Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues
Anatomy of a Cell: 1)___nucleus_______________ 2) _plasma membrane________________
3)____cytoplasm______________
Nucleus: ___control center_______________ contains _____DNA________________
--nucleoli is the site ____ribosome production_____________________________
Cytoplasm: material outside of the nucleus _______and inside the plasma membrane______
-Organelles carry out specific functions. See worksheets for various types.
Plasma membrane*: double ___lipd______________ layer, barrier for _cell contents__________
-Other materials embedded in the membrane(3): _lipds, protein
cholesterol___________________
-purpose of cholesterol is to __keep the memebrane fluid and soft______________
-microvilli:__increase the surface area______________________________________
Cell Physiology
Membrane transport:___movement of substance into and out of the cell______________
Passive: __no energy needed______________________
Diffusion: particles tend to __distribute themselves_____________________
- move from a _hight____________ to a _low______________ concentration
- solute has to be _lipid soluable___________or small________ enough to pass through
Types:simple diffusion: unassisted, particles are __small__________ enough to fit through
osmosis-__movement of water____________________________________
Facilitated diffusion-requires a __carrier protein________________
Active- transports substances unable to move by diffusion for the following reasons:__________
_to large, agains the gradiant, can’t dissolve______________________________
Solute pumping: moves substances___against___________ the gradient, examples: _amino
acids____
Bulk transport
Exocytosis: _move material out of the cell____________________________
Endocytosis: _engulfs extra cellular substance__________________________________
Phagocytosis: _cell eating___________________________
Pinocytosis:_cell drinking________________________
1. Isotonic have the __same______________________________________
2. Hypertonic is a solution that contains more _solute__________ in the cell than
__out____________
3. Hypotonic is when there are _less____________ solutes in the solution than in the
___out_____
Cell Division
Cells have 2 major periods: Interphase:____cell growth____________________
Cell Division:__mitosis____________________________
Steps in the phases:
1._propase____-_____________
3. _anaphase______-_______________
2.__metaphase_______-________
4.___telophase___-________________
Role of RNA
Acts as a decoder for the DNA
tRNA: _transfers___________ amino acids to ribosome to build protein
rRNA: helps form the __proteins___________________________________________
mRNA: carries the instructions for ___transfer______________
Transcription: _transfer__________ of information from _DNA_____ base sequence to the
complimentary base sequence of _mRNA_________
Translation: base sequence of a __nucleic acid_____________ is ____amino acid
Tissues:
Four types: 1. __Epithelial_______________ 2. _connective__________________3.
__muscular___________ 4. __nervous______
Epithelial is found in body covering_____ and _lining______ also, __glandlike_____________
tissue
Function include: __protection, absorption,filtration, secretion_____________________
Characteristics: -_cells fit closely______________ together
- Tissues always have _one free layer_________________________
- __avascular__________________ (no blood supply)
- regenerate __easily if nourished_____________________
Draw what simple means:
Draw what stratified means:
~Simple squamous: single layer of __flat___________
Forms membranes: examples of body parts it lines____cavities________________
~Simple cuboidal: single layer of _cubes_________________
Common in glands______, found in __kidney_______ and ovaries
~Simple columnar: single layer of _tall cells_____________
Cells usually produce __mucus_________, typically found in __digestive tract
~Pseudostratified: single layer, but _some cells are shorter_____
Ciliated such as in the _respiratory tract_______________
Functions: _absorb______________ or __secrete____________
~Stratified squamous: cells __free at edges and flat________________________
Locations: __skin mouth, esophagus____________
~Transitional epithelial: depends on __stretching_____________________ lines the
__bladder_______________
Connective tissue is found _everywhere___________________ in the body
Functions: 1.binds _body tissues together___________________ 2. Supports
__body____________ 3. Provides ______
Characteristics: variations in _blood supply______ and extra cellular matrix____ nonliving material
 Why do you choose a broken bone over a torn ligament? __better blood supply____
(Matrix is everything but the cell; surrounding material + fibers)
Types of Connective Tissue
1. Bone (_osseous_____________): is used to _support body_________________
-Composed of bones in cavities called _lacunae________________, a very hard _matrix of
calcium_, and large numbers of _college fibers______________________.
2. Cartilage is less _hard__ and more _rubbery__________ than _bone____________.
a. Fetal skeleton is _hyaline cartilage_____, also found in the voice box and attaches the ribs
-Composed of ____collagen___________ and _rubbery matrix_______________
b. Ear is made from _elastocartilage____________________ which provides
___elasticity________________
c. Fibrocartilage is not stretchy but highly compressable________________, forms discs in
knee and
3. Dense connective tissue: main matrix is ___collegen______________________________.
-Examples: _tendons__________: muscles to _bone___ Ligament: __bone to _bone___
Loose Connective Tissue
4. Areolar tissue: soaks up _excess fluids_______________ and causes an edema; “Glue” holds all
organs in place. Contains many fibers through a loose network.
5. Adipose: cells contain _fat____________________________.
-Functions: _insulate__________ the body, protect______________ some organs, _fuel
storage________________
-cell type: adipocytes (chicken wire appearance)
6. Reticular: ___delicate network of fibers_________________________________
-Forms a _stroma________, which supports free blood cells. Found in lymph nodes and
spleen_____
7. Blood: surrounded by a __fluid__________________________ called _matrix_________.
-Consists of protein fibers which are visible __during clottin_______________.
-__transports___________ nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body.
Muscle Tissue are specialized to contract____________ or _relax_________ to produce
__movement___________.
1. skeletal ____ can be controlled voluntarily____________, cells are _striated__________,
attach to _connective tissue_____________
Have more than _1______ nuclei.
2. _cardiac____________ found only in the __heart__________, cells attach to _other cardic
cells__, functions involuntary, cells are __striated______________ and have __1___ nucleus.
3. Smooth muscles are __involuntary________________, surround __organs_______, attach to
__other smooth muscle_____________, no striations and have __1____ nucleus. An example
_stomach_______________
Nervous Tissue consists of __neurons and support cells________________.
-Functioning: __irriability_____ and _conductivity____ sends impulses to rest of body