7th GRADE HISTORY REVIEW
A. Roman Empire- 700BC- 476AD
1. Dictator – Caesar 27BC Begins 200 year period known as Pax
Romana…lasts until Marcus Aurelius dies in 180 AD
2. Contributions:
a. art, architecture, engineering (arches, aqueducts, bridges, roads)
b. philosophy
B. Byzantine Empire- 330AD-1474AD
1. Roman Catholic church SPLIT into Eastern Orthodox Church
Emperor Diocletian Splits the empire into East and West 284AD
2. Constantine- First Christian Emperor 306 – 337AD
3. Rome and Byzantium (Constantinople) now Istanbul
4. Constantinople was the trading port in the Eastern half.
a. Iconoclasm – smashing of Icons (paintings, statues VS religious
theory)
C. Islam
1. Mohammed – prophet of Islam
2. Mecca – Holy City in Saudi Arabia
3. 630- Mecca was taken by Mohammed and followers
4. 5 pillars: fasting, praying(5 times a day), alms giving, faith in one God,
Hajj (Pilgrimage)
5. Koran – passages received from the angel Gabriel
6. Sunna – Book on how to live a daily Muslim life
7. Shiites- believed the leaders are the descendants of Mohammad
8. Sunnis - believed best qualified leaders should rule
9. Kaaba –In Mecca, black building built by Abraham and sons: this is what
they face when praying East/ This is the most sacred site in Islam.
10. Muslim = believer of Islam
11. Contributions : Science, architecture, Algebra, medicine, music, literature,
and Astronomy
D. Crusades (Christians vs. Holy Land ) 800-1500
1. 4 crusades: Christians Fight their way to the Holy land
2. King Richard: 1157-1199- Led the third Crusade
3. Joan of Arc – Saved France / Catholic Martyr 1412-1431
E. Africa 1470-1590
1. Muslim Empire : Ghana, Mali, Songhai through trade
2. Ghana – Gold and salt trade, great wealthy empire
3. Monotheism – belief of ONE GOD.
4. Polytheism – belief of many Gods
5. Timbucktu – great center for learning:
a. Universities set up schools with Koran
F. Middle Ages 476-1400
1. Growth of Catholic Church to power- largest landholder, very wealthy
2. Feudalism- hierarchy that grew out of need for protection- based on
loyalty- code of chivalry (knights) – social structure
3. Charlemagne- Holy Roman Emperor 800AD
4. William the Conqueror: French King overtakes England 1066-Hastings
5. Architecture= Stain Glass, Dome
6. Excommunication was being kicked out of church
7. Universities sprang out of monasteries
8. Black Death- wiped out 1/2 of Europe
9. Decline of Feudalism : Attributed to 3 things:
a. Signing the Great Charter – Magna Carta (gave people their own rights
and limited the king’s power) 1215
b. Black Death Plague (1347)
c. 100 years war between France and England (shifted power from feudal
lords to monarchy and common people)
10. Model of Parliament= King Edward I gave voice to the People(foundation
of today’s Constitutional Triangle
11. Joan of Arc- 100 years war(1337-1453) – inspired France to defeat
Britain.
G. Aztecs(1195-1521), Incas(1200-1532), Mayas300BC-950AD)(Mexico) (South America)(Central America)
1. Contributions- Math, Architecture, hieroglyphic writing
2. Social Pyramid- class structure
a. ruler
b. nobles, priests
c. merchants, artisans
d. peasants
e. slaves
Aztecs- Mexico (conquered by Cortez)
Floating gardens
Sacrifices
Incas – Peru
Class structure
Mayas- Central America
Achievements: suspension bridges, roads ,engineered floating islands
Science, Technology, Astronomy, Arts, Architecture, Mathematics
Glyphs – language and writing
Calendar (365 days).
Sacrifices
H. Japan- 500-1600
Prince Shotoku:- First Japanese ruler to borrow ideas about government from
China
1. Isolated Country
2. Feudal System- Emperor, shogun, Daimyo, Samarai
3. Bushido - code of honor
4. Buddhism- started in India- by way of China took over Shinto
5. Art, Literature, Architecture, Noh theatre, Noh dramas
6. Dynasties
7. Murasaki- wrote tale of Ghangi ( only work of literature written about life
in court from a woman’s viewpoint.
I. Renaissance- “ Rebirth “
Where? - Italy (art, learning, Greek philosophers)
Humanism- Focused on life on earth - Value human beings
Florence City- growth of city- states- trading, Classical art
Art changed- perspective, drawings, changed away from religious art, 3-D, more
Colorful
Leonardo Da Vinci (Renaissance man) Last Supper, Mona Lisa
Sculptures, Engineering, Science, Anatomy, Moses,
Michaelangelo
painter –Sistine Chapel (The Creation) David (famous statue)
Scientific Method – Francis Bacon and Renee Descartes
Hypothesis
Galileo – revolution of earth around sun ( Copernicus), first telescope
Dante – Renaissance writer (Heaven and Hell)
Queen Elizabeth – most successful and popular monarch (English Golden Age)
40 years of her reign, Funded lots of North American Exploration.
Shakespeare - playwright, Comedy vs. Tragedy
Cervantes - writer of Don Quixote
J. Reformation = Reform
Split of Catholicism and Protestantism = Protestants breaking away from Catholic
Church.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gutenberg - printing press - printed Bible 1450s
Tindale - Translated Bible to English in early 1500s
Martin Luther- early 1500s, 95 thesis nailed to church, started own church
Calvin = humanist (salvation)
King Henry VIII - started Anglican Church so he could get divorced.
K. Age of Exploration
Explorers - motives
Map making - Ptolemy
L. Scientific Revolution
Heliocentric - Sun center of universe and earth rotates around it.
Rationalism - belief of reasoning and logic - Greek thinkers
Galileo - telescope
Newton - gravity
Inventions
microscope, barometer, thermometer
M. Enlightenment
General trust in reason
Extension of Scientific Revolution
John Locke - Natural Rights
Bill of Rights