Upper Row Farm, Blacklands.
The samian ware.
Archive Report, 2001-5.
Christine James
Rosemary Lewis
Phil Rowbotham
Peter Webster
Edited by
Phil Rowbotham & Peter Webster
2007
1
Introduction
The samian catalogued here derives from excavations by the Bath and Camerton
Archaeological Society, at Upper Row Farm, Blacklands (their site no.15303)
under the direction of Jayne Lawes.
The samian was excavated over the period 2001-2005. The listing is divided by site
area and stratigraphic context. All pieces which can be classed as more than a chip of
samian, have been given a numeric reference number and have been reported upon in
numeric sequence below. It is assumed that continuing excavations will yield more
samian which will need to be added into this listing in due course. This catalogue is,
therefore, designed to be used as a working archive only. Any final report will
require more summary treatment of the collection and upon the identification of
stratigraphically significant groups.
2
The Roman Villa and Area A/B.
Context 101. Fifty four sherds including four of decorated ware.
101.1
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. In the centre of the floor is part of a
potter’s stamp reading VS[ ]. c AD150-190.
101.2&3.
(Also 101.9). Form 36, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c. A.D.120-190.
101.4.
Form 18/31R, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c. A.D.120-160.
101.5.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c. A.D.120-150.
101.6.
Form 18/31 or 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c,.A.D.120-190.
101.7&8.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
101.9.
Form
36,
Central
Gaul,
Lezoux.
The
sherd
joins
with
101.2&101.3(above) to form almost half of the footring, floor and
lower sides of the cup. c.A.D.120-190.
101.10.
Form 18/31 or 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
101.11.
Form 31R, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.160-200.
101.12.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-150.
101.13.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.150-190.
101.14.
The footring from a rouletted dish or bowl, form 18/31R or 31R,
Central Gaul, Lezoux. 2nd century.
101.15.
Bowl,
Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. A small section of the
side of a dish, which is possibly part of the same vessel as 121.1
below. Probably c.A.D.100-120.
101.16.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. 2nd century.
101.17.
Form 18, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. c.A.D.70-90.
101.18.
Probably form 18/31, Central Gaul:-Lezoux. c.A.D.120-150.
101.19.
Form 18/31 or more probably 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Probably
cAD150- 190.
101.20.
Form 18/31 or more probably 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Probably
150-190.
101.21.
Form 18/31, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. Late 1st or early 2nd
century.
3
101.22.
Form 15/17R or 18R or 18/31R. South Gaul, La Graufesenque. 1st or
early 2nd century.
101.23.
Probably form 18, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. 1st century.
101.24.
Form Curle 15, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c. A.D.120-150.
101.25.
Form 42, Central Gaul, Lezoux. 2nd century. A small section of the
strap handle of the cup/dish, which is possibly part of the same vessel
as 101.26(below).
101.26.
Form 42, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Possibly part of the same vessel as
101.25(above).2nd century.
101.27.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
101.28.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
101.29.
Bowl or plate footring, burnt,
South Gaul, La Graufesenque.
c.A.D.70-110.
101.30.
Form 18/31 or 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. A small section of the rim of
the dish which is possibly part of the same vessel as 101.31&101.33
below.
101.31.
c.A.D.120-190.
Form 18/31 or 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Possibly part of the same
vessel as 101.30 &101.33. c.A.D.120-190.
101.32.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
101.33.
Form 18/31 or 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Possibly part of the same
vessel as 101.30 & 101.31 above. c.A.D.120-190.
101.34.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul. A very small section of the floor of a vessel
carries part of the potter’s stamp ]ERCLO[, of Paterclus of Les
Martres-de-Veyre. Cf. Terrisse 1968, Pl.LIII; Holbrook & Bidwell
1996, 54, 175. c.A.D.100-125.
101.35.
Form 42, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. The sherd joins with
438.2 (below) to form a quarter section of the rim and side of the
cup/dish at the point where the strap handle was fitted. c.A.D.100-120.
101.36.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Mid-Late 2nd century.
101.37.
Form 35 variant, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. A small section
of the side of Vernhet’s Service B, no.1 (cf. Bémont & Jacob 1986,
99). Possibly part of the same vessel as 101.40&101.45 (below). Early
2nd century.
4
101.38.
Form 18/31. Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly part of the
same vessel as 101.44 below. Early or early-mid 2nd century.
101.39.
Form 33. Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
101.40.
Form 35 variant, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. A small section
of the rim of Vernhet’s Service B, no.1 (cf. Bémont & Jacob 1986, 99)
possibly part of the same vessel as 101.37 & 101.45.
Early 2nd
century.
101.41.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Early-Mid 2nd century.
101.42.
Form Curle 11, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. Mid–Late 1st century.
101.43.
Bowl, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Early-Mid 2nd century.
101.44.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly part of the
same vessel as 101.38 above. Early-Mid 2nd century.
101.45.
Form 35 variant, Central Gaul, Les Martre-de Veyre. A small section
of the side of Vernhet’s Service B, no.1 (cf. Bémont & Jacob 1986,
99), and possibly part of the same vessel as 101.37 & 101.40 above.
Early 2nd century.
101.46.
Probably form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Early-Mid
2nd century.
101.47.
Form 18/31, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. c.A.D.90-110.
101.48.
Form 18/31R, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. c.A.D.90-110.
101.49.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190
101.50.
Bowl footring, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c A.D.120-190.
101.51
Bowl base, possibly form 38, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Probably
Antonine.
101.52.
Form 30 footring, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D. 120-190.
101.53.
Form 37, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. A small section of
footring which joins with 426.5 below. c.A.D.100-120.
101.54.
Form 37, Central Gaul, Lezoux. A very small decorated portion of the
bowl showing a zig-zag line border, a small circle and part of a figure.
Early/Mid 2nd century
5
101.55
Form 37, Central Gaul, Lezoux. A portion of the lower side of the
bowl shows decoration divided by a vertical wavy line border with a
rosette terminal (Rogers 1974, C,278) over-stamping a solid basal
guideline.
The panel decoration shows from left to right:a)
What appears to be the tail and wing of a large bird (probably
an eagle O.2163) facing left and stamped over the vertical
border.
b)
A crane, (O.2197).
The crane appears on a signed piece ascribed by Rogers to Geminus
(Rogers 1999, Pl. 44,4). However, the signature, as Brian Hartley has
pointed out (pers.comm.), appears to be that of the potter identified as
Silvio (c.f. S&S, Pl. 90,4).
c.A.D. 125-150.
101.
The context also included the following small fragments:
South Gaulish: Form 18/31 (late 1st early 2nd century)
Central Gaulish, Les Martres-de-Veyre: 1 small fragment.
Central Gaulish, Lezoux: 2 bowl fragments; 4 fragments.
Context 121. Two sherds including one of decorated ware.
121.1.
Form 18/31 or 18/31R, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly
part of the same vessel as 101.15 above. c.A.D.100-120.
121.2.
Form 30, upper wall, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Early 2nd
century.
Context 122. Three sherds.
122.1
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
122.2-3.
Form 45, Central Gaul:-Lezoux. c AD 170-200.
Context 135. One sherd.
135.1
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Probably c.A.D.120-190.
6
Context 136. One sherd.
136.1.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-150.
Context 155 Four sherds.
155.1.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Possibly part of the same vessel as
155.2, 156.2 & 156.4 below. c.A.D.150-190.
155.2.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Possibly part of the same vessel as
155.1, 156.2 & 156.4. c.A.D. 150-190.
155.3.
Form:-33. Central Gaul:-Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
155.4.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
Context 156 Fifteen sherds.
156.1.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Possibly part of the same vessel as
155.1, 155.2 and 156.4. c.A.D.150-190.
156.2.
Form 18/31 or 18/31R, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-160.
156.3.
Form 18/31R or 31R, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-200.
156.4.
Form 18/31or 18/31R, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Possibly part of the same
vessel as 155.1, 155.2 & 156.2 above. c.A.D.120-160.
156.5.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
156.6.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-150.
156.7
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.150-190.
156.8.
Form 18/31 or 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
156.9-156.15. Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. The seven sherds join to comprise
over half the dish.
A stamp in the centre of the floor reads
OSBIMANVS, (Osbimanus of Lezoux). The form suggests that the
vessel was stamped in the earlier part of his production period. Cf.
Holbrook & Bidwell 1991, 49, 64; Jackson & Potter 1996, 124, 61.
c.A.D.150-180.
Context 157. Two sherds.
157.1.
Form 27, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. c.A.D.70-110.
157.2.
Form 18/31, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. c.A.D.90-110.
7
Context 161. Fourteen sherds including nine of decorated ware.
161.1.
Form 31R, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.160-190.
161.2.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
161.3.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre.
Probably
c.A.D.100-125.
161.4.
Form Curle 11, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Probably c.A.D.120-150/
161.5.
Form 37, rim, Central Gaul, Lezoux. 2nd century.
161.6.
Rim, possibly of form 30 or 37, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Probably
c.A.D.150-190.
161. 7-9.
Form 37, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Three non-joining sherds which are
possibly part of the same vessel as 161.10-161.014, below. c.A.D.160180.
161.10-14.
Form 37. Central Gaul:-Lezoux. Five large decorated sections of the
rim and side of the bowl are joined to form two larger portions
(161.10-11) and (161.12-14) of the same vessel. The small fragments
161.7-9 above also possibly form part of the same vessel.
An ovolo frieze (Rogers 1974, B223) as used by Casurius (S&S
Pl.136, 44) surmounts the panel decoration in his style on both
portions. The decoration is divided by large horizontal and vertical
beaded borders.
The panel decoration shows from left to right:161.12-14:
a)
A festoon (Rogers 1974, F59) containing a bird (O.2239) is
suspended from an astragalus (S&S, Pl. 135, 35), which is itself
attached to the beaded border; cf. S&S, Pl.134, 24 & 28.
b)
S-shaped gadroons, Rogers 1974, U151; cf. S&S, Pl.136, 44-6.
c)
A leaf, Rogers 1974, H 68; cf. S&S, Pl.136, 46.
161.10&161.11 show panels a and b only.
c. A.D. 160-180.
8
Context 163. One sherd of decorated ware (see below).
163.1.
Form 37. Central Gaul:-Les Martres-de-Veyre. A very small wall
sherd shows decoration of festoons (Rogers 1974, F70) suspended
from what is probably an astragalus and separated by a pendant. The
festoon is used by a number of Trajanic potters but the overall design
suggests X-8, its most prolific exponent (cf. S&S, Pl. 28, 330, 332 &
333; Pl. 29, 348 & 350; Pl. 31, 366; Pl. 32, 374; and Pl. 34, 402, but
especially, Pl.27, 324). c.A.D.100-120.
Context 169. One sherd.
169.1.
Bowl, Central Gaul, Lezoux. 2nd century.
Context 195. Four sherds including one of decorated ware.
195.1.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.150-190.
195.2.
Form 31. Central Gaul. Lezoux. c.A.D.150-190.
195.3.
Form 35 variant; a fragment of Vernhet’s Service B 1 (possibly part of
the same vessel as. no.101.37 above); Central Gaul, Les Martres-deVeyre. Probably c.A.D.100-125.
195.4 .
Form 37, rim fragment, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre.
c.A.D.100-120.
Context 253. Three sherds.
253.1 – 2.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Two sherds from the floor of the
bowl, both with the edge of a potter’s mark. They possibly form part
of the same vessel as 264.2 below. Probably 2nd half of 2nd century.
253.3.
Cup, Central Gaul, Lezoux. 2nd century.
Context 255. One sherd.
255.1.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-150.
Context 259. Three sherds.
259.1 - 2.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
259.3.
Form 27, Central Gaul. c.A.D.120-150.
9
Context 262. One sherd.
262.1.
Probably part of the floor of form 18/31 or 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux.
c.A.D.120-190
Context 264. Nine sherds.
264.1.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100120.
264.2.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Possibly part of the same vessel as
253.1 & 253.2 above. c. A.D.150-190
264.3-9.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. The seven sherds join to form the base
of the cup with a stamp reading MARTII.O, of Martius of Lezoux. Cf.
McWhirr, Viner & Wells 1982, Fiche C08, S26. c.A.D.150-180.
Context 269. One sherd.
269.1.
Form 31 or 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
Context 280. One sherd.
280.1.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c AD.120-150.
Context 300. One sherd.
300.1.
Form:-27. Central Gaul:-Lezoux. Part of the base with a potter’s
stamp reading CRACVN[ ], of Cracuna of Lezoux; cf. Frere 1972,
Fig.81, 69 & p.243, S69; McWhirr, Viner & Wells 1982, Fiche C08,
S.10. c.A.D.130-150.
Context 312. Two sherds.
312.1.
Form 18/31 or 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
312.2.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
Context 325. One sherd.0
325.1
Bowl, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
Context 326. One sherd.
10
326.1.
Form 42, Central Gaul, probably Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably
c.A.D.100-125.
Context 328. One sherd of decorated ware (see below).
328.1.
Form 37,
South Gaul, La Graufesenque. A section of the rim and
upper wall shows an ovolo with three pronged terminals surmounting a
poorly impressed horizontal wavy line border with a rosette terminal.
Mid/late 1st century.
Context 330. Fourteen sherds.
330.1-5.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux, burnt. c.A.D.120-190.
330.6.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-150.
330.7-9, 330.11, & 330.14.
Form 18/31 or 18/31R, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Five joining sherds.
c.A.D.120-160.
330.10.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-150.
330.11.
See 330.7-9 above.
330.12.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
330.13.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-150.
330.14.
See 330.7-9 above.
Context 331. One sherd.
331.1.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
Context 332. Six sherds.
332.1.
Bowl, probably form Curle 11, South Gaul, La Graufesenque.
c.A.D.70-110.
332.2.
Form 27, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D. 100125.
332.3 - 4.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
332.5.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D. 100125.
11
332.6.
Form 31, Central Gaul. c.A.D.150-190.
332.7.
Form 27, Central Gaul, probably Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably
c.A.D.100-125.
Context 333. Two sherds.
333.1.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.150-190.
333.2.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux, burnt. c.A.D.150-190.
Context 335. Two sherds, including one of decorated ware.
335.1.
Form 27, South Gaul, La Graufesenque, burnt. c.A.D.70-110.
335.2
Form 37, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. An ovolo frieze with threepronged terminals (cf. Mees 1995, Taf.135, 18) surmounts panel
decoration divided by wavy lines borders. The large panel contains a
stag (O. 1746) with, to the left, a ‘tree’ with fronds ending in striated
twists. Below the stag is a small panel containing stylised grass. The
style would suit Calvinus (Mees 1995, Taf.19, 10), M.Crestio (Mees
1995, Taf.48, 4), Germanus III (Mees 1995, Taf.79, 12) or Mercator
(Mees 1995, Taf.133, 5). The latter also uses leaf points and twisted
leaves as decorations as well as the stag. Mid/Late 1st century.
Context 341. Two sherds.
341.1.
Form Curle 11, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably
c.A.D.100-125.
341.2.
Form 27, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. c.A.D.70-110.
Context 343. One sherd.
343.1.
Form 67. South Gaul:-La Graufesenque. A small decorated section
shows a single extant ovolo with circular terminals to the tongue over
decoration divided by horizontal and vertical wavy line borders. The
extant panel contains two arms of a saltire surrounding a doubkle leaf
and ‘flower’ design similar, but not identical, to Knorr 1919, Tb., 12,
top centre right, Webster 1987, H6. No.D21 in the working catalogue
of the Hermet-Rey Collection in the Musée Fenaille Rodez compiled
12
by the Anglo-French team working at La Graufesenque shows a
similar design attributed to Germanus. Hermet (1934, Pl. 86, 14)
illustrates a similar leaf on a form 37. Flavian.
The Gatehouse and Area C.
Context 402. Eight sherds including one of decorated ware.
402.1.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.150-190.
402.2.
Cup, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100-125.
402.3.
Form 33,
Central Gaul, Lezoux. Possibly part of the same vessel as
405.6 below. c.A.D.120-190.
402.4.
Bowl, Central Gaul. 2nd century.
402.5.
Form 18/31, South Gaul, La Graufesenque joining 415.6 & 415.7
below. c.A.D.90-110.
402.6.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre.
Probably
c.A.D.100-125.
402.7
Form 37, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. A small wall sherd
which is possibly part of the same vessel as 404.8, 404.9 & 404.10
below. Panel decoration is divided by a vertical wavy line border. To
the left is a leaf cross (Rogers 1974, L1) used by Igotacus and others,
cf. S&S, Pl.17, 213 & 215. c.A.D.100-120.
402.8.
Form 37, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. A basal sherd shows
wreath of bifid leaves, (Rogers 1974, G370), used by the Potter of the
Rosette, X-8, X-11 and X-13. c A.D.100-120.
Context 404. Ten sherds including three of decorated ware.
404.1
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly part of the
same vessel as 404.7, 411.4, 411.9, 411.11 & 414.1 below. Probably
c.A.D.100-125.
404.2.
Form 42, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-150.
404.3.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre joining with 415.9
below. c.A.D.100-125.
404.4.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.160-190.
13
404.5.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-150.
404.6.
Bowl, Central Gaul, Lezoux. 2nd century
404.7.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly part of the
same vessel as 404.1, 411.4, 411.9, 411.11 & 414.1. Probably
c.A.D.100-125.
404.8.
Form 37, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. A wall sherd which is
is possibly part of the same vessel as 402.7, 404.9 & 404.10 shows
panel decoration divided by a wavy line border with an indistinct
terminal at the top, possibly the beaded cup, Rogers 1974, U62 used by
Igotacus and Drusus I (cf.S&S, Pl. 17, 213 & 215). To the left is a leafcross with a rosette at the centre (Rogers 1974, L1). To the right small
figure on a pillar holding a mask above his head (O.730).The overall
style is that of Igotacus (cf. S&S Pl. 17, 213-5). c.A.D.100-120.
404.9.
Form 37, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly part of the
same vessel as 402.7, 404.8 and 404.10.
A small sherd shows a
portion of the ovolo Rogers 1974, B37 used by Igotacus and Drusus I.
c.A.D.100-120.
404.10.
Form: 37, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly part of the
same vessel as 402.7, 404.8 & 404.9 above. A small sherd shows a
single rosette, Rogers 1974, C280, and a very small section of a wavy
line border, cf. S&S, Pl. 17, 209. c.A.D.100-120.
Context 405. Eight sherds.
405.1-3.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. An almost complete
dish bearing an incomplete stamp reading MEDDETI[ ] of Medditus of
Les Martres-de-Veyre; cf. Terrisse 1968, Plate L, 111. c.A.D.100-120.
405.4.
Form 42, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre joining with 415.1-3 and
427.4 below. Probably c.A.D.100-125.
405.5.
Form 15/17,
Southern Gaul, La Graufesenque, joining 427.1-3 and
430.1-3 (below) to form approximately half the plate.
Probably
Flavian.
405.6.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Possibly part of the same vessel as
.402.3 above. c.A.D.120-190.
14
405.7.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre, joining 415.11
below. Probably c.A.D.100-125.
405.8.
Cup, possibly form 27,
South Gaul, La Graufesenque. Probably
c.A.D.70-110.
Context 406. Three sherds, including one of decorated ware.
406.1.
Form Curle 11; an early import from Central Gaul, Lezoux. The fabric
has a notably yellow shade with a light orange slip. Samian was
produced at Lezoux in a number of usually micaceous fabrics in the
first and early second centuries before the start of the main exporting
period. Possibly Flavian.
406.2.
Form 33, Central Gaul. 2nd century.
406.3.
Form 37, Central Gaul, Lezoux. joining 415.19 below. An ovolo frieze
of Rogers 1974, B28 (S&S, Fig.17, 1) used largely by the Quintilianus
group surmounts panel decoration divided by wavy line borders over a
solid basal line. The vertical borders are crossed near the centre by an
astragalus (Rogers 1974, R66) and have rosette terminals (cf. S&S, Pl.
70, 18) at both top and bottom.
The panel decoration shows from left to right:a)
The edge of the vine scroll, Rogers 1974, M5.
b)
A large beaded circle, Rogers 1974, C8, S&S, Fig.17, 18,
beneath which is a lozenge, Rogers 1974, U28, S&S, Fig.17,
21.
c)
A pedestal design, Rogers 1974, P80, S&S, Fig.17, 10, with the
triton, O.25, on top (as S&S, Pl.69, 9).
The elements are all used by the Quintilianus Group; cf. S&S, Pl.69, 9
(pedestal, triton, lozenge, astragalus) and Plk.69, 14 (vine scroll).and
this is in their style (cf. S&S, Pls.68-73, Rogers 1999, Pl.92-97).
c.A.D.125-150.
Context 408. Eight sherds including three of decorated ware.
408.1.
Form
18/31,
Central
Gaul:-Les
c.A.D.100-125.
15
Martres-de-Veyre.
Probably
408.2.
Form 27, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
408.3.
Form Curle 11, Central Gaul, Lezoux, joining 415.5 below. Probably
Hadrianic.
408.4.
Bowl, Central Gaul, Lezoux. 2nd century.
408.5.
A large bowl, probably Curle 11, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. A
section of a previously repaired vessel which has broken along the five
rivet holes. Flavian or Trajanic.
408.6.
Form 37, South Gaul, La Graufesenque.
A large section of the
footring and floor of the bowl, but with only three very small portions
of the solid basal line below the remaining below two rosettes and a
leaf. c.AD.70-110.
408.7.
Form 37, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Panel decoration is
separated by both horizontal and vertical wavy line borders.The extant
panel shows a portion of a festoon containing a crane (O. 2196) used
by potters X-9 (S&S, Pl.29, 353) and X-12 (S&S, Pl.40, 470)
c.A.D.100-120.
408.8.
Form 37, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. A small fragment
shows panel decoration divided by a vertical wavy line border. To the
right is a soldier’s kilt and legs, probably O.157 used by a number of
potters including Drusus I, X-2 and X-8. c.A.D.100-120.
Context 411. Twenty-three sherds including eight of decorated ware.
411.1.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Part of the base and footring of a
dish with part of a potter’s stamp reading PAVL[ ], of Paullus of
Lezoux. Cf. Frere 1972, Fig.82, 149 & p.256, S149. c A.D. 135-160.
411.2.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. c. A.D. 100-125.
411.3.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
411.4.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly part of the
same vessel as 404.1, 404.7, 411.9, 411.11, & 414.1. Probably c.A.D.
100-125.
411.5.
Form 15/17 or 18, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. Probably c.A.D. 6090.
16
411.6.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre.
Probably
c.A.D.100-125.
411.7.
A Plate, probably form 15/17 or 18 joining 411.10 below, South Gaul,
La Graufesenque. Probably c.A.D.60-90.
411.8.
Form 31R, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.160-200.
411.9.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly part of the
same vessel as 404.1, 404.7, 411.4, 411.11 & 414. Probably
c.A.D.100-125.
411.10.
Plate, probably form 15/17 or 18, joining 411.7 above, South Gaul, La
Graufesenque. Probably c.A.D.60-90.
411.11.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly part of the
same vessel as 404.1, 404.7, 411.4, 411.9, & 414.1. c.A.D.100-125.
411.12.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
411.13.
Form 18/31, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. Probably c.A.D.90-110.
411.14.
Form 32, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Late 2nd century.
411.15.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-150.
411.16-20.
Form 72. Central Gaul:-Lezoux. Five fragments, none joining, but all
probably part of the same vessel. 416.5 below may also belong to this
vessel. Mid/late 2nd century.
411.21.
Form 37, Central Gaul, Lezoux. An ovolo frieze of Rogers 1974, B213
(S&S, Fig.12, 2) used by Libertus and Butrio is separated from a
winding scroll design by a horizontal beaded border. The decoration
shows from left to right:a)
A panther (O.1570).
b)
A thick stem incorporating with an astragalus binding at its
middle running from the top left to the centre of the panel.
c)
A bird, possibly O.2294.
a)
A large seven pointed leaf, Rogers 1974, J4 used by Attianus
and X-13.
All the elements appear in S&S, Pl.50, 598 and are ascribed to
associates of potter X-13. c.A.D.120-145.
17
411.22.
Form 37,
Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre.
A rim fragment
showing a rivet hole just beneath the bead. Only a small portion
survives of the ovolo frieze of Rogers 1974, B37 used by Drusus I and
Igotacus. c.A.D.100-120.
411.23.
Form 37, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. A small fragment of
panel decoration shows a vertical wavy line border and an unidentified
type. c.A.D.100-120.
Context 412. Five sherds.
412.1.
Possibly form 36, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. c A.D.70-110.
412.2,& 4.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly joining
412.3 below. Probably c A.D. 100-125.
412.3
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly joining
412.2 & 412.4 above. . Probably c A.D. 100-125.
412.5.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c A.D.
100-125.
Context 414. Five sherds including two of decorated ware.
414.1.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly part of the
same vessel as 404.1, 404.7, 411.4, 411.9 & 411.11 above. Probably
c.A.D.100-125.
414.2.
Form 18, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. 1st century.
414.3.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.150-190.
414.4-5.
Form 37, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. Two joining wall sherds
show an ovolo frieze circular terminal to the tongue (cf. Dannell 1998,
No 124/2PPRLUTR attributed to Cosius). The decoration, divided
from it by a badly impressed wavy line border, shows abear, O.1611,
to the left and a plant to the right with a centre stem formed from the
leaf ornament, Knorr 1919, Tb, 7, centre (Webster 1987, C25; also
Knorr 1952, Taf.16, CosiRufi detail) and with tendril to the left and
right terminating in a leaf spray (Knorr 1952, Taf. 16, C). c.AD.70110.
18
Context 415. Twenty sherds including five of decorated ware.
415.1-3.
Form 42, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre, joining 405.4 & 427.4
Probably c. A.D.100-125.
415.4.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-150.
415.5.
Form Curle 11, Central Gaul, Lezoux, joining 408.3 above.
c.A.D.120-140.
415.6-7.
Form 18/31, South Gaul, La Graufesenque, joining 402.5 above. c
A.D.90-110.
415.8.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-150.
415.9.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre, joining 404.3 above.
Probably c.A.D.100-125.
415.10.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Probably c.A.D.150-190.
415.11.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre, joining 405.7 above.
Probably c.A.D.100-125.
415.12.
Bowl, Central Gaul, probably Lezoux. 2nd century.
415.13.
Form 18/31, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. c.A.D.90-110.
415.14.
Form 27, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. Probably c.A.D.70-110.
415.15.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
415.16-8.
Form 67, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. Three non-joining sherds from
the upper part of the jar are probably from the same vessel. c.A.D.70110.
415.19
Form 37, Central Gaul, Lezoux. A fragment joining 406.3 above
(q.v.). c.A.D.125-150.
415.20
Form 37. Central Gaul:- Les Martres-de-Veyre. The ovolo frieze of
Rogers 1974, B29 (S&S, Fig..6, 1) used by Drusus I and Igotacus lies
over panel decoration divided by wavy line borders.
The vertical
border terminates in a beaded cup, Rogers 1974, U62. To the right is
the mask from the composite, O.730, used by Igotacus (S&S, Pl.17,
207). c.A.D.100-120.
Context 416. Five sherds including one of decorated ware..
416.1.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. The floor has the edge of a potter’s
stamp. c.AD150-190.
416.2.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.150-190.
19
416.3.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.150-190.
416.4.
Form 31. Central Gaul, Lezoux. A small section of potters stamp
reading C[ remains. c. AD150-190.
416.5.
Form 72, Central Gaul, Lezoux. Probably part of the same vessel as
411.16-20 above. Mid/Late 2nd century.
Context 421. One sherd.
421.1
A small sherd, Central Gaul, Lezoux. 2nd century.
Context 426. Six sherds including two of decorated ware.
426.1-3.
Form 31. Central Gaul, Lezoux. Three sherds, all possibly part of the
same vessel. c.A.D.150-190.
426.4.
Bowl, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.120-190.
426.5.
Form 37 footring, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre, joining 101.36
above. . c.A.D.100-120.
426.6.
Form.37. Central Gaul. Lezoux.
A large square double-bordered
ovolo. There is no complete impression of the tongue which appears to
have been beaded. Probably Antonine.
.
Context 427. Seven sherds including one of decorated ware.
427.1-3.
Form 15/17, South Gaul, La Graufesenque joining 405.5 above and
430.1-3 below to form approx: half of the vessel. Probably Flavian.
427.4.
Form 42, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre joining 405.4 and 415.13 above to form over half the vessel. Probably c.A.D.100-125.
427.5-6.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
427.7
Form 37, Central Gaul, Lezoux. A basal section showing a winding
scroll over a beaded border. The extant decoration shows to the left a
five pointed leaf, Rogers 1974, J89 and, to the right, a leaf, probably
Rogers 1974, G203 , both of which were used by potter X-13; cf. S&S,
Pl.45, 518 & 527. Probably c.A.D.120-130.
Context 430. Three sherds.
20
430.1-3.
Form 15/17, South Gaul, La Graufesenque, joining 405.5 & 427.1-3
above to about half the vessel. Probably Flavian.
Context 431. One sherd.
431.1.
Form 31, Central Gaul, Lezoux. A section of floor showing a partial
stamp reading ]TIC.I..M (with the final two letters incomplete) of
Atticus of Lezoux (cf. Jackson & Potter 1996, 421, no.11).
c.A.D.150-170.
Context 438. Thirteen sherds including one of decorated ware.
438.1.
Form
42 Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly the same
vessel as 438.3 & 438.11 below. A stamp reading DONNAVCI is that
of Donnaucus of Les Martres and Lezoux. c.A.D. 100-120
438.2.
Form 42, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre, joining 101.36 above.
Probably c.A.D.100-125..
438.3.
Form 42,
Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly the same
vessel as 438.1& 438.11. Probably c.A.D.100-125.
438.4.
Bowl, Central Gaul. 2nd century. Possibly the same vessel as 438.7,
438.9 & 438.10 below. 2nd century.
438.5.
Form 42, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
438.6.
Form 36, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
438.7.
Bowl, Central Gaul. Possibly part of the same vessel as 438.4, 438.9
& 438.10. 2nd century.
438.8.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
438.9-10.
Bowl, Central Gaul. Two separate sherds, both possibly part of the
same vessel as 438.4 & 438.7 above. 2nd century.
438.11.
Form:-42. Central Gaul:-Les Martres-de-Veyre. Possibly part of the
same vessel as 438.1 & 438.3 above. Probably c.A.D.100-125.
438.12.
Form 42, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
21
438.13.
Form 37, Central Gaul, Lezoux showing part of a running animal.
c.A.D.120-190.
Context 440. Two sherds.
440.1.
Dish, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. Probably c.A.D.70-110.
440.2.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Lezoux. A section of the footring shows part
of a stamp reading DVPIV[ ], of Dupius of Lezoux (cf. Frere 1972, S.
115). c. A.D. 145-170
Context 441. Two sherds of decorated ware.
441.1.
Form 30, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. The lower wall of the bowl
shows panel decoration divided by wavy line borders. Panel decoration
contain, from left to right:a)
A lanceolate leaf which is similar to one used by Germanus; cf.
Dannell et al 2003, Germanus i, Taf.A12, 2974.
b)
A vertical panel of leaves.
c)
A saltire divided by wavy line borders. The lower quandral
includes a composite leaf design used by Germanus; cf. Hermet
1934, Pl.99, 8, Knorr 1919, Taf. 36, A & 38,P, Dannell et al
2003, Germanus i, Taf.A3, 0476.
The left hand quadrant
includes a leaf spray.
Probably. c.A.D.70-100.
441.2
Form 37, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. A lower wall fragment
shows panel decoration separated by vertical wavy line borders with
rosette terminals over a basal line. Panels shows, from left to right:a)
A male figure, probably the Hercules, O.753 as portrayed in
S&S, Pl.28,342-3.
b)
A twist, Rogers 1974, U103 used by a variety of Trajanic
potters.
c)
The rear of a hare, possibly O. 2057A.
22
The twist and the hare both appear in work attributed to potter X-9 (cf.
and S&S, Pl.29, 347-8, Pl.30. 355; Pl.31, 366; and S&S, Pl. 29, 353).
The Hercules appears in work attributed to X-8. c.A.D.100-120.
Context 448. One sherd.
448.1.
Form 18/31 or 18/31R, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D. 120-160.
Context 449. Two sherds.
449.1.
Form 18/31, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. c.A.D.90-110.
449.2.
Bowl or dish, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably
c.A.D.100-125.
Context 450. One sherd.
450.1.
Bowl, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
Context 459. One sherd.
459.1.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
Context 461. One sherd of decorated ware (see below).
461.1
Form 37, South Gaul, La Graufesenque. c.A.D.70-110.
Context 466. Five sherds.
466.1.
Form 36, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
466.2.
Form 18/31, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
466.3.
Form 27, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
466.4.
Cup, possibly form 27, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably
c.A.D.100-125.
466.5.
Form 33, Central Gaul, Les Martres-de-Veyre. Probably c.A.D.100125.
23
Context 471. Two sherds.
471.1.
Cup, possibly form 27, Central Gaul, Lezoux, burnt. cAD120-150.
471.2.
A small fragment of flange from form 36 or Curle 11, Central Gaul,
Lezoux. Probably c.A.D.120-160.
Context 474. One sherd.
474.1.
Bowl, Central Gaul, Lezoux. c.A.D.120-190.
DISCUSSION
The following discussion is necessarily of an interim nature as excavations continue
on the site and could easily affect overall conclusions. Nevertheless with around 200
vessels represented, divided fairly evenly between the Villa/A/B area and the
Gateway and area, it would seem profitable to look generally at the collection.
The information in the catalogue above has been summarised in four tables. Table 1,
lists vessels by form and source within the two areas. The figures given are intended
to represent the maximum number of vessels present. So pieces certainly from or
likely to be from the same vessel are counted as one. There will, of course, be cases
of doubt. It is likely that some pieces from the same vessel are scattered through
several contexts and have not been detected and this needs to be born in mind when
drawing conclusions. However, the maximum vessel count should provide use with a
means of getting an overview of what is (and is not) present in the two areas and
allow us to make comparisons between them.
24
Table 1. Blacklands samian by form and source
It is clear from Table 1 that vessels from Central Gaul far outweigh all others. Even
allowing for the fact that rural sites are usually less well provided with samian in the
first century than later, the numbers of South Gaulish pieces on either site is
sufficiently low to suggest, either a reduced level of occupation or activity which did
not intensify until late in the century. We will consider this matter later when
considering the general dating of our pieces. By contrast, the pieces from Les Martres
are comparatively high, especially when one considers that the centre was exporting
mainly (though not exclusively) in the first quarter of the second century. Lezoux
pieces, however, dominate with a range of forms which spread right across the
century.
We can examine the material chronologically in another way. In the catalogue we
have attempted to give all pieces a date range, although, inevitably, this has
sometimes had to be a generalised one. By treating each vessel as a unit and dividing
that unit evenly across its date range, we can accumulate information which can be
presented in the form of histograms (Tables 2-3 below).
These treat each area
separately and give a general view of vessel loss per half decade and thus of the
intensity of activity on each site. The Villa/A/B area clearly gives no indication of
occupation in the pre-Flavian period and a slight indication of increasing activity
across the Flavian. The Gateway area, by contrast has slight indication of earlier
activity (but only slight) and fairly even loss across the Flavian period. On both sites,
the sudden increase in activity in the first decades of the second century is very
apparent and remarkable given the general tendency for many sites to show a decrease
in samian importation at this time (cf. Marsh 1981, p.191 for some comparable
histograms). On both sites, the early 2nd century burst of activity is followed by a
fairly even level of vessel loss, greater on the Villa area than the gateway but
otherwise consistent with continuous activity on or near the sites across the remainder
of the second century (and presumably beyond into the period after major samian
importation).
25
Tables 2-3. Vessel Loss per half decade.
Our tables thus show a consistent pattern and are all remarkable is showing a burst of
activity involving vessels of the period A.D.100-125. The most likely explanation for
this is that this period saw major building in both areas with freshly broken vessels
dumped for levelling and then sealed by buildings. The more even periods of vessel
loss in the later 1st and mid-late 2nd century are more likely to represent casual
accumulation of rubbish from occupation on or near the sites.
Something of the character of the occupation at Blacklands can be determined by
looking at the samian forms in a way which reflects their function. In Table 4 below,
we have divided the vessels listed in Table 1 into decorated (i.e. mould decorated) and
plain wares and further divided the plain ware into classes.
This reveals that
decorated ware formed just below 12% of the samian from the Villa/A/B site and a
surprisingly much higher 20% in the Gateway area but the higher Gateway total calls
for some explanation when the site is considered generally. Both are probably within
the range to be expected on a rural civilian site, although the numbers of Les Martres
pieces are noticeably high in comparison to South Gaulish or Lezoux pieces on both
sites.
The plain wares are possibly more revealing.
All the forms present (with the
exception of the 35 variant are fairly standard ones. One might suspect that they were
being used as table ware as one might expect more of the mortarium forms (45, Curle
23 etc.) had samian kitchen ware been in vogue on the site. The number of smaller
dishes is noticeably low also, presumably suggesting a cuisine presented on plates and
bowls rather than in small side dishes. Cups, too, although present in some numbers
seems slightly under-represented in comparison to the bowls and plates and it may be
that drinking vessels in other material made up this deficiency.
Overall the collection is notable for its lack of range. Only the common forms are
present and not even all of those. One might perhaps expect the late forms like 31R
and 45 to have been accompanied by 79/80.
26
Table 4. Blacklands samian by form, source and class.
In general, the samian reveals a site of limited wealth utilising samian across a period
from the Flavian until the cessation of Central Gaulish imports, probably at the end of
the second century. Third century East Gaulish pieces are absent, but, given the
considerably lower level of East Gaulish importation into Britain and its general
dearth in the West of the country, this probably signifies little. Hopefully, further
excavation at Blacklands can add detail to the patterns suggested above, or indeed
alter them by the addition of new data.
PVW
24.iv.07
27
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