Unit: Change
Objectives
3.3.D.a. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction with regard to variation within a
population
EC/43Bb Explain the importance of reproduction to the survival of a species (i.e., the failure of a species to reproduce
will lead to extinction of that species)
EC/43Ca Identify examples of adaptations that may have resulted from variations favored by natural selection (e.g., longnecked giraffes, long-eared jack rabbits) and describe how that variation may have provided populations an advantage for
survival
EC/43Cc Explain how environmental factors (e.g., habitat loss, climate change, pollution, introduction of non-native
species) can be agents of natural selection
LO/31Bb Identify factors (e.g., biochemical, temperature) that may affect the differentiation of cells and the development
of an organism
LO/31Ea Explain how similarities used to group taxa might reflect evolutionary relationships (e.g., similarities in DNA
and protein structures, internal anatomical features, patterns of development)
LO/31Eb Explain how and why the classification of any taxon might change as more is learned about the organisms
assigned to that taxon
LO/32Db Relate the structure of organic compounds (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates) to their role in
living systems
LO/33Aa Distinguish between asexual (i.e., binary fission, budding, cloning) and sexual reproduction
LO/33Db Describe how genes can be altered and combined to create genetic variation within a species (e.g., mutation,
recombination of genes)
LO/33Dc Recognize that new heritable characteristics can only result from new combinations of existing genes or from
mutations of genes in an organism's sex cells
EC/43Aa Interpret fossil evidence to explain the relatedness of organisms using the principles of superposition and fossil
correlation
EC/43Ab Evaluate the evidence that supports the theory of Biological evolution (e.g., fossil records, similarities between
DNA and protein structures, similarities between developmental stages of organisms, homologous and vestigial
structures)
EC/43Ba Define a species in terms of the ability to mate and produce fertile offspring
EC/43Cb Explain how genetic homogeneity may cause a population to be more susceptible to extinction (e.g.,
succumbing to a disease for which there is no natural resistance)
EC/43Cd Given a scenario describing an environmental change, hypothesize why a given species was unable to survive
Biology I
Natural Selection and variation
Outline
I.
Establishing a living past and relationships
A. Finding and dating fossils
1. Law of superposition- states that the _____________ fossils are
those found at the _________________ of the pile.
2. Dating: a comparison of ___________ ______________ with
known half lives to determine the age of a ______________
formation or _________________ existence.
Ex:
B. Physical comparisons
1. Homologous anatomy- refers to structural members of organisms
that although may not have the same ________________, do
have the same structural __________________ and
__________________, thus indicating a
____________________.
Ex:
These are different from analogous structures that may be used
for the same thing, but are ______________ quite different.
_________________structures have no taxonomic use.
2. Vestigial anatomy- these structures have no useful
_________________ in the existing organism, but can be used to
indicate what type of life the _____________ of that organism
lived, and show ______________ to other living organisms.
Ex:
3. Embryology- the development of the _____________ of
particular organisms show similarities until the organisms
diverge. These _______________ and ____________________
show relationships between living organisms.
Ex:
4. Nucleic acids and proteins- __________________ _______ is
the nucleic acid that holds all ________________material. It’s
structure is composed of subunits in varying ________________.
Organisms that are closely related have the ___________ (or
very nearly the _____________) sequences. Organisms that are
not closely related have vastly ____________ sequences (as well
as amounts).
Ex:
Nucleic acids are also responsible for making _____________the molecules that makes and ___________ living systems.
Different of nucleic acids make ______________ proteins.
Organisms with identical proteins are _______________related.
Ex:
II.
Explaining change
A. Role of reproduction
1. Heritability: organisms receive genetic material
_________________ _____________ from their parent(s).
Genetic material is responsible for all non _____________traits
and characteristics, including physiology (_________________ )
and ________________ (structure).
2. Fitness: ability to _____________ and produce viable
(____________________) offspring. Without a fit population,
the species will _______________________.
3. Producing beyond the ____________ ______________. Without
producing more offspring than can ____________, the food
chain would _____________________. This leads to a
__________________ for survival, where only the organisms
best ___________________ to escape predation and grazing,
withstand abiotic _________________ conditions, work
___________________ within their communities, and obtain and
use ______________ live to pass on their
______________________material.
4. Types of reproduction and their effect on survival
a. Asexual- (_______________ ______________) offspring
are genetically __________________ to 1 parent. BIG
advantage is __________ ________________ rate.
Ex:
b. Sexual- offspring are ____________________
combinations of 2 parents. BIG advantage is
_________________________(diversity).
Ex:
B. Role of mutation
1. Defined: change in _____________________ __________ in
any cell.
2. Causes: ___________________, carcinogens (______________
______________), ___ ___ rays.
3. Effect on variation (diversity): Mutations must occur in
_____________ __________ in sexually reproducing organisms
for the change to be __________________. Since mutations are
_________________ they increase the variety in a species. Some
mutations may be ineffectual, some ________________ and
others harmful or ______________.
C. Role of environmental change
1. Natural selection (___________________ of species)
a. Defined : survival and _______________ of organisms
___________________ best adapted to the
______________________.
Ex:
2. Specific examples of environmental change
a. Abiotic = __________________. Specific examples
include: continental ___________(geographic
_____________); climate ____________ such as
___________________, ________ amount or
____________________ and man made influences such as
___________________ and habitat _________________.
b. Biotic (___________________). Changes in living
organisms usually have a _________________ effect.
Ex:
3. Specific examples of results
III.
Adaptations
A. ___________evolution vs ____________evolution. Microevolution is
_________________ a species.
Ex:
Macroevolution results in a ____________ species.
Ex:
B. structural (morphological)- are changes in an organism’s
___________________ arrangement, these are heritable, or not.
Ex:
C. physiological- are changes in an organism’s __________________
operation, these are heritable or not. These include _____________
actions.
Ex:
D. behavioral- are changes in an organisms ___________________. These
are typically learned, and not ___________________.
Ex: