CHAPTER 20 THE CONSERVATIVE ORDER AND THE CHALLENGES OF REFORM (1815-1832)
20.1 Chapter Questions DO ANY 21
1) The single most powerful European political ideology of the 19th century proved to be:
A) socialism.
B) communism.
C) republicanism.
D) liberalism.
E) nationalism.
2) As a political outlook, nationalism was and is based on the relatively modern concept that a nation is composed of people who are
joined together by the bonds of a common:
A) language, customs, culture, and history.
B) religion, culture, customs, and military.
C) military, language, history, and culture.
D) culture, language, religion, and customs.
E) residence within defined borders.
3) Early 19th-century nationalism directly opposed the principle upheld at the Congress of Vienna that:
A) ethnicity, rather than monarchies or dynasties, provide the basis for political unity.
B) legitimate monarchies or dynasties, rather than ethnicity, provide the basis for political unity.
C) military strength, rather than ethnicity, provides the basis for political unity.
D) common language should provide the basis for political unity.
E) a set of common ideals should provide the basis for political unity.
4) A significant difficulty for nationalism was, and is:
A) transitioning from monarchies to republicanism and peaceful elections.
B) determining which ethnic groups could be considered nations, with claims to territory and political autonomy.
C) deciding which religion should be accepted as the formal religion of the state.
D) settling on which national customs should be formally adopted by the state and schools.
E) finding enough support among the mass of the population.
5) Which of the following was not a region of nationalistic pressure during the 19th century?
A) English rule in Ireland
B) Austrian rule of the Italian peninsula
C) French rule in Belgium
D) Poland, seeking to drive out Russian rulers
E) Austrian rule in Hungary
6) Nineteenth-century liberals derived some of their political ideas from the:
A) ancient writings of the Romans.
B) philosophers of the American Revolution.
C) biblical passages within the doctrine of the Holy Roman Church.
D) writers of the Enlightenment.
E) the writings of Thomas Hobbes.
7) The political goals of 19th-century liberals included all of the following EXCEPT:
A) distribution of land.
B) legal equality.
C) religious toleration.
D) freedom of the press.
E) limited government power against property of individual citizens.
325
8) All of the following are consistent with the goals of 19th-century liberals EXCEPT:
A) the removal of international tariffs and internal barriers to trade.
B) the opposition to the old paternalistic legislation that established wages and labor practices by government regulation or by guild
privileges.
C) the desire for an economic structure in which people were free to use whatever talents and property they possessed to enrich
themselves.
D) support for efforts to abolish mercantilism.
E) the desire to maintain the economic restraints associated with mercantilism or the regulated economies of enlightened absolutists.
9) Which of the following correctly identifies the major pillars of 19th-century conservatism?
A) solid military, established churches, and legitimate monarchies
B) established churches, solid military, and legitimate monarchies
C) landed aristocracies, established churches, and solid military
D) legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches
E) land, labor, and law
Answer: D
Page Ref: 622
Topic: AP 2.3 pp. 622-628
Section: Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order
10) Although their provisions were limited in scope, these three German states granted constitutions after 1815:
A) Württemberg, Hessen, and Bremen.
B) Hessen, Bavaria, and Baden.
C) Baden, Bavaria, and Württemberg.
D) Hamburg, Bremen, and Brandenburg.
E) Bremen, Prussia, and Saxony.
11) In December 1816, an unruly mass meeting took place near London. As a result of this disturbance Parliament:
A) temporarily suspended habeas corpus.
B) extended existing laws against seditious gatherings.
C) outlawed workers' organizations or unions.
D) both A and B.
E) executed nearly 500 people.
12) The Six Acts attempted to:
A) prevent radical leaders from agitating and to give the authorities new powers.
B) give the monarchy new powers and begin military expansion.
C) raise public revenue through taxes and prohibit illegal search and seizures.
D) both A and B.
E) prevent Catholics from exercising their civil rights.
13) Louis XVIII agreed to become a(n):
A) parliamentary monarch.
B) socialist monarch.
C) constitutional monarch.
D) absolute monarch.
E) elected president.
14) The Charter provided for a(n):
A) appointed legislature and hereditary monarchy.
B) elected monarchy and appointed legislature.
C) bicameral legislature and elected monarchy.
D) hereditary monarchy and a bicameral legislature.
E) suffrage for women and minorities.
326
15) The major powers at the Congress of Vienna included:
A) Russia, Prussia, Italy, and Great Britain.
B) Russia, France, Italy, and Great Britain.
C) Prussia, Austria, France, and Italy.
D) Prussia, France, Austria, and Great Britain.
E) Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain.
16) The Concert of Europe refers to the:
A) new informal arrangement for resolving mutual foreign policy issues.
B) new Russian, Austrian, Prussian, and British quadruple alliance.
C) January 1820 outbreak of the Spanish revolution.
D) 1814 restoration of the French monarchy.
E) the combined effort to defeat Napoleon.
17) He was placed on the Spanish throne after Napoleon's downfall and although he promised to govern according to a written
constitution, he ignored his pledge:
A) Louis XVIII.
B) Alexander I.
C) Ferdinand VII.
D) Charles X.
E) Estaban VII.
18) He supported the American Monroe Doctrine in 1823 and is credited with the successful conclusion of the War of Jenkins's Ear:
A) William Jenkins.
B) Klemens von Metternich.
C) Thomas Babington Macaulay.
D) George Canning.
E) William Pitt the Younger.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 629-630
Topic: AP 2.6 pp. 628-630
Section: The Conservative International Order
19) The Treaty of London, signed in 1827, demanded:
A) that Russia reign Romania as an independent state.
B) Turkish recognition of Greek independence.
C) that the Turks allow Britain, France, and Russia to decide the future of Greece.
D) both B and C.
E) both A and C.
20) This event sparked movements for independence from European domination throughout Latin America:
A) the War of 1812.
B) the French and Indian War.
C) the American Revolution from Great Britain.
D) the Crimean War.
E) the wars of the French Revolution, particularly those of Napoleon.
21) Between 1791 and 1804 this French colony achieved independence:
A) Cuba.
B) Haiti.
C) Guiana.
D) the Dominican Republic.
E) French Indochina.
22) By 1830:
A) Uruguay had achieved independence.
B) Argentina and Brazil had achieved independence.
C) Colombia and Bolivia had achieved independence.
D) Bolivia and Chile had achieved independence.
E) most of Latin America had achieved independence.
327
23) He imposed an authoritarian constitution on Haiti and made himself Governor-General for life, but he preserved formal ties with
France:
A) San Martín.
B) Simón Bolívar.
C) Toussaint L'Ouverture.
D) Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.
E) King Miguel II.
24) Tsar Alexander I turned away from reform and at home and abroad took the lead in suppressing:
A) nationalism and communism.
B) liberalism and nationalism.
C) communism and socialism.
D) socialism and liberalism.
E) feminism and Catholicism.
25) Which of the following events illustrated to Russian soldiers how backward and politically stifled their own nation remained?
A) Russian and Austrian commercial exchange
B) Russian battles with the Prussians
C) Russia's occupation of France
D) visits by foreign army officers
E) the imposition of new taxes on the merchant class
26) This officer advocated representative government and the abolition of serfdom:
A) Pestel.
B) Putin.
C) Paul.
D) Trotsky.
E) Molotov.
27) This secret society was more moderate; while it favored constitutional monarchy and the abolition of serfdom, it wanted to protect
the interests of the aristocracy:
A) Northern Society.
B) Southern Society.
C) Eastern Society.
D) Western Society.
E) Compass Society.
28) Who succeeded Tsar Alexander I after his unexpected death in November 1825?
A) Constantine
B) Paul
C) Nicholas I
D) Alexander II
E) Michael I
29) Although this revolt failed completely, it was the first rebellion in modern Russian history whose instigators had specific political
goals:
A) Revolt of 1825.
B) Revolt of Saint Petersburg.
C) Senate Square Revolt.
D) Decembrist Revolt.
E) October Revolt.
30) Who stated "there is no doubt that serfdom, in its present form, is a flagrant evil which everyone realizes, yet to attempt to remedy
it now would be, of course, an evil more disastrous"?
A) Paul I
B) Nicholas I
C) Alexander I
D) Constantine I
E) Voltaire
328
31) The Russian Tsar was king of this country and frequently infringed on the constitution and quarreled with its diet:
A) Serbia.
B) Prussia.
C) Finland.
D) Poland.
E) Estonia.
32) He lowered interest rates on government bonds in order to create a fund to pay an annual sum to the survivors of the émigrés who
forfeited land, restored the rule of primogeniture, and enacted a law that punished sacrilege with imprisonment or death:
A) Louis XVIII.
B) Charles X.
C) Alexander I.
D) Louis Philippe.
E) Napoleon III.
33) Which of the following is not true of the Four Ordinances?
A) They eliminated any further elections.
B) They restricted freedom of the press.
C) They dissolved the recently elected Chamber of Deputies.
D) They limited the franchise to the wealthiest people in the country.
E) They called for new elections.
34) Great Britain supported independence in Latin America because it:
A) was sympathetic to the plights of the Latin American slaves.
B) hoped to secure commercial interests on the continent.
C) wanted to colonize Latin America itself.
D) thought this would harm the United States.
E) hoped to provoke a war with the United States.
20.2 DBQ Questions
DO ALL
35) In Liberty Leading the People, "liberty" is:
A) singing a patriotic song.
B) waving a flag.
C) leading the monarchy.
D) going to war.
36) Why was universal suffrage opposed by Thomas Macaulay?
A) It was expensive.
B) It was considered unfair.
C) It was unpopular.
D) It might cause a destructive revolution.
37) Who was Macaulay satirizing?
A) weavers
B) politicians
C) shopkeepers
D) bishops
38) What did Hobhouse sense a consequence of the Great Reform Bill might be?
A) revolution
B) anarchy
C) military power
D) industrialization
39) Which event was Thomas Creevey not present at?
A) the French and Indian War
B) the Great Reform Bill's passage
C) the Battle of Waterloo
D) the Battle of Queen Caroline
329
FRQ – DO ANY 5
A) Refer to the excerpt "Mazzini Defines Nationality." What characteristics of a people does Mazzini associate with nationalism?
How and why does Mazzini associate nationalism to divine purposes? How does this view of nationality relate to the goals of liberal
freedoms? How might these ideals of nationalism lead to international or domestic conflict?
Page Ref: 618-619
Topic: AP 2.5 pp. 616-617
Section: The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism
B) How were European aristocrats affected by conservative governments? What traits or privileges did conservative aristocrats retain,
gain, and lose? How did aristocrats see themselves during this era? Explain.
Page Ref: 620-622
Topic: AP 2.3 pp. 622-628
Section: Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order
C) Refer to the passage "Encountering the Past: Gymnastics and German Nationalism." What factors turned Jahn to nationalism?
Why did he associate nationalism with physical strength? How could the Turnverein movement spread easily in the German states?
What impact did gymnastics have as Germans emigrated from Germany?
Page Ref: 626
Topic: AP 2.3 pp. 622-628
Section: Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order
D) How was the recognition of Greek independence an international affair? What nations were involved? How? What did the Treaty
of London demand?
Page Ref: 630
Topic: AP 2.6 pp. 628-630
Section: The Conservative International Order
E) Compare and contrast the movements toward independence in Latin America to those in North America.
Page Ref: 630-636
Topic: AP 2.8 pp. 630-636
Section: The Wars of Independence in Latin America
F) "The independence of Latin America was a direct consequence of European events." Do you agree or disagree? Explain your
answer, using specific information from the text.
Page Ref: 603-636
Topic: AP 2.8 pp. 630-636
Section: The Wars of Independence in Latin America
G) Compare and contrast the political reforms in Great Britain, Belgium, France, and Russia. What political strategies were
successful? Which approaches failed? Was there one universal formula for success? Why or why not? Explain.
Page Ref: 636-643
Topic: AP 2.8 pp. 636-642
Section: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
330