unsound engineering practice.
b) retaining walls are too expensive to build in all of the appropriate locations.
c) buildings are constructed on flood plains.
d) soil with plant cover is ineffective in absorbing excess water.
e) roads and buildings effectively absorb and slow water flow.
74. A flood plain has the potential to flood. Why is this a problem?
a) floods are caused by drought cycles in the weather
b) floods are unnatural events caused by human activity
c) flood damage is permanent, causing major changes in the course of the bordering river channel
d) flood damage is extremely costly due to homes and businesses being built on the flood plain
e) when flood waters recede, the flood plain is left infertile for growing crops
75. Excessive removal of groundwater can result in:
a) rising water tables.
b) sinkhole formation.
c) groundwater desalinization.
d) increased discharge to streams.
e) all of these choices are correct
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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76. Saltwater intrusion can occur in coastal areas due to:
a) excessive groundwater pumping.
b) larger or more frequent hurricanes.
c) sinkhole formation.
d) wetland degradation.
e) subsidence.
77. Future climate change will likely:
a) have no effect on precipitation.
b) cause an increase in precipitation.
c) cause a decrease in precipitation.
d) cause an increase in precipitation in some areas and a decrease in others.
e) cause extreme droughts throughout all of North America.
78. Water problems are particularly severe in the:
a) Pacific Northwest.
b) American Southwest (Colorado River basin).
c) High Plains.
d) Gulf Coast states.
e) Upper Midwest.
79. Desalinization is a particularly large industry in:
a) Arizona
b) France
c) Russia
d) Saudi Arabia
e) Denmark
80. Which of the following does NOT contribute to water shortages in the American Southwest?
a) aqueducts transporting water from distant sources
b) climate change leading to reduced snowfall in the Rocky Mountains
c) growing demand for municipal, commercial, and industrial uses
d) arid or semiarid climate with limited precipitation
e) growing populations in cities such as Phoenix, Las Vegas, and Salt Lake City
81. Which of the following have a vested interest in resolving the water rights controversy along the
Missouri River?
a) farmers
b) Native Americans
c) recreational and tourism groups
d) hydroelectric producers
e) all of these groups have a vested interest
82. One way to make agricultural water more sustainable is through:
a) water diversion.
b) microirrigation.
c) “use it or lose it” water allotments for farmers.
d) international water swaps.
e) plot flooding.
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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83. The average U.S. citizen can conserve water by:
a) not allowing the faucet to run while shaving.
b) not allowing the faucet to run while brushing teeth.
c) reducing showers to less than 10 minutes.
d) washing only full loads of clothes.
e) all of these choices can help conserve water
Raven, Berg, Hassenzahl: Environment, 7th Edition
Chapter 22 Water Pollution
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
84. After coal is burned, what toxic chemical is often present in the resulting ash?
silicon dioxide
mercury
plutonium
aluminum oxide
iron oxide
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
85. Which of the following led to a decrease in the size of the “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico?
increased biofuel production
increased global CO2 emissions
Hurricane Dolly
proliferation of intensive agriculture
increased river discharge due to heavy rains
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
86. One major problem with sewage is that it adds which of the following to water?
sodium chloride and dissolved oxygen
carbon dioxide and nitrogen
nitrogen and phosphorus
human wastes and heavy metals
soil and microorganisms
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
87. Sediment pollution is caused by:
erosion
disease-causing agents
fertilizers
toxic compounds
heated water
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
88. The "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico is:
home to numerous bacteria and bottom dwellers, such as sea stars and spiny lobsters, but no fishes
due to regular dumping of untreated human sewage into the gulf
a large zone of hypoxia caused by excessive decomposition of algae
present year round
the largest oxygen-free zone identified to date
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
89. Mercury:
does not occur naturally in the environment; it is a pollutant produced by exclusively human activities
emissions are generated exclusively by municipal and medical waste incinerators
emissions are linked to/produced by coal-fired power plants
emissions are strictly regulated by the Clean Air Act
cannot be removed from power plant emissions by the technology currently available
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
90. Pollution that is discharged into the environment through pipes, sewers, or ditches is called:
polluted runoff
point source pollution
nonpoint source pollution
specific discharge
effluent runoff
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
91. 72% of the water pollution in rivers is attributed to:
industries
household wastes
agriculture
mining
logging
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106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
MTX 2
Session:
Section:
Class Location:
Days / Time:
Instructor:
Summer 2014
66029 3 Units
NVC 1630
MTWTh 8:00 AM – 9:50 AM
RIDDELL
92. Given the data in the graph, at what approximate distance downstream from the spill does the
dissolved oxygen level recover to its original, pre-spill level?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
15 km
30 km
60 km
90 km
125 km
93. Worldwide, freshwater use is:
increasing because, on average, each person is using more water
decreasing because, on average, agriculture is conserving more water
decreasing due to the decline in the global population growth rate
decreasing due to improved technology and greater efficiency
relatively stable due to offsets between individual use and industrial conservation
Page 19 of 21
106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
MTX 2
Session:
Section:
Class Location:
Days / Time:
Instructor:
Summer 2014
66029 3 Units
NVC 1630
MTWTh 8:00 AM – 9:50 AM
RIDDELL
Raven, Berg, Hassenzahl: Environment, 7th Edition
Chapter 22 Pests
94. One benefit of using a machine like the "bug vac" to remove pests from crop plants is:
a) it targets specific pest species.
b) one treatment per season is sufficient for pest control.
c) it is safer for farm workers than pesticides.
d) it is much cheaper to use than pesticides.
e) All of these choices are correct.
95. A narrow-spectrum pesticide would kill:
a) all insects in the vicinity.
b) the organism for which it was intended.
c) broad-leafed plants.
d) grasses and their relatives.
e) a variety of organisms.
96. A pesticide used to kill plants is a/an:
a) fungicide.
b) herbicide.
c) insecticide.
d) botanical.
e) rodenticide.
97. DDT is a/an:
a) organophosphate.
b) carbamate.
c) chlorinated hydrocarbon.
d) inorganic compound.
e) narrow-spectrum pesticide.
98. Pesticides are effective:
a) at reducing crop productivity due to competition with weeds.
b) for controlling some organisms that cause diseases in humans.
c) at increasing the amount of crop damage due to insects.
d) at controlling insects and weeds, but ineffective against plant pathogens.
e) at increasing the farmer's cost for a particular crop.
Page 20 of 21
106745955
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
MTX 2
Session:
Section:
Class Location:
Days / Time:
Instructor:
Summer 2014
66029 3 Units
NVC 1630
MTWTh 8:00 AM – 9:50 AM
RIDDELL
99. The techniques of using naturally occurring disease organisms, parasites, or predators to control
pests is called:
a) biological control.
b) biological magnification.
c) biological amplification.
d) bioaccumulation.
e) genetic control.
100.
Genetically modified, pest-resistant crops:
a) may contain the gene from Bt.
b) have been shown to be completely safe for non-pest insect species, such as the monarch butterfly.
c) have not yet been developed.
d) may become invasive pests or persist in the environment longer than unmodified crops.
e) require more frequent applications of pesticide, although in lower doses, than unmodified crops.
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