History
Mr Woodgate
|Appendix|
Appendix 1:
population population
(millions) (millions)
Author
Rosenblat
place
"Mexico"
1519
1595
percent
decrease
1519-1595
4.5
3.5
22
4.5
2.0
56
Zambardino
5-10
1.1-1.7
64-89
Mendizabal
8.2
2.4
71
10.5
2.1-3.0
71-80
18-30
1.4
78-95
Aguirre-Beltrán
Cook and
Simpson
Cook and Borah
Sanders
Central Mexican
Symbiotic
Region
2.6-3.1
0.4
85-87
Whitmore
Valley of
Mexico
1.3-2.7
0.1-0.4
69-96
1.5
0.2
87
1.0-1.2
0.1
90
0.2
0.1
50
Gibson
Sanders
Kubler
128 towns
Retrieved from: http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/mxpoprev/table2.htm
Jock Webb, 8A
History
Mr Woodgate
Appendix 2:
The Columbian Exchange: Old & New World Diseases
History 2010: The U.S. to 1877, Dr. Houston
Conveyors
Conveyed
Item
Deaths
Destination
French?
(1550s)
Pleurisy and the
bloody flux
1,000s
Tupinamba
Indians of
Brazil
Indians of
Brazil
Portuguese
(1562-1563)
Smallpox
10s of 1,000s
English
(1580s)
Typhus
?
English Puritans
(1616/1617-1622)
Pestilence?
“heapes”
Spanish
(1531)
Measles
?
Indians of
Central America
Spanish
(1518-1519)
Smallpox
1 million (in
Santo Domingo
alone)
Arawak Indians
of Santo
Domingo
(Greater
Antilles &
Bahamas)
Cortez & Spanish
(1519-1530)
Smallpox
8.2 million
Maya Indians of
the Yucatan and
Aztec Indians
of Mexico
Spanish
(1514-1530)
Smallpox
(probably also
measles,
pneumonia and
typhus)
2 million
Panama
Alvarado &
Spanish (15201521)
Influenza
?
Cakchiquel Maya
Indians of
Guatemala
Pizarro and
Spanish
(1520s)
Smallpox (?)
200,000
Inca Indians of
Andes & South
America
Columbus’ Crew –
1493
Syphilis:
Millions got it;
they called
disease by
different names
(ff.)
India=Dis of
Franks
Ch=Ulcer of
Canton
Jp=Tang (Chn)
Sore
Jpn =
Portuguese dis
Called Fren,
Naples,
Bordeaux,
Spanish,
German, Polish,
Dis
ME=Eur.
Pustules
Indians of
Caribbean &
Florida
Indians of New
England
This table taken from https://umdrive.memphis.edu/hkhoustn/public/H2010-Handout-Columbian-Exchange-entire.doc
Jock Webb, 8A
History
Mr Woodgate
Appendix 3:
The Columbian Exchange:
Plants & Animals from Europe
History 2010: The U.S. to 1877, Dr. Houston
Banana
Brought in from Canary Islands in 1516
1. Thrived in tropical climes
Sugar
Sugar cane plantations
1. Provided exports:
1. By 1610 Brazil may have had 400 mills
2. Producing 57,000 tons for export to Europe
2. Demanded labor
Rice
Food staple crop: 87% carbohydrates and 13% protein
1. Probably originated in India about 10,000 B.C.
2. Archaeology proved grown in Thailand in 4,000 B.C.
3. Spread to Middle east and Africa by 400 B.C.
4. Alexander the Great (d. 323 B.C.)’s conquering army brought
back to Greece
5. Brought to American colonies in the 1600s
6. India and China produce 55% of world’s crop
Wheat
Grown throughout Spanish holdings by 1600
1. Indians consistently refused to eat wheat bread
Wine Grapes
First Peruvian vintage 1551
Olives
First olive tree seedlings to Peru in 1560
1. Wheat wine and olive oil were basic to Spanish cuisine
2. Grew in irrigated valleys of Spanish Pacific coast
Pigs
Pigs, horses, and cattle arrived with Columbus 2nd visit in 1493
1. Pigs increased to 30,000 in Cuba in 1514
2. Not huge modern animal but more like a speedy wild boar
3. 13 De Soto brought to Florida 1539 were 700 3 years later!
Jock Webb, 8A
History
Mr Woodgate
4. Pigs came to Peru with Pizarro in 1531: mobile commissary for
conquistadores
Cattle
(To Mexico in 1521)
Multiplied rapidly both domestically and in the wild
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Islanders often lived off abandoned livestock gone wild
Smoked and grilled meat on a grate called a boucan
When turned to pirating in 17th century, called buccaneers!
More cattle by 17th c. than any other vertebrate immigrant
More killed for hides and tallow than for meat!
1. 64,350 hides exported to Spain in 1587
6. Huge herds destroyed Indian crops by trampling
Horse
Spain the most equestrian culture in Europe
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1501 Espanola had 20 or 30 despite high mortality at sea
Excellent beast of burden
Most valued as an instrument of war: terrified Indians!
Pizarro shod his horses in silver when iron was lacking!
Three large grasslands where horse multiplied in the wild
1. Pampas of Argentina: biological explosion
2. Llanos of Venezuela and Columbia
3. Central plains of American West stretching from central
Mexico to Canada
6. Horse basic to ranches which supplied meat for miners
1. Ecological interdependence essential for industry
7. Horse revolutionized Indians’ life on the plains
1. Allowed them to hunt buffalo, etc. with “meat, hides,
bones, and sinew
2. Made commercial trade possible with surplus
3. Greatest effect to fight the Europeans!
Sheep
Came with Columbus in 1493
1. More vulnerable to predators thus multiplied more slowly
2. Wool was basis of first American factories:
1. Mexican textile mills with forced Indian labor
2. 1571-New Spain had 80
4. Carried diseases that decimated llamas and alpacas
Goat
Often went wild on islands
Donkeys & Mules
Burro a popular beast of burden
1. Never as plentiful as horses
2. Large mule ranches did exist
Camels
Never popular; extinct in New World by 1615
Jock Webb, 8A
History
Mr Woodgate
1. Killed for food by escaped slaves
Black rat
Carrier of bubonic plague and typhus
1. Stowaway on ships coming to colonial ports
2. New to Bermuda, literally ate colonists out of house and home
and almost destroyed colony
The Columbian Exchange:
Foods from the New World
Avocado
(alligator pear)
Tree fruit native to tropical America and rich in protein
Beans
Staple food crop. Many new varieties of nutritional legumes.
1. Maize, squash, & beans formed 3-fold food basis of the MesoAmerican civilization
2. Soybean from East single most important food variety
Chile Pepper
Source of paprika and hot seasonings, etc.
Cocoa
Beans of Cacao Tree dried, shelled, & roasted for chocolate flavor
1. Has as much as 20% protein, 40% carbohydrate, 40% fat
2. Mixed with milk to form beverage with caffeine-like effect
Guava
White or yellow fruit the size of an orange
1. Source of jellies and preserves.
Maize (corn)
Staple food crop grown for human and livestock consumption. Currently
largest crop in the U.S.A.
1. Will grow in land too dry for rice and too wet for wheat
2. Valuable for its high yield per unit of land
3. Valuable for its short growing season
Manioc (cassava)
Staple food crop. Nutritional root 2 ft long and 6” in diameter
1. Chief source of tapioca (mostly starch and some vitamins)
2. Resistant to drought and pests
3. Extremely high yield in soil too poor for any other crop.
Jock Webb, 8A
History
Mr Woodgate
Papaya (pawpaw)
Tree fruit can weigh 20 pounds
Peanuts
Legume originated in South America
Pineapple
Fruit originated South America with 1/3 crop grown in Hawaii
Potato
Staple food crop. Starchy tuber originated in the Peruvian Andes,
brought to Europe in the 16th c., then to N.A. in the 18th
1. Produces higher yield of food per unit of land than wheat or
any other grain
2. Grows well in tiny plots of poor land at high altitude
Pumpkin
Gourd related to squash
Squashes
Gourd related to pumpkin with summer and winter varieties
Sweet Potato
Staple food crop is a root vegetable produced by a trailing herb.
1. High yields equal 3-4 times that of rice
2. Tolerant of poor soils and resists drought
3. Important second food crop in rice lands like Indonesia
Tomato
Fruit of a vine-like herb
1. valuable as source of minerals and vitamins A and C
2. Europeans originally believed it to be poisonous!
Appendix 3 retrieved from :
https://umdrive.memphis.edu/hkhoustn/public/H-2010-Handout-ColumbianExchange-entire.doc
Jock Webb, 8A