The Study on Jargons and Words
Constructions Used by Waria malang
Joni Susanto
Lecturer of STIBA MALANG
Afit
Graduate of STIBA MALANG
Abstract: The researchers’ focus of study is Waria language
used by the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang). In
Waria’s language, the researchers found many jargons which
common people do not know or understand in term of
meaning. In this thesis, the researchers presents two
problems, namely a). What kinds of jargons used by Waria
in Malang especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria
Malang)? b). How the jargons are constructed by Waria in
Malang especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria
Malang)?
In conducting this study, the researchers applies descriptive
qualitative research. In the data collecting, they applied
some steps, namely: (1) going to some areas where the
Waria do an activity as an observation of location, (2)
attending the Waria’s events to commemorate the
HIV/AIDS day in Terminal Arjosari – Malang, (3) following
Waria’s activities in Stasiun Kota Baru Malang at night, (4)
attending a demonstration which involves some Warias to
commemorate Anti Madat day in Alun – Alun Balaikota
Malang, (5) conducting informal interview with informants
in some days, (6) conducting in dept interview with
secretaries of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) to get
significant information as the researchers need, (7) recorded
it and making notes during their observation and interview,
(8) crosschecking the data from in depth interview with
recorded and notes.
Based on the finding and interpretation, the researchers draw
conclusion that the jargons used by Waria in Malang are
236
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 237
borrowed from Indonesian, Javanese and English but they
change the form by adding prefixes or/and suffixes. The
meanings of those borrowing words also change. There is no
specific rule or pattern in creating the words of jargon. The
researcher suggests to the future researchers conduct a
sociolinguistics study on slang, code switching, code mixing
and others.
Key words
: jargons, word construction, IWAMA
(Ikatan Waria Malang)
INTRODUCTION
Language is an important thing in daily life. As
human being who live in society, people need language to
communicate with each other. Language plays an
important role to create relation among countries in the
world. People can express their feeling, opinions, ideas,
and emotion by using language. According to Sapir (in
Lyons 1921:8) states that “language is a purely human
and non instinctive method of communicating ideas,
emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produce
symbols”. In order to know and understand a language,
we should master that language well. Comrie (Encarta
2006) says that “language is the principal means used by
human beings to communicate with one another and
primarily spoken, although it can be transferred to other
media, such as writing”.
People need a means to communicate with other
people in society. It is called language. Language and
society have close relationship, but every society has their
own language. A society may not know or understand
other languages. The study of language in relation to
238
society is called sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is the
study of the effect of any and all aspects of society,
including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on
the way language is used, and the effects of language use
on society (Wikipedia).
Sociolinguistics is the study of patterns and
variations in language within a society or community. It
focuses on the way people use language to express social
class, group status, gender, or ethnicity, and it looks at
how they make choices about the form of language they
use (Eastman and Longyear, Encarta 2006).
Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that
the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on
the language, while the latter's focus is on the language's
effect on the society.
There are several languages used in Malang, such
as Indonesian, Javanese, Madurese and others languages.
But there is some language that is unknown by common
people but still spoken by some association or community
in Malang. There are several communities or groups in
Malang which have their own languages. They are
Aremania (Arema Football Club), IGAMA (Ikatan Gay
Malang), IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) and others.
Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282), “jargon is
words used to describe the special terms of a professional
or trade group”. Jargon’s vocabulary sometimes unknown
by outsiders and used by certain groups. Different groups
have different jargon. For example, Waria in Malang have
their own diction to communicate each other. It is a
language that unpopular to talk in common society but
used only by Waria in Malang. The language used by
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 239
IWAMA is almost same with the language used by
IGAMA.
The object to do this research is Waria which are
the member of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang)
surrounding at Stasiun Kota Baru Malang. The researcher
is interested to analyze the language used by Waria
because in general, Waria is a man who dressed and
behave like a woman, which has double personality,
sometimes man and sometimes a woman who speak in
unique language and unknown by common people. We
also can say that Waria is a woman’s soul who is trapped
in the man’s body. In this case, the researcher would like
to analyze words by focusing in sociolinguistics study
especially jargon and words constructions.
Waria creates the words from the combination of
Indonesian, Javanese, Madurese and also Malangese
language. Sometimes they create some words
spontaneously and it used by all Waria continuously.
They used Waria language in order to other people
doesn’t know what they are talking about and they want
to have special identity in the society. Waria language is
non-formal language used by Waria in Malang like
language variety in different diction, phrase, abbreviation,
intonation, pronunciation, and grammar.
PROBLEMS OF THE STUDY
Based on the background of the study above about
the jargon words used by Waria in Malang especially the
members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang), the
researcher formulate the following problems of the study:
240
1. What kinds of jargons used by Waria in Malang
especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria
Malang)?
2. How the jargons are constructed by Waria in
Malang especially the members of IWAMA
(Ikatan Waria Malang)?
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Based on the problem of the study above, this
study is intended to:
1. describe the jargon used by Waria in Malang
especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria
Malang).
2. describe an understanding on the jargon
constructions used by Waria in Malang especially
the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang).
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research is expected to be a beneficial
contribution for the researcher to increase her knowledge
and understanding about sociolinguistics study especially
jargon which is used by Waria in Malang. It also may
give advantages for student of STIBA Malang as a
reference to understanding about jargon used by IWAMA
(Ikatan Waria Malang). On the other hand, the researcher
expects that this research will give beneficial to develop
study about the same topic and hoping that it will give
some information to the readers who are interested in
studying about jargon used by Waria in Malang
(IWAMA).
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 241
KEY TERMS
To avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding, the
researcher will describe some key terms existing in this
study.
1. Cant
Cant, sometimes defined as false or
insincere language, also (like argot) refers to the
jargon and slang used by thieves and beggars and
the underworld (Redmond, Encarta 2006).
2. Creoles
A pidgin comes to be adopted by a
community as its native tongue, and children learn
it as a first language, that language is called a
creole (Fromkin and Rodman, 1978: 270).
3. Colloquial
Colloquial is a linguistic phrase that is
characteristic of or only appropriate for casual,
ordinary, familiar, and/or informal written or
spoken conversation, rather than for formal
speech, standard writing, or paralinguistic
(Wikipedia).
4. Jargon
Jargon (language) is vocabulary used by a
special group or occupational class, usually only
partially understood by outsiders. (Redmond,
Encarta 2006)
5. Pidgin
242
6.
7.
8.
9.
Pidgin is a variety specially created for the
purpose of communicating with some other group,
and not used by any community for
communication among themselves (Hudson, 1981:
61).
Slang
Slang is one of those things (words) that
everybody can recognize and nobody can define
what the word exactly is if one does not belong to
the community who uses the slang words (Robert,
1985: 51).
Sociolect
A sociolect or social dialect is a variety of
language (a dialect) associated with a social group
such as a socioeconomic class, an ethnic group, an
age group, etc (Wikipedia).
Speech Community
Speech community is all the people who
use a given language (or dialect) (Lyons, 1970:
326).
Waria/Transgender
Waria is a man who dresses and behaves
like a woman; he has double personality,
sometimes a man and sometimes a woman
(Wikipedia).
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Theoretical Review
1. Sociolinguistics
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 243
Hudson (1987: 1), “sociolinguistics as the study of
language in relation to society. It is similar to the meaning
of sociology of language that “the study of society in
relation to the language.” Sociolinguistics has become a
recognized part of most courses at university level on
‘linguistics’ or ‘language’, and is indeed one of the main
growth points in the study of language, from the point of
view of both teaching and research.
Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any
and all aspects of society, including cultural norms,
expectations, and context, on the way language is used,
and the effects of language use on society. It also studies
how language varieties differ between groups separated
by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status,
gender, level of education, age, etc., and how creation and
adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals
in social or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a
language varies from place to place (dialect), language
usage varies among social classes, and it is these
sociolects that sociolinguistics studies. (Wikipedia)
Downes (1984: 19) says that “sociolinguistics is a
branch of linguistics which studies those properties of
language which require social explanation. The social
explanations are of two main types: first, they involve
large-scale social settings. Second, they involve smallscale conversational settings”.
The conclusion of Wisniewski (in Finch 1998 and
Yule 1996), “sociolinguistics is a quickly developing
branch of linguistics which investigates the individual and
social variation of language. Just as regional variation of
language can give a lot of information about the place the
speaker is from, social variation tells about the roles
244
fulfilled by a given speaker within one community, or
country”.
According to Wisniewski there are numerous
factors influencing the way people speak which are
investigated by sociolinguistics:
 Social class: the position of the speaker in the
society, measured by the level of education,
parental background, profession and their
effect on syntax and lexis used by the speaker;
 Social context: the register of the language
used depending on changing situations, formal
language in formal meetings and informal
during meetings with friends for example;
 Geographical origins: slight differences in
pronunciation between speakers that point at
the geographical region which the speakers
come from;
 Ethnicity: differences between the use of a
given language by its native speakers and
other ethnic groups;
 Nationality: clearly visible in the case of the
English language: British English differs from
American English, or Canadian English;
 Gender: differences in patterns of language use
between men and women, such as quantity of
speech, intonation patterns;
 Age: the influence of age of the speaker on the
use of vocabulary and grammar complexity.
The basic usage of language is as a means of
communication. An important factor influencing the way
of formulating sentences in communication is according
to sociolinguists the social class of the speakers. Social
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 245
structure may influence or determine the linguistic
structure and behavior.
2. Language Varieties
Hudson (1981: 24) concludes that “what makes
one variety of language different from another is the
linguistic items that it includes, so we may define a
variety of language as a set of linguistic items with similar
social distribution. A variety may be much larger than a
lay ‘language’, including a number of different
languages”.
Hudson also states (1981: 25) “the defining
characteristic of each variety is the relevant relation to
society – in other words, by whom, and when, the items
concerned are used”.
Akmajian, et al (1981: 177) say “no human
language can be said to be fixed, uniform, unvarying: all
language, as far as anyone knows, show internal variation
in that actual usage varies from speaker to speaker”.
Languages constantly undergo changes, resulting
in the development of different varieties of the languages.
In sociolinguistics a variety, also called a lect, is a form of
a language used by speakers of that language (Wikipedia).
Language varieties different from standard language that
is taught in school, these are jargon, pidgin, creols, slang,
dialect and other. These varieties have their own
vocabulary, grammatical rules and the way to pronounce
words.
2.1. Bilingualism
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Bilingualism is mastery of two
languages. A person is bilingual if he or she
knows two languages; a document or
message is bilingual if it is presented in two
languages. Bilingual education is teaching
students in both their native language and the
primary language of the culture. (Encarta
2006)
Base on Yule (1996: 185), “in such
situation, bilingualism, at the individual
level, tends to be a feature of the minority
group. In this form of bilingualism, a
member of a minority group grows up in one
linguistic community, primarily speaking
one language such as Gaelic, but learns
another language, such as English, in order
to take part in the larger, dominant, linguistic
community”.
People in many parts of the country
have mastered two or more languages. A
person may control one language better than
another, or a person might have mastered the
different languages better for different
purposes, using one language for speaking,
for example, and another for writing.
2.2. Speech Community
Hudson (1981: 25) states that “the
term speech community is widely used by
sociolinguistics to refer to a community
based on language, but linguistic community
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 247
is also used with the same meaning. If
speech communities can be delimited, then
they can be studied, and it may be
impossible to find interesting differences
between communities which correlate with
differences in their language”.
Lyons as quoted by Hudson (1981:
25), “speech community is all the people
who use a given language (or dialect)”.
According to Hockett as quoted by
Hudson (1981: 26), “each language defines a
speech community: the whole set of people
who communicate with each other, either
directly or indirectly, via the common
language”.
Gumperz as quoted by Hudson
(1981: 26), “the speech community: any
human aggregate characterized by regular
and frequent interaction by means of a
shared body of verbal signs and set off from
similar aggregates by significant differences
in language use”.
Hudson quoted from Bloomfield
(1981: 26) states that “a speech community
is a group of people who interact by means
of speech”.
Hudson quoted from Labov (1981:
27) says that “the speech community is not
defined by any marked agreement in the use
of language elements, so much as by
participation in a set of shared norms, these
norms may be observed in overt types of
248
evaluative behavior, and by the uniformity of
abstract patterns of variation which are
invariant in respect to particular levels of
usage”.
Speech community is a concept in
sociolinguistics that describes a more or less
discrete group of people who use language in
a unique and mutually accepted way among
themselves (Wikipedia).
Speech community is group with
shared language: a group that includes all the
speakers of a single language or dialect.
They
may
be
widely
dispersed
geographically (Encarta Dictionary Tools).
Speech communities can be members
of a profession with a specialized jargon,
distinct social groups like high school
students or hip hop fans, or even tight-knit
groups like families and friends. Members of
speech communities will often develop slang
or jargon to serve the group's special
purposes and priorities.
2.3. Diglossia
In linguistics, diglossia refers to the
use by a language community of two
languages or dialects: the first is the
community's present day vernacular; the
second may be an ancient version of the
same language, or a distinct yet closely
related present day dialect (Wikipedia).
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 249
Downes quoted from Ferguson
(1984: 55) states that:
“diglossia is a relatively stable language
situation in which, in addition to the primary
dialect of the language (which may include a
standard or regional standard), there is a very
divergent,
highly
codified
(often
grammatically more complex) superimposed
variety, the vehicle of a large and respected
body of literature (written) either of an
earlier period or in another speech
community, which is learned largely by
formal education and is used for most
written and formal spoken purposes but is
not used by any sector of the community for
ordinary conversation”.
According to Fishman as quoted
from Hudson (1981: 55) also “extends the
term diglossia to include any society in
which two or more varieties are used under
distinct circumstances”.
“Ferguson examines four defining
cases where diglossia obtains; there are
Switzerland, Haiti, Greece and Arab. In
German, speaking standard German is High
variety while Low variety is Swiss German.
In Haiti, the L is creoles and the H is French.
In Greek, classical Greek is L and Dhimotiki
is H. in Arab, H is classical Arabic while the
L is colloquial Arabic” (Hudson, 1981: 56).
250
Diglossia can be refers to a situation
where two different varieties of language cooccurs throughout a speech community, each
with a distinct range of social function. In
diglossia there are High (H) or super
ordinate variety and Low (L) or colloquial
variety. High variety as used on formal
occasion and in education as his first
language, since Low variety at home as a
mother tongue.
2.4. Code Mixing and Code Switching
Code-mixing refers to the mixing of
two or more languages or language varieties
in speech (Wikipedia).
Code-switching is a linguistics term
denoting the concurrent use of more than one
language,
or
language
variety,
in
conversation. Multilingualism is people who
speak more than one language - sometimes
use elements of multiple languages in
conversing with each other. Thus, codeswitching is the syntactically and
phonologically appropriate use of more than
one linguistic variety (Wikipedia).
Base on Hudson (1981: 62),
“situational code switching is the situation
type will predict which variety a speaker will
employ. Whether a speaker situationally
code switched or not further depends on the
orientation of value of the particular sub-
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 251
group of the community to which he
belongs”.
While, “metaphorical code switching
is the use of the variety alludes to the social
values it encodes, but is otherwise
inappropriate to the situation in which it is
uttered” (Hudson 1981: 64).
Code mixing may occur within
multilingual setting where speakers share
more than one language in a sentence.
Nearly all bilingual children produce
utterances that combine two or more
language in a speech. It happened because
children may have limited vocabulary, they
may know a word in one language but not in
another.
The
term
of
code-switching
emphasizes
a
multilingual
speaker's
movement from one grammatical system to
another. Speakers practice code-switching
when they are each fluent in both languages.
Code-switching is understood as the socially
and grammatically appropriate use of
multiple varieties.
2.5. Style
Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 271),
“… your language is “spoken differently” in
the different parts of the world; dialects are a
common phenomenon. But you may not
aware that you speak two or more “dialect”
252
of your language. When you are out with
your friends, you talk one way; when you go
on a job interview, you talk differently.
These “situations dialect” are called style”.
In Wikipedia, stylistics is the study of
varieties of language whose properties
position that language in context, and tries to
establish principles capable of accounting for
the particular choices made by individuals
and social groups in their use of language.
People change their language in
different
situations.
In
formal
communication such as in a meeting, people
use standard language and informal
communication (talking with friends), people
use non standard language. Other features of
style include the use of dialogue, the
language of advertising, politics, religion,
individual authors, etc. In other words, they
all have ‘place’ or are said to use a particular
'style'.
2.6. Slang
Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282)
suggest, “slang may not be used in formal
papers or situations, but is widely used in
speech. They also state that one linguist has
defined slang as “one of those things that
everybody can recognize and nobody can
define”. The use of slang, or colloquial
language, introduces many new words into
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 253
the language, by recombining old words into
new meaning”.
Redmond (in Encarta 2006) states
that slang is informal, nonstandard words
and phrases, generally shorter lived than the
expressions of ordinary colloquial speech,
and typically formed by creative. The special
in-group speech of young people and of
members of distinct ethnic groups is
generally called slang, especially when it is
understood by outsiders.
Slang word is kind of language
occurring chiefly in casual and playful
speech, made up typically of short-lived
coinages terms for added raciness, humor,
irreverence or other effect. (American
Heritage Talking Dictionary, 1997).
Slang is a kind of language occurring
chiefly in casual and playful speech, made
up typically of short lived coinages and
figures of speech that are deliberately used in
place of standard terms for added raciness,
humor, irreverence or other effect
(www.thefreedictionary.com/slang).
Slang is highly informal language
that is outside of conventional or standard
usage and consists of both coined words and
phrases and of new or extended meanings
attached to established terms, slang develops
from the attempt to find fresh and vigorous,
colorful, pungent or humorous expression,
and generally either passes into disuse or
254
comes to have or more formal status
(Webster’s New World Dictionary).
Slang can called as informal or
nonstandard language that is used to
communicate by certain community in
certain situation such as in informal and
friendly conversation. The language they use
is
influenced by their profession,
community, age, hobby, social position, etc.
Slang often suggests that the person utilizing
the words or phrases is familiar with the
hearer group or subgroup and it can be
considered a distinguishing factor in group
identity. In order for an expression to
become slang, it must be widely accepted
and adopted by member of the subculture of
group. Slang has no society boundaries or
limitations as it can exist in all cultures and
classes of society as well as in all languages.
2.7. Jargon
Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282),
“jargon is words used to describe the special
terms of a professional or trade group.
Practically every conceivable science,
profession, trade, and occupation has its own
set of words, some of which are considered
to be “slang” and others “technical,”
depending on the status of the people using
these “in” words. Such words are sometimes
called jargon or argot”.
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 255
According to Fromkin and Rodman,
“many jargon terms pass into the standard
language. Jargon spread from a narrow
group until it is used and understood by a
large segment of the population, similar to
slang. Eventually, it may lose its special
status as either jargon or slang and gain
entrance into the respectable circle of formal
usage”.
Jargon (language) is vocabulary used
by a special group or occupational class,
usually only partially understood by
outsiders. The special vocabularies of
medicine, law, banking, science and
technology, education, military affairs,
sports, and the entertainment world all fall
under the heading of jargon (Encarta 2006).
Redmond (in Encarta 2006) also
explains that some writers reserve the term
jargon for technical language. In general,
however, slang is more casual and
acceptable to outsiders than jargon. Slang
and cant are more vivid than jargon, with a
greater turnover in vocabulary.
Jargon is an indispensable means of
communication within its own sphere, but it
is criticized when used unnecessarily in
everyday contexts, or to impress, intimidate,
or confuse outsider (Encarta 2006).
Jargon is terminology which is
especially defined in relationship to a
256
specific activity, profession, or group
(Wikipedia, free encyclopedia).
In the Contemporary English –
Indonesian Dictionary, jargon adalah kata
atau ungkapan yang digunakan khusus untuk
bidang tertentu (Jargon is words or phrases
used by certain field).
Jargon is the specialized vocabulary
and idioms of those in the same work,
profession, etc, as of sports writers or social
workers; as somewhat derogatory term, often
implying unintelligibility (Webster’s New
World Dictionary).
Jargon is technical language used and
developed by people who participate in a
special field, a group, profession / culture,
especially when the words and phrases are
not understood / used by other people. Every
occupation or specialized field has its own
vocabulary.
The term of jargon is applied chiefly
to the words and phrases that are used and
understood by people within a specific
profession or field of study but not by others
as in medical jargon, business jargon or
computer jargon. Examples of computer
jargon include the words RAM, bit, byte,
CPU, and hexadecimal.
2.8. Register
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 257
“The term register is widely used in
sociolinguistics to refer as ‘varieties
according to use’, in contact with dialects,
defined as ‘varieties according to user’ ”
(Hudson, 1981: 48).
In Wikipedia, registers are associated
with particular situations, purposes, or levels
of formality. A register (sometimes called a
style) is a variety of language used in
particular social setting. In linguistics, a
register is a variety of a language used for a
particular purpose or in a particular social
setting.
According to Comrie (in Encarta
2006) in additional to language varieties
defined in terms of social groups, there are
language varieties called registers that are
defined by social situation. In a formal
situation, for example, a person might say,
“You are requested to leave,” whereas in an
informal situation the same person might
say, “Get out!” Register differences can
affect
pronunciation,
grammar,
and
vocabulary.
The term of register was first used by
the linguist Thomas Bertram Reid in 1956,
and brought into general currency in the
1960s by a group of linguists who wanted to
distinguish between variations in language
according to the user (defined by variables
such as social background, geography, sex
and age), and variations according to use, "in
258
the sense that each speaker has a range of
varieties and choices between them at
different times". Register as language
variation defined by use not user.
Halliday as quoted by Hudson (1981:
49), “register distinguish three general types
of dimension: field is concerned with the
purpose and subject – matter of the
communication; mode refers to means by
which communication takes place – notably,
by speech or writing; and tenor depends on
the relations between participants. Field
refers to ‘why’ and ‘what’ a communication
takes place, mode refers to ‘how’ and tenor
refers to ‘whom’ “.
2.9. Pidgins and Creoles
Hudson (1981: 61) says that “a
pidgin is a variety specially created for the
purpose of communicating with some other
group, and not used by any community for
communication among themselves”.
Hudson states that “a pidgin which
has acquired native speakers is called a
creole language, or creoles, and the process
whereby a pidgin turns into a creole is called
“creolisation”.
Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282)
say that “the languages spoken by two or
more groups may be simplified lexically,
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 259
phonology, and syntactically to become a
pidgin”.
According to Fromkin and Rodman,
“one distinguish characteristic of pidgin
languages is that no one learns them as
native speakers. When a pidgin comes to be
adopted by a community as its native tongue,
and children learn it as a first language, that
language is called a creole; the pidgin has
become creolized”.
Comrie (in Encarta 2006) states that
a pidgin is an auxiliary language (a language
used for communication by groups that have
different native tongues) that develops when
people speaking different languages are
brought together and forced to develop a
common means of communication without
sufficient time to learn each other's native
languages properly.
A pidgin (pronounced /ˈpɪdʒɪn/)
language is a simplified language that
develops as a means of communication
between two or more groups that do not have
a language in common (Wikipedia).
A creole language, or simply a
creole, is a stable language that has
originated from a pidgin language that has
been nativized (that is, acquired by children)
(Wikipedia).
Creoles and pidgins develop as a
means of communication between members
of two mutually unintelligible language
260
communities. Both creoles and pidgins have
simple grammatical structures and limited
vocabularies. Moreover, the rules of creole
grammar remain uniform from speaker to
speaker, whereas pidgin grammar varies
among speakers. Pidgin as a mean of
communications between different native
speakers. Creole is language that began as a
pidgin but has become the native language of
a community.
3. Process of Word Formation
Process of word formation is a process of word
formation in which a new word is coined by removing a
real or imagined affix from an existing word (Encarta
2006). Yule (1985: 51), “… you can very quickly
understand a new word in your language and cope with
the use of different forms of that new word. This ability
must derive in part from the fact that there is a lot of
regularity in the word formation processes in your
language”. According to Yule, there are some words
formations:
3.1. Coinage
One of the least common processes
of word formation in English is coinage, that
is, the invention of totally new terms.
Familiar recent examples are Kleenex, Nylon
and Xerox, which also began as invented
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 261
trade names, and which have quickly
become everyday words in the language.
3.2. Borrowing
One of the most common sources of
new words in English is the process simply
labeled borrowing, that is, the taking over of
words from other language. Throughout its
history, the English language has adopted a
vast number of loan words from other
languages, including alcohol (Arab), boss
(Dutch) etc. Others languages, of course,
borrow terms from English, as can be
observed in Japanese use of rajio (radio).
Yule also suggests that “borrowing is the
taking over of words from other language”.
Other statement from Fromkin and
Rodman states that “borrowing as the
process by which one language or dialect
takes and incorporates some linguistics
element from another. Most language is
borrowed. Every language usually consists
of native words and nonnative words. And
finally it is called “loan word”, which is
borrowed from other language”.
A borrowing word or phrase is which
has been borrowed by one language from
another. A special type of borrowing is
described as loan translation. In this process,
there is a direct translation of the elements of
a word into the borrowing language.
262
3.3. Compounding
In some of those examples we have
just considered, there is a joining of two or
more separate words to produce a single
form. This combining process, technically
known as compounding, is very common in
languages such as bookcase, fingerprint,
waterfall, long-haired and wallpaper. As the
forgoing examples show, compounds may be
written as one word, as a hyphenated word,
or as two words.
3.4. Blending
This combining of two separate
forms to produce a single new term is also
present in the process called blending.
However, blending is typically accomplished
by taking only the beginning of one word
and joining it to the end of the other word.
Blending is the fusion of two words into one,
usually the first part of one word with the
past part of another, as in gasohol, from
gasoline and alcohol. Some other commonly
used examples of blending are brunch
(breakfast and lunch), motel (motor and
hotel) and smog (smoke and fog).
3.5. Clipping
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 263
The element of reduction which is
noticeable in blending is even more apparent
in the process described as clipping. This
occurs when a word of more than one
syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often in
casual speech. Clipping means cutting off
the beginning or the end of a word, or both,
leaving a part to stand for the whole. For
examples:
laboratory
becomes
lab,
gymnastic becomes gym, examination
becomes exam, and influenza becomes flu.
3.6. Back Formation
A very specialized type of reduction
process is known as backformation.
Typically, a word of one type (usually a
noun) is reduced to form another word of a
different type (usually a verb). A good
example of backformation is the process
whereby the noun television first came into
use and then the verb televise was created
from it. Back formation is an active source
of new words today. Other examples are edit
(from editor), donate (from donation), opt
(from option).
3.7. Conversion
A change in the function of a word,
as for example, when a noun comes to be
used as a verb (without any reduction) is
264
generally known as conversion. For example
is paper become papering, dirty become to
dirty, crazy become a crazy.
3.8. Acronyms
Some new words are formed from
the initial letters of a set of other words.
Acronyms is the process whereby a word is
formed from the initials or beginning
segments of a succession of words. These
acronyms often consist of capital letters, as
MP (military police or Member of
Parliament), UNESCO (United Nations
Educational,
Scientific
and
Cultural
Organization), radar (radio detecting and
ranging).
3.9. Derivation
Derivation is the forming of new
words by combining derivational affixes or
bound bases with existing words. Derivation
is achieved by adding affixes; there are
prefix, suffix, and infix. In the preceding
group of words, it should be obvious that
some affixes have to be added to the
beginning of a word, this is called prefixes.
Prefix is a linguistic element that is not an
independent word, but is attached to the
beginning of a word to modify its meaning.
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 265
For example, "un-" is a prefix meaning "not"
(Encarta Dictionary 2006).
The other affix forms are added to
the end of the word is called suffixes. Suffix
is a letter or group of letters added at the end
of a word or word part to form another word,
e.g. "-ly" in "quickly" or "-ing" in "talking"
(Encarta Dictionary 2006).
There is a third type of affix, not
normally to be found in English, but fairly
common in some other languages. This is
called an infix and as the term suggests, it is
an affix which is incorporated inside another
word. Infix is inserting a linking element
into a word. In the word "acidophilus," the
letter "o" is an infix (Encarta Dictionary
2006).
There is some adding of the process of
word formations based on Norman:
3.10. Echoism
Echoism is the formation of words
whose sound suggests their meaning, like
hiss and peewee. The meaning is usually a
sound, either natural like the roar of a
waterfall or artificial like the clang of a bell.
But the meaning may also be the creature
that produces the sound, like bobwhite.
Examples: moan, click, murmur, quack,
thunder, whisper, lisp, chickadee, bobolink.
266
In literary study it’s called onomatopoeia.
Echoism is a process by which the sound of
a vowel changes to imitate the sound of a
preceding vowel (in Encarta 2006).
3.11. Antonomasia
Antonomasia means the formation of
a common noun, a verb, or an adjective from
the name of a person or place.
Antonomasia is the use of a proper
name as a common noun to refer to
somebody or something with associated
characteristics, e.g. when a strong young
man is called "a Hercules" (Encarta
Dictionary 2006).
3.12. Reduplication
Reduplication is the process of
forming a new word by doubling a
morpheme, usually with a change of vowel
or initial consonant, as in tiptop, pooh-pooh,
hanky-panky.
Reduplication is repeating a vowel,
syllable, or word in order to create a new
linguistic element or word such as "wishywashy"
or
"goody-goody"
(Encarta
Dictionary 2006).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 267
Type of Research
Material which will be analyzed is a language
used by Iwama (Ikatan Waria Malang) in various
activities. This study is intended to gain deep description
on jargon used by Waria in Malang. To analyze the data,
the researcher used descriptive qualitative research.
According to Ary, et al (2002:442), “content or document
analysis is a research method applied to written or visual
materials for the purposes of identifying specified
characteristics of the material. Content analysis focuses
on analyzing and interpreting recorded material within its
own context”. Meanwhile, Ary, et al (2002: 422) say that
qualitative research is based on the argument that both the
natural and social sciences strive for testable and
confirmable theories that explain phenomena by showing
how they are derived from theoretical assumption.
Qualitative research is a method of inquiry
appropriate in many different academic disciplines,
traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market
research and further contexts (Wikipedia.com).
Data Source
The researcher took Waria especially the member
of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) as primary data source
since they speak unique language which common people
do not understand their utterance. Waria is a man who
dresses, speaks, walks and behaves like a woman who has
double personality, sometimes man and sometimes a
woman who speak in unique language and unknown by
common people. We also can say that Waria is a woman’s
soul who is trapped in the man’s body and they love man.
268
The secretariat office is located in Jl. Selat Sunda
V/D6-14 Perumnas Sawojajar – Malang. Period 2008 –
2010, the members of IWAMA is 60 persons. The
members of IWAMA are not only from Malang but also
from others area, such as Madura, Surabaya, Kediri, etc.
Waria language has different diction with common people
and unknown by others.
Data Collecting
To collect the data in this research, the researcher
do some observation. Ary et al (2002: 430) say that
“observation is the most basic method for obtaining data
in qualitative research. The most common method of
recording the data collected during observation is filed
notes”.
In order to get required data, the researcher
conducted the following steps. She observed the situation
whether it is possible or not to conduct a research. She
went to some areas where the Waria do an activity as an
observation of location. The researcher attended the
Waria’s event to commemorate the HIV/AIDS day in
Terminal Arjosari - Malang. They give out condom,
sticker and brochure to the driver and passengers in
Terminal Arjosari. And then she followed Waria’s
activities in Stasiun Kota Baru Malang at night. She did in
several times. Warias were searching men as customers to
making love and collects the money from them. The
researcher was attending a demonstration which involves
some Warias to commemorate Anti Madat day in Alun –
Alun Balaikota Malang. Warias help demonstrator to
distribute brochure to the people who pass by Alun-alun
Kota Malang. And the researcher met some Warias in
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 269
informal situation such as in their boarding house and
food court, she also met in formal situation with them like
in a seminar with ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS) in
Universitas Brawijaya. During her observation, she
recorded and making notes the jargon in the conversation
of Waria.
According to Ary et al (2002:434), “interview is
used to gather data on subjects’ opinion, belief and
feelings about the situation in their own words. Interviews
provide information that cannot be obtained through
observation”. The researcher make informal interview
with informants in some days, the purpose is to know the
language they used in informal situation and to know the
meaning of the words contextually.
The researcher also makes in depth interview with
secretaries of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) to get
significant information as the researcher need. She asked
him to speak in Waria language and recorded it. She did
an in depth interview in order to crosscheck the data with
the recorded and notes from the observation and informal
interview.
Credibility and Dependability
“Credibility of the data is related to validity, the
data should be answered of the problem statement.
Validity in qualitative research concerns the accuracy or
truthfulness of the findings based on the research design,
participant and context” (Ary, et al 2002:451). To check
the credibility of the data, the researcher checks it using
Triangulation technique. Triangulation is a technique to
check the accuracy and trustworthy of the data by
270
crosscheck activity. So, for the quality of the data, the
researcher applies theoretical triangulation technique by
crosschecking the data based on theories of Hudson
(1981: 1), Fromkin and Rodman (1978:282), Ary, et al
(2002: 422), and Yule (1985: 51).
Dependability of the data is related to the
reliability of the data, it means that the data should be the
same as the data which are obtained from informants. To
make the data accurate and trustworthy, in this case the
researcher makes field note, extends the time in collecting
the data, cross checks, and compared the data with what
are written in studied material so that the data collecting is
trustworthy and yet it can be investigated further.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed
and interpreted the data through several steps. First, she
listed the jargon words used by the members of IWAMA
(Ikatan Waria Malang). Second, she read the list of jargon
words. Next, she translated the jargons words into
standard Indonesian and English. And then, she analyzed
the jargon words, compare the data getting from
observation, informal interview, notes taking, and
recording. Next is classifying the words based on the
process of word formations. The last is draw conclusions.
FINDING AND INTERPRETATION
Data Description
In this chapter, the researcher would like to
discuss the problem by representing the result of data
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 271
analysis. She discusses the kind of jargon and words
construction of Waria language.
We know that the Waria use different language
and special words to communication. Waria use different
language in order to common people does not know they
are talking about. Generally they change the language
according to the situation, condition and people the talk
to. The researcher has collected the raw data as below:
1. List of Waria’s Jargon.
Table 1.1 List of Waria’s Jargon.
No Waria Language
Indonesian
1 Akika
Aku/Saya
2 Apese
Apa
3 Aides
AIDS
4 Adisi
Ada
5 Baruna
Baru
No Waria Language
Indonesian
6 Bengkulu
Belum
7 Brondong
Remaja Laki-laki
8 Bayangkara
Bayar
9 Bajangratu
Baju
10 Belimbing
Beli
11 Bences
Banci
12 Blekes
Belakang
13 Berenes
Berani
14 Belenjes
Belanja
15 Baigon
Baik
16 Bukes
Buku
17 Bukrena
Buka
18 Cucok
Cocok/Bagus
English
I
What
AIDS
To have
New
English
Yet
Boy
Pay
Cloths
Buy
Homosexual
Back
Brave
Shopping
Good
Book
Open
Beautiful
272
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
No
45
46
49
50
Carma
Candra
Cap cus
Cecong - cecong
Centon
Centong
Datrea
Diclatu
Duta
Departemen
Dompra
Dodong
Diamond
Ejes
Eyes
Ertong
Endul
Enjes
Etong-etong
Entrong
Gelanggang
Gilingan
Gedong
Gebse
Hepong
Harem
Waria Language
Hidangan
Hijrah
Ites
Ines
Cari
Ganteng
Cepat
Cuci
Cinta
Cantik
Datang
Dimaki maki
Duit/Uang
Depan
Dompet
Donor
Diam
Saja
Ayu/Cantik
Artis
Enak
Anjing
Hati Hati
Antar
Gelang
Gila
Besar
Pukul
Telepon genggam
Buruk/Bangsat
Indonesian
Hidung
Hujan
Itu
Ini
Looking for
Handsome
Fast/Quick
Wash
Love
Beautiful
Come
To revile
Money
Front
Wallet
Donor
Silent
Only
Pretty
Actress
Delicious
Dog
Be Careful
Accompany
Bangle
Crazy
Big
Beat
Hand phone
Bad gay
English
Nose
Rain
That
This
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 273
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
Jelita
Jahaka
Jenges
Jeget
Jali-jali
Jreng
Kendes
Klewong
Keseyong
Kenti
Kalangkang
Kesindang
Keces
Kelinci
Krembong
Kencana
Kursase
Lapangan
Lambreta
Lesbong
Leres
Lenterong
Lambada
Lekong
Lemse
Lenggesan
Mawar
Maskara
Mursida
Maharani
Majalengka
Jelek
Jahat
Jangan
Joget
Jalan - jalan
Oke
Kondom
Keluar
Kasihan
Alat kelamin laki2
Kalung
Kesini
Kaca
Kecil
Krimbat
Kencing
Kurus
Lapar
Lama
Lesbi
Lari
Tentara
Lambat
Laki laki
Lemari
Langganan
Suka
Masak
Murah
Mahal
Majalah
Ugly
Wicked
Do Not
Dancer
Stroll
Ok
Condom
Out
Pitiful
Penis
Necklace
Come Here
Mirror
Small
Cream bath
Urinate
Thin
Hungry
Long
Homosexual
Run
Soldier
Slow
Man
Cupboard
Costumer
Like
Cook
Cheap
Expensive
Magazine
274
82
83
84
85
No
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
Mēlem
Mengges
Metong
Merong2
Waria Language
Meblong
Mbok
Nduk
Nepsong
Nyenyes
Nyebong
Nolse
Nyepse
Narita
Nyengnyong
Ngantang
Ngejes
Nenges
Orbit
Odhes
Pecong
Pendekar
Pelecong
Peges
Pakarena
Pyur
Panadol
Polonia
Polesong
Paramek
Ramayana
Malam
Night
Minggu
Sunday
Mati
Dead
Marah marah
Angry
Indonesian
English
Mobil
Car
Panggilan waria yg tua
Old sister
Panggilan waria yg muda Young sister
Nafsu
Desire
Nyanyi
Singing
Melacur
Prostitute
Nulis
Write
Menyapu
Sweep
Narik
Pull
Mencuri
Stole
Ngantuk
Sleepy
Mengajak
To invite
Nangis
Cry
Obat
Medicine
Odha
People infected by HIV AIDS
Pacar
Boyfriend or Girlfriend
Pendek
Short
Pelicin
Lubricant
Pagi
Morning
Pakai
Use/Wear
Pergi
Go
Panas
Hot
Pulang
Go home
Polisi
Police
Pantat rasa memek
Bottom with vagina taste
Ramai
Crowd
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 275
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
No
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
Ramse
Rapse
Reyes
Rexona
Rungkit
Sakina
Sepidol
Serong
Sparta
Santikan
Somse
Sense
Semse
Waria Language
Sepor
Sander
Sisat
Salonpas/Seles
Sipet
Sipa
Tasbe
Takara
Temong
Tinta
Titi DJ
Titi kamal
Tinurindang
Tingse
Tenges
Tengse
Torsina
Rampok
Rapat
Rayu
Rokok
Rumah
Sakit
Sepeda
Sering
Sepatu
Suntik
Sombong
Sendok
Semir
Indonesian
Sepi
Sandal
100 ribu
Salon
Mani
Laku
Tas
Takut
Tamu
Tidak
Hati hati di jalan
Hati hati kalau malam
Tidur
Tinggi
Tangan
Kalender
Tutup
Robber
Meeting
Flattery
Cigarette
House
Sick/Ill
Motorcycle
Often
Shoes
Injection
Arrogant
Spoon
Shoe polish
English
Quiet/Silent
Sandal
One hundred thou
Beauty salon
Sperm
Saleable
Bag
Afraid
Guest
No
Careful on your w
Please careful at n
Sleep
Tall
Hand
Calendar
Close
276
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
Tempong
Tetengges
Tempika
Teksong
Tubang
Titi puspa
Unta laut
Weker
Warior
Warse
Volse
Sodomia
Tetangga
Vagina
Taksi
Tua
Tidak puas
Hutang
Wig
Waria
Warung
Volly
Sodomy
Neighbor
Vagina
Taxi
Old
Not satisfied
Debt
Wig
Man
Small shop
Volley ball
2. Word Formation in Waria’s Jargon
2.1. Coinage Words
1) Baigon
Meaning
: Kind (Baik)
2) Reksona
Meaning
: Cigarette (Rokok)
3) Panadol
Meaning
: Hot (Panas)
These words are including coinage
word but already exist now. These are the
names of product. Waria use it to express
their feeling and change the meaning of
words, such as ‘baigon’. It is the mark of the
mosquito poison and Waria change the
meaning into ‘baik’.
2.2. Borrowing Words
2.2.1 Javanese Borrowing Words
1) Brondong
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 277
Meaning
: Young man
(Remaja laki-laki)
2) Candra
Meaning
: Handsome
(Ganteng)
3) Diclatu
Meaning
: To revile
(Dimaki-maki)
4) Gedong
Meaning
: Big (Besar)
5) Mbok
Meaning
: old sister. They use
it to call the older
Waria in their
community. (Kakak)
6) Nduk
Meaning
7) Sipet
Meaning
(Sperma)
8) Sepor
Meaning
or guest (Sepi)
9) Tempong
Meaning
(Sodomi)
: young sister. They
use it to call the
younger Waria in
their community.
(Adik)
: Sperm
: No people
: Sodomy
278
From the list above, the
researcher concludes that some of
Waria language is borrowing from
Javanese. They use Javanese words but
they change the meaning of the words.
For example ‘brondong’, in Javanese it
means ‘grains of corn fried’, but Waria
change the meaning into ‘young man’.
2.2.2
Indonesian Borrowing Words
1) Bayangkara
Meaning
: Pay
(Bayar)
2) Bajangratu
Meaning
: Cloths
(Baju)
3) Belimbing
Meaning
: Buy (Beli)
4) Bengkulu
Meaning
(Belum)
5) Duta
Meaning
(Duit/Uang)
6) Departemen
Meaning
(Depan)
7) Gilingan
Meaning
(Gila)
: Yet
: Money
: Front
: Crazy
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 279
8) Hidangan
Meaning
(Hidung)
9) Hijrah
Meaning
(Hujan)
10) Jelita
Meaning
(Jelek)
11) Karaoke
Meaning
with the mouth (Oral)
12) Kelinci
Meaning
(Kecil)
13) Kencana
Meaning
(Kencan)
14) Lapangan
Meaning
(Lapar)
15) Maskara
Meaning
(Masak)
16) Majalengka
Meaning
(Majalah)
17) Mawar
Meaning
18) Maharani
Meaning
(Mahal)
: Nose
: Rain
: Ugly
: Having sex
: Small
: Date
: Hungry
: Cook
: Magazine
: Suka (Like)
: Expensive
280
19) Pendekar
Meaning
(Pendek)
20) Polonia
Meaning
(Pulang)
21) Ramayana
Meaning
(Ramai)
22) Serong
Meaning
(Sering)
23) Spidol
Meaning
(Sepeda motor)
24) Titi Puspa
Meaning
satisfied (Tidak puas)
25) Tinta
Meaning
26) Weker
Meaning
(Rambut palsu)
: Short
: Go home
: Noisy
: Often
: Motorcycle
: Not
: No (Tidak)
: Wig
Waria language also borrows
from Indonesian language, but they
change the meaning of the words. Like
the word ‘belimbing’, it means ‘star
fruit’ but change the meaning into
‘buy’.
2.2.3
English Borrowing Words
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 281
1) Diamond
Meaning
(Diam)
2) Eyes
Meaning
(Ayu)
3) Warrior
Meaning
Transgender (Waria)
: Keep Silent
: Beautiful
:
Waria language not
borrowing from Indonesian
Javanenes, but also borrows
English. Waria use some English
in their communication but
change the meaning of words.
only
and
from
word
they
2.3. Blending Words
1) Paramek
Meaning
: bottom with vagina taste
(Pantat rasa memek)
Word form : Pa + ra + mek  Pantat
rasa memek
2) Somse
Meaning
: Very arrogant or conceited
(Sombong Sekali)
Word form : Som + Se  Sombong
Sekali
3) Titi DiJe
282
Meaning
: Please careful on the way
(Hati – hati di jalan)
Word form : Ti + ti + di + je  Hati –
hati dijalan
4) Titi Kamal
Meaning
: Please careful at night
(Hati – hati kalau malam)
Word form : Ti + ti + ka + mal  Hati
– hati kalau malam
Waria blend some words from names
of people and products, such as titi kamal
and paramek. They also change the lexical
meaning of those words.
2.4. Derivation
2.4.1 Suffix –es
1) Berenes
Meaning
(Berani)
Word form
nes
2) Belekes
Meaning
(Belakang)
Word form
kes
3) Belenjes
Meaning
(Belanja)
: Brave
: be + re +
: Back
: be + le +
: Shopping
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 283
Word form
jes
4) Bences
Meaning
Homosexual (Banci)
Word form
5) Bukes
Meaning
(Buku)
Word form
6) Celenes
Meaning
(Celana)
Word form
nes
7) Ites
Meaning
Word form
8) Ines
Meaning
Word form
9) Jenges
Meaning
(Jangan)
Word form
10) Kendes
Meaning
(Kondom)
Word form
11) Keces
Meaning
(Kaca)
: be + len +
:
: ben + ces
: Book
: bu + kes
: Trouser
: ce + le +
: That (Itu)
: I + tes
: This (Ini)
: I + nes
: Don’t
: Jeng + es
: Condom
: ken + des
: Mirror
284
Word form
12) Leres
Meaning
Word form
13) Mengges
Meaning
(Minggu)
Word form
14) Metes
Meaning
(Mata)
Word form
15) Meyes
Meaning
love (Main)
Word form
16) Nyenyes
Meaning
(Nyanyi)
Word form
17) Ngejes
Meaning
(ngajak)
Word form
18) Nenges
Meaning
(Nangis)
Word form
19) Odhes
Meaning
: ke + ces
: Run (Lari)
: le + res
: Sunday
: meng + ges
: Eyes
: me + tes
: Making
: me + yes
: Singing
: nye +nyes
: To invite
: nge + jes
: Cry
: neng + es
: People
infected by
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 285
Word form
20) Peges
Meaning
(Pagi)
Word form
21) Reyes
Meaning
(Rayu)
Word form
22) Seles
Meaning
salon (Salon)
Word form
23) Tenges
Meaning
(Tangan)
Word form
24) Tetengges
Meaning
(Tetangga)
Word form
es
HIV/AIDS
(ODHA)
: odh + es
: Morning
: pe + ges
: Flattery
: re + yes
: Beauty
: se + les
: Hand
: teng + es
: Neighbor
: te + teng +
From the list above, the
researcher concludes that some of
Indonesian words use by Waria in
Malang changes the vowel. The vowel
‘a’, ‘u’, ‘o’, and ‘i’ change become ‘e’
286
and the end of word is replace with
“es”.
2.4.2 Suffix – se
1) Apese
Meaning
: What (Apa)
Word form
: a + pe + se
2) Homse
Meaning
:
Homosexual (Homo)
Word form
: hom + se
3) Lemse
Meaning
: Cupboard
(Lemari)
Word form
: lem + se
4) Nolse
Meaning
: Write
(Nulis)
Word form
: nol + se
5) Nyepse
Meaning
: Sweep (
Nyapu)
Word form
: nyep + se
6) Ramse
Meaning
: Robber
(Rampok)
Word form
: ram + se
7) Rapse
Meaning
: Meeting
(Rapat)
Word form
: rap + se
8) Sense
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 287
Meaning
(Sendok)
Word form
9) Semse
Meaning
polishes (Semir)
Word form
10) Tinges
Meaning
(Tinggi)
Word form
11) Tengse
Meaning
(Kalender/Tanggalan)
Word form
12) Voles
Meaning
(Volly)
Word form
13) Warse
Meaning
(Warung)
Word form
: Spoon
: sen + se
: Shoe
: sem + se
: Tall
: ting + se
: Calendar
: teng + se
: Volley ball
: vol + se
: Shop
: war + se
These are the list of Indonesian
words using by Waria in Malang and
change in some part. The vowel ‘a’
becomes ‘e’ and vowel ‘u’ becomes
‘o’, but this pattern only use in certain
words. In the end of word is change
into ‘se’. Mostly, words with vowel ‘a’
288
not change into ‘e’, such as ‘warse’
from word ‘warung’ means ‘shop’.
Suffix – ong
1) Centong
Meaning
: Beautiful
(Cantik)
Word form
: cen + tong
2) Dodong
Meaning
: Donor
(Donor)
Word form
: do + dong
3) Gretong
Meaning
: Free
(Gratis)
Word form
: gre + tong
4) Hepong
Meaning
: Hand
phone (Telepon genggam)
Word form
: he + pong
5) Hemong
Meaning
: Male
homosexual/Gay (Homo)
Word form
: he + mong
6) Kelewong
Meaning
: Out
(Keluar)
Word form
: ke + le +
wong
7) Keseyong
Meaning
: Pitiful
(Kasihan)
2.4.3
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 289
Word form
yong
8) Krembong
Meaning
(Krimbat)
Word form
bong
9) Lekong
Meaning
– laki)
Word form
10) Lesbong
Meaning
homosexual (Lesbian)
Word form
11) Meblong
Meaning
Word form
12) Mekong
Meaning
(Makan)
Word form
13) Metong
Meaning
(Mati)
Word form
14) Nepsong
Meaning
(Nafsu)
Word form
15) Panjengjong
: ke + se +
: Cream bath
: krem +
: Man (Laki
: le + kong
: Female
: les + bong
: Car (Mobil)
: me + blong
: Eat
: me + kong
: Dead
: me + tong
: Desire
: nep + song
290
Meaning
: Long
(Panjang)
Word form
: pan +jeng
+ jong
16) Pecong
Meaning
:
Boyfriend/girlfriend (Pacar)
Word form
: pe + cong
17) Pelecong
Meaning
: Lubricant
(Pelicin)
Word form
: pe + le +
cong
18) Polesong
Meaning
: Police
(Polisi)
Word form
: po + le +
song
19) Pewong
Meaning
: Woman
(Perempuan)
Word form
: pe + wong
20) Temong
Meaning
: Guest
(Tamu)
Word form
: te + mong
21) Teksong
Meaning
: Taxi
(Taksi)
Word form
: tek + song
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 291
Waria
change
some
of
Indonesian words into their language
with adding by ‘–ong’ in the end of
word. Mostly, the vowel (‘a’, ‘o’ and
‘i’) changes into ‘e’ and adding by ‘–
ong’ in the end of word.
2.4.4
Suffix – ang
1) Endang
Meaning
(Enak)
Word form
2) Inang
Meaning
Word form
3) Kalangkang
Meaning
(Kalung)
Word form
kang
4) Kesindang
Meaning
(Kesini)
Word form
dang
5) Ngantang
Meaning
(Ngantuk)
Word form
tang
6) Gelanggang
: Delicious
: en + dang
: This (Ini)
: i + nang
: Necklace
: ka + lang +
: Come here
: ke + sin +
: Sleepy
: ngan +
292
Meaning
(Gelang)
Word form
gang
7) Tubang
Meaning
Word form
: Bangle
: ge + lang +
: Old (Tua)
: tu + bang
Besides adding by ‘–ong’, some
Waria words which is borrowing from
Indonesian also adding by ‘–ang’. The
vowel ‘u’ change into ‘a’.
2.4.5
Suffix ‘-na’ and ‘-rena’
1) Baruna
Meaning
: New (Baru)
Word form
: ba + ru +
na
2) Bukrena
Meaning
: Open
(Buka)
Word form
: bu + kre +
na
3) Pakarena
Meaning
: Wear/Use
(Pakai)
Word form
: pa + ka +
re + na
4) Sakina
Meaning
: Sick (Sakit)
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 293
Word form
: sa + ki +
na
Waria borrows from other
language and change it the construction
and meaning of the words. In the end
of these words are replace with ‘-na’ or
‘-rena’. The words adding by ‘-na’ or
‘-rena’
Prefix e- and suffix –es / -ong
1) Ejes
Meaning
: Only (Saja)
Word form
: e + jes
2) Enjes
Meaning
: Dog
(Anjing)
Word form
: en + jes
3) Ertong
Meaning
: Actress
(Artis)
Word form
: Er + tong
4) Entrong
Meaning
: Accompany
(Antar)
Word form
: Er + tong
Vowel ‘a’ in the beginning of
the word change into ‘e’, while ‘-ing’
in the end of the word change into ‘-es’
and ‘-is’ and ‘-ar’ change into ‘-ong’.
2.4.6
2.4.7
Infix ‘–e–‘ or ‘-a-‘
294
1) Aides
Meaning
Word form
2) Melem
Meaning
(Malam)
Word form
3) Jeget
Meaning
(Joget)
Word form
4) Santikan
Meaning
(Suntikan)
Word form
kan
: AIDS
: aid + e + s
: Night
: me + lem
: Dance
: je + get
: Injection
: san + ti +
From the list above, some
words used by Waria are infixing by
‘e’. ‘a’ and ‘o’ in the middle of these
words are change into ‘e’, while ‘u’
becomes ‘a’.
2.5. Echoism
1) Meong
Meaning
(Main)
: Making love
Word ‘meong’ is sound of cat using
by Waria in their language means making
love.
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 295
2.6. Reduplication
1) Cap cus
Meaning
2) Cecong – cecong
Meaning
3) Jali – jali
Meaning
jalan)
4) Merong – merong
Meaning
marah)
5) Nyengnyong
Meaning
(Mencuri/Nyuri)
6) Cumi – cumi
Meaning
7) Cipta – cipta
Meaning
pipi)
: Fast/quick (Cepat)
: Wash (Cuci – cuci)
: Stroll (Jalan –
: Angry (Marah –
: Steal
: Kissing (Ciuman)
: Kissing (Cium
From the list above the researcher
conclude that the reduplication word not
only repeated word but also repeated vowel
or consonant of the word.
2.7. Irregular words
1) Akika
Meaning
2) Adisi
Meaning
3) Cucok
Meaning
: I (Saya)
: Exist (Ada)
: Suitable (Cocok)
296
4) Carma
Meaning
5) Centon
Meaning
6) Datrea
Meaning
7) Dompra
Meaning
8) Endul
Meaning
9) Gebse
Meaning
10) Harem
Meaning
(Buruk/bangsat)
11) Jahaka
Meaning
12) Jreng
Meaning
13) Kenti
Meaning
laki – laki)
14) Kursase
Meaning
15) Lambreta
Meaning
(Lama)
16) Lenterong
Meaning
17) Lambada
Meaning
18) Lenggesan
: Search (Cari)
: Love (Cinta)
: Come (Datang)
: Wallet (Dompet)
: Delicious (Enak)
: Beat (Pukul)
: Rascal
: Wicked (Jahat)
: Ok (Oke)
: Penis (Alat kelamin
: Thin (Kurus)
: Long duration
: Soldier (Tentara)
: Slow (Lambat)
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 297
Meaning
: Customer
(Pelanggan)
19) Mursida
Meaning
: Cheap (Murah)
20) Ngesong
Meaning
: Having sex with
mouth (Oral)
21) Nyebong
Meaning
: Prostitute
(Melacur)
22) Narita
Meaning
: Pull (Tarik)
23) Orbit
Meaning
: Medicine (Obat)
24) Pyur
Meaning
: Go (Pergi)
25) Rungkit
Meaning
: House (Rumah)
26) Sparta
Meaning
: Shoes (Sepatu)
27) Sander
Meaning
: Sandal (Sandal)
28) Sepong
Meaning
: Having sex with
mouth (Oral)
29) Sicel
Meaning
: Trouser (Celana)
30) Sisat
Meaning
: One hundred
thousand (Seratus ribu)
31) Sipa
Meaning
: Saleable (Laku)
298
32) Tasbe
Meaning
33) Takara
Meaning
34) Tinurindang
Meaning
35) Tempika
Meaning
36) Torsina
Meaning
37) Unta laut
Meaning
: Bag (Tas)
: Afraid (Takut)
: Sleep (Tidur)
: Vagina (Vagina)
: Close (Tutup)
: Debt (Hutang)
These words are irregular word used
by Waria in Malang. Actually they have no
pattern to create a word. They just create it
spontaneously, unique and unknown by
common people.
2.8. Synonym Words in Waria Language
1) Celenes synonym with Sicel means
Trouser (Celana)
2) Inang synonym with Ines means This
(Ini)
3) Karaoke synonym with Ngesong and
Sepong means Having sex with mouth
(Oral)
4) Luna synonym with Luner means
Hooker (Pelacur)
5) Meyes synonym with Meong means
Making love (Main)
6) Pewong synonym with Pewi means
Woman (Perempuan)
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 299
7) Rambo synonym with Rambutan means
Hair (Rambut)
8) Tempra synonym with Tempong means
Sodomy (Sodomi)
9) Gretong synonym with Geretan means
Free (Gratis)
10) Makasar synonym with Mekong means
Eat (Makan)
11) Menina synonym with Mabar means
Drink (Minum)
12) Metong synonym with Mataram means
Dead (Mati)
13) Endang synonym with Endul means
Delicious (Enak)
14) Matador synonym with Metes means
Eyes (Mata)
15) Cumi-cumi synonym with cipta - cipta
means Kissing (Ciuman)
16) Peres synonym with Rumpi means Lie
(Bohong)
17) Hemong synonym with Homse means
Homosexual (Homo)
18) Panjengjong synonym with Pancasila
means Long (Panjang)
The list of these words has same
meaning in different word. Waria have no
pattern or rule to create a word.
2.9. The Use of Waria’s Jargon in Sentences
1. Lekong ines mawar mbek akika
Laki-laki ini suka sama saya
300
This gay likes me.
2. Adese ape ye datrea kesindang
Ada apa kamu datang kesini
Why you come here?
3. Pewong inang disangkakne luna
Perempuan ini disangka pelacur
He thinks this girl is a hooker
4. Akika takara polesong
Saya takut polisi
I am afraid of police
5. Jenges pyur ye
Jangan pergi kamu
Don’t go!
6. Pewi ines rambone pancasila
Wanita ini rambutnya panjang
This woman has long hair
7. Ye organda jahara sekeles
Kamu orangnya jahat sekali
You are very wicked
8. Akike centon semes ye
Saya cinta sama kamu
I love you
9. Ye sutra tinta centon akike
Kamu sudah tidak cinta saya
You don’t love me
10. Akike tinta mawar semes ye
Saya tidak suka sama kamu
I don’t like you
11. Akike tinta titik puspa semes ines
Saya tidak puas sama dia
I am not satisfied with him
12. Kawanua pakarena weker
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 301
Kamu memakai wig
You are wearing a wig
13. Akike lapangan bo’, ayo makasar
Saya lapar, mari makan.
I’m hungry, let’s eat
14. Akike belimbing hepong baruna
Saya beli handphone baru
I bought new hand phone
15. Akike tinta penyes unta laut
Saya tidak punya hutang
I have no debt
16. Ye mawar polonia? Titi dije ya
Kamu mau pulang? Hati-hati dijalan ya
Do you want to go home? Take care.
17. Ines ekes mawar polonia
Dia mau pulang sekarang
He will go home now
18. Pecongan candra sekeles, si ol
dimandeng?
Pacarmu cakep sekali, dapat dimana?
Your boyfriend is very handsome, where
you got him?
A. Result of Analysis
From the data description above, the researcher
conclude that Waria jargon have no certain pattern in
create words. Some of Waria jargon in Malang is
borrowing from Indonesian, Javanese and also English
but they change the meaning of those words. In Waria
jargon also has coinage word which already exists, such
as the name of product. Blending words from the name of
people and mark of medicine in Indonesian also used by
302
Waria in daily communication. For example, titi kamal
means hati – hati kalau malam (please take care on
night).
Waria’s jargon is formed by suffix: ‘-es’, ’-se’, ‘ong’, ‘-ang’, ‘-na’ or ‘rena’. These suffixes sometime
replace the end of the words. For example, ‘bukes’ come
from ‘buku’ means book. The vowel ‘a’, ‘u’, ‘o’, and ‘i’
change become ‘e’, the example, ‘pagi’ becomes ‘peges’
means morning. The vowel ‘u’ change into ‘a’, the
example is ‘kalangkang’ from the word ‘kalung’ meaning
necklace. In infixes, ‘a’ and ‘o’ in the middle of words are
change into ‘e’, while ‘u’ becomes ‘a’, such as ‘melem’
from ‘malam’ means night and ‘santikan’ from the word
‘suntikan’ means injection.
There are also some echoism, reduplication and
synonym words. Many irregular words used by Waria in
Malang. But there is no antonomasia, compounding
words, clipping words, acronyms, conversion, and back
formation found in Waria’s jargon.
Unfortunately, the jargon of Waria in Malang
especially the community of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria
Malang) cannot be stated that the jargon has a fix pattern.
It is happened because the process of creting the jargon’s
words are spontaneously and naturally without any
formulas.
B. Finding Interpretation
The finding of this discussion enriches the
comprehension toward Waria’s jargon used by the
member of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang). Based on the
data description and the result of study above the
researcher finally interprets that Waria’s jargon is
Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 303
borrowed from Indonesian, Javanese, and English words.
The words that are taken from other language are change
to fit into the language of the borrower. The changes from
original form to the loaned form are through that is
popularly called borrowing word adoption process. The
borrowing words are commonly changes the original
meaning.
The previous study enhances the knowledge
concerning with Gay’s slang in Gajayana Sport Hall
Malang about the contextual and social meaning, indeed,
this research enhances the knowledge about particular
terms used by Waria in Malang.
In conclusion, the research support the theories
that are applied or used, because the study uses the
theories to interpret the data and this study also accept
what previous study found.
CONCLUSION
The researcher concludes that every language
variety has its own characteristic. Waria also has their
own language which is different, unique and unknown by
common people. There are many kind of jargon used by
Waria in Malang and some the process of word formation.
The conclusions of this study are:
1. Waria’s jargons are borrowing from Indonesian,
Javanese and English word but they change the
meaning of the words.
a. Mbok
Meaning : old sister. They use it to call the
older Waria in their community.
(Kakak)
b. Nduk
304
2.
3.
4.
5.
Meaning : young sister. They use it to call
the younger Waria in their
community. (Adik)
c. Mawar
Meaning : Suka (Like)
d. Tinta
Meaning : No (Tidak)
e. Diamond
Meaning : Silent (Diam)
Some of Waria’s jargons constructed with ended
by suffix –es, -se, ong, -ang, -na, and –rena. The
suffixes are replacing the end of the words and
change the original meaning of the words. The
example are ‘belenjes’, warse’, ‘kelewong’,
‘kesindang’, ‘baruna’ and ‘pakarena’.
The vowel ‘a’, ‘u’, ‘o’, and ‘i’ change become ‘e’,
the vowel ‘u’ change into ‘a’. Some example of
this changing are ‘jenges’, ‘keces’, ‘kendes’, ‘ites’
and ‘kalangkang’.
The most jargons used by Waria in Malang are
irregular words. There is no rule or pattern in
creating the words.
Waria communicate use Waria’s jargon with the
same community of them. They use Indonesian
also Javanese when they communicate with
common people.
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