WOMEN DURING WORLD WAR I ERA & IN RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
I.WORLD WAR I ERA
1.INTRODUCTION
A.PROBABLY MOST NB EVENT OF 20TH C
B.PROBABLY WOULD NOT HAVE HAD WWII, RUSSIAN REVOLUTION,
COMPETITION & COLD WAR BETWEEN RUSSIA & U.S.
C.WAR, RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & ITS AFTERMATH HAD MAJOR
INFLUENCE ON WOMEN'S LIVES
D.WAR COMMONLY REGARDED AS ONE OF A LONG SERIES OF
STRUGGLES,
a.BEGINNING W/CHARLES V IN 16TH C. & PHILIP II OF SPAIN
b.& CONTINUING W/NAPOLEON & ENDING W/HITLER
E.TO ESTABLISH HEGEMONY OF 1 POWER OVER ALL EUROPE
F.WWI GREAT SHOCKER LIKE THE BUBONIC PLAGUE 1348
G.APPROX 10 MILLION MEN SHOT, BAYONETTED, GASSED OR BLOWN
TO PIECES
a.1/2 OF ALL MEN IN FRANCE 20-32 KILLED
b.RUSSIA SUFFERED QUARTER OF A MILLION CASUALTIES A
MONTH
(1)1,700,000 IN END
H.20 MILLION SERIOUSLY WOUNDED
a.EUROPE AFTER WAR FULL OF WOUNDED b.ARMLESS, LEGLESS, BLINDED, OR BROKEN-SPIRITED
c.MEN WHO COULD NEVER SEEM TO GET THEIR LIVES TOGETHER
AGAIN
I.5 MILLION WIDOWS CREATED
J.9 MILLION CHILDREN BECAME ORPHANS
K.10 MILLION BECAME REFUGEES
L.EUROPE BECAME AN ENORMOUS CAULDRON INTO WHICH MEN &
RESOURCES FROM ASIA, AFRICA & AMERICA WERE POURED.
M.1 NOTED HISTORIAN OF PERIOD CALLS YEARS PRECEDING WAR AS
"ROAD TO ARMAGEDDON"
N.& WAR ITSELF AS ARMAGEDDON
O.MANY SHOCKED EVEN FURTHER WHEN IN 1920 COLONEL REPINGTON
P.2 YEARS AFTER WAR ENDED
Q.ENTITLED HIS ACCOUNT OF THESE EVENTS THE FIRST WORLD WAR
a.BECAUSE IT PRESUPPOSED ANOTHER
R.WWI CHANGED FOREVER EUROPE'S DOMINATION OF THE WORLD
S.IT WIPED OUT THE CENTURIES-OLD DYNASTIES & RULING HOUSES OF:
T.& ESTABLISHED THE NEW COUNTRIES OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA,
HUNGARY, RUMANIA, YUGOSLAVIA
a.& POLAND WAS RESURRECTED
U.& EVENTUALLY TURKEY, SYRIA, LEBANON, IRAQ, IRAN
V.BUT AT BEGINNING OF WAR, ALL OVER EUROPE
W.MOST BELIEVED WAR WOULD SET THINGS RIGHT & EVEN MAKE LIFE
"BEAUTIFUL"
X.OUR MODERN SOCIETY TODAY CAME OUT OF THIS ERA
2.NUMEROUS LONG-TERM CAUSES
A.NATIONALISM
a.GERMANY'S PLAN TO BECOME WORLD POWER
2
B.MILITARISTIC VIEW THAT REGARDED WAR AS HEROIC
C.RIVAL ALLIANCE SYSTEMS
D.ARMAMENT RACE
E.IMPERIALISTIC RIVALRIES
F.ECONOMIC COMPETITION
G.MILITARISM/JINGOISM
H.WHEN WWI BROKE OUT IN AUGUST 19114
I.IT ENDED YEARS OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES
J.STRUGGLE FOR COLONIES AS SOURCES OF RAW MATERIALS &
MARKETS FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
a.HAD PITTED NATION AGAINST NATION
K.TO STRENGTHEN THEIR POSITIONS GOVERNMENTS HAD BUILT HUGE
FLEETS OF WARSHIPS
L.& INVESTED HEAVILY IN MILITARY ARMS
M.INCIDENTS ERUPTED IN ASIA, AFRICA & JUST BEFORE WAR IN
BALKANS
a.VERY CLOSE TO EUROPEANS AT HOME
N.IT WAS THERE IN JUN OF 1914 SERBIAN NATIONALISTS ASSASSINATED
HEIR TO HABSBURG THRONE & HIS WIFE
O.BESET LIKE OTHER COUNTRIES WITH INTERNAL CHALLENGES SUCH
AS
a.ANTI-SEMITISM
b.SOCIALISM
c.FEMINISM
P.AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE SUDDENLY DECIDED TO MEET THIS
PARTICULAR OUTBREAK WITH FORCE
Q.& DECLARED WAR ON SERBIA AT END OF JULY
R.BECAUSE OF SYSTEM OF ALLIANCES AMONG EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
WAR SPREAD
S.GERMANY, AUSTRIA, TURKEY & BULGARIA SOON AT WAR WITH
a.RUSSIA, FRANCE, BRITAIN & LATER ITALY
(1)U.S. CAME IN 3 YRS LATER
3.EARLY ROLE OF WOMEN IN WAR
A.IN BEGINNING PEOPLE THOUGHT IT WOULD BE SHORT WAR
B.HOME BY CHRISTMAS
C.& WOMEN LOST JOBS NOT RELATED TO MILITARY EFFORTS
a.30-40% WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT FELL
b.EVEN FARMS HAD TO SHUT DOWN FOR LACK OF MALE LABOR
D.BUT UNEMPLOYMENT CAUSED LITTLE STIR INITIALLY
E.GOVERNMENTS HAD MADE NO PLANS TO SHIFT WOMEN TO
PRODUCTION FOR MILITARY
F.OLDER MEN SUBSTITUTED FIRST IN MILITARY FACTORIES
G.IN GERMANY
a.NOT UNTIL 1915 DID WOMEN BEGIN SUBSTITUTING FOR MEN IN
HEAVY INDUSTRY
b.ONLY IN 1916 DID GERMANY GIVE SERIOUS ATTENTION TO USE
OF FEMALE LABOR
H.WHAT WAS NEW IN FIRST WORLD WAR FOR WOMEN
a.RELATIVELY WIDESPREAD FEELING THAT WOMEN'S
TRADITIONAL SUPPORT NOT ENOUGH
b.IN STRUGGLE WHICH DEMANDED MEN RISK THEIR LIVES
3
c.BUT ONLY IN ACCEPTED AREAS
(1)VAGUE WHAT THIS MEANT
I.PRIVILEGED WOMEN INSISTED ON ACTIVE PARTICIPATION
a.OFTEN OVER OBJECTIONS OF FAMILY
b.& MEN
J.DR. ELSIE INGLISS 1867-1917
a.OFFERED TO PROVIDE BRITISH ARMY WITH FULLY STAFFED
FEMALE MEDICAL UNITS
b.BUT REJECTED BY WAR OFFICE WITH WORDS
(1)MY GOOD LADY, GO HOME AND SIT STILL
c.SO SHE WENT TO BRITAIN'S ALLIES WHO ACCEPTED HER
SERVICES
d.BY 1917 SHE HAD
(1)ORGANIZED & ADMINISTERED 14 MEDICAL UNITS FOR
(a)BELGIAN, FRENCH, RUSSIAN & SERBIAN ARMIES
4.RESPONSE OF WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENTS TO WAR
A.SUFFRAGISTS AMONG THOSE WHO EXPERIENCE END TO CONFLICTED
LOYALTIES
B.AT OUTBREAK OF WAR WOMEN IN GENERAL GAVE UP THEIR OTHER
PURSUITS, VOTES, ETC.
C.& WORKED FOR VICTORY FOR THEIR COUNTRY
D.MANY WHO WERE PACIFISTS BECAME MILITARISTS
E.MANY NEW WOMEN CONTRIBUTED THEIR SKILLS TO NATIONAL
CAUSE
F.MANY SOCIALISTS JETTISONED CONCEPT OF INTERNATIONAL
WORKING-CLASS SOLIDARITY
G.TO SUPPORT THEIR OWN COUNTRY
H.THUS MANY FEMINISTS & SOCIALISTS SUDDENLY WELCOMED INTO
NATIONAL FOLD
I.& WOULD BE GIVEN CIVIC RESPONSIBILITIES FOR GOVERNMENTS
NEEDED WOMEN;S LOYALTY
J.NOW STATES RECOGNIZED THEY NEEDED WOMEN'S COOPERATION &
EFFORTS
K.EXAMPLE OF REACTION BY WOMEN
a.LET US SHOW OURSELVES WORTHY OF CITIZENSHIP
(1)MILLICENT GARRETT FAWCETT
(2)FROM COMMON CAUSE - ENGLISH SUFFRAGE MAGAZINE
L.PANKHURST CHANGED NAME OF THEIR PAPER FROM THE
SUFFRAGETTE TO BRITANNIA
a.DID EXTENSIVE PR PRO WAR
b.FOR 4 YRS THEY TRAVELED EXTENSIVELY
c.TO SPEAK AT BOND-SELLING OR RECRUITMENT RALLIES
d.TO RAISE PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR WAR
M.IN FRANCE SUFFRAGISTS SHOWED STRONG PATRIOTISM
N.IN FACT PERHAPS STRONGER THAN ELSEWHERE
O.BECAUSE MOST OF BATTLES TOOK PLACE ON FRENCH SOIL
P.NEWSPAPER LA FRANCAISE
a.SPOKE FOR MOST FRENCH FEMINISTS
b.DECLARED IN NOV 1914
c.WHILE THE ORDEAL OUR COUNTRY IS SUFFERING CONTINUES
IT WILL NOT BE PROPER FOR ANYONE TO SPEAK OF HER
4
RIGHTS
d.SO THEY CLOSED DOWN THEIR NEWSPAPERS
e.OR CONVERTED THEM TO ORGANS OF WARTIME PROPAGANDA
f.ALSO USED THEIR EXPERIENCE AS ORGANIZERS TO SET UP ALL
KINDS OF GROUPS AIDING WAR EFFORT
5.WOMEN AS WORKERS IN WAR EFFORT
A.BUT EVENTUALLY WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION CHANGED AS WAR
DRAGGED ON IN TRENCH WELFARE
B.AS MEN BY MILLIONS VOLUNTEERED OR WERE CONSCRIPTED
C.MEN'S PLACES ON FARMS & FACTORIES TAKEN BY WOMEN
D.VARIED IN EACH COUNTRY % OF WOMEN WORKING IN VARIOUS
AREAS
E.WOMEN INCREASED IN WORKPLACE FOR VARIETY REASONS
a.WIVES OF SOLDIERS NEEDED MORE MONEY TO SUPPORT
THEMSELVES & FAMILY
b.SINGLE MIDDLE CLASS WOMEN OUT OF NECESSITY
c.PATRIOTISM
d.& PROPAGANDA
F.IN MOST COUNTRIES PR EXTOLLED WOMEN WOULD BE PATRIOTIC IF
THEY DID WAR WORK
G.GREAT BRITAIN
a.ANY WOMAN WHO BY WORKING HELPS TO RELEASE & EQUIP A
MAN FOR FIGHTING DOES NATIONAL WAR SERVICES
b.SHELLS MADE BY A WIFE MAY SAVE A HUSBAND'S LIFE
(1)SLOGANS & POSTERS
H.NURSING FOR THOSE SERVING CLOSE TO FRONT LINES
a.DANGEROUS & HARD WORK
I.ALSO WOMEN DROVE AMBULANCES LIKE MARIE CURIE
J.WOMEN WERE SPIES
a.EVEN EXECUTED BY ENEMY
K.BUT MOST WOMEN NEEDED LITTLE URGING
L.FOR FIRST TIME THEY FOUND THEMSELVES ABLE TO COMMAND
HIGHER WAGES THAN IN PAST
a.& MONEY BROUGHT MORE INDEPENDENCE
6.CHARGES AGAINST WOMEN REGARDING MORALITY, WORKING
CONDITIONS, ETC.
A.BUT ONE OF BY-PRODUCTS OF TIME
B.WEAKENING OF MORALS, & INCREASED LAXITY REGARDING SEX
a.TRUE OF FRENCH, GERMANS & BRITISH
C.NUMBER OF BROKEN HOMES OCCURRED
D.SOME CONVINCED DUE TO WOMEN'S NEW INDEPENDENCE
E.MANY PEOPLE AGREED WITH ONE FRENCH DOCTOR'S DIAGNOSIS
a.WAR LEADING TO MASCULINIZATION OF WOMEN
F.BUT FIGHTING MEN FELT THAT
a.LIVE IT UP FOR TOMORROW THEY MAY DIE
G.FELLOW WORKERS DID NOT ALWAYS WELCOME WOMEN WORKERS
H.FRENCH MUNITIONS WORKERS MADE COMMON CHARGE
I.THAT HIRING WOMEN IN MEN'S JOBS
J.ENABLED MORE & MORE MEN TO BE SENT TO FRONT TO BE
SLAUGHTERED
K.BECAUSE OF WOMEN - NOT BECAUSE OF WAR
5
a.MEN BECOMING "CANNON-FODDER"
(1)SHOW POSTER
L.PLUS ACCUSATIONS OF LONG-STANDING
a.WOMEN IN WORKPLACE WOULD LEAD TO MALE
UNEMPLOYMENT
b.& LOWER WAGES IN FUTURE FOR MEN
M.WOMEN EXPECTED SAME WAGES AS MEN FOR SAME WORK
N.BUT BOTH EMPLOYERS & GOVERNMENT THOUGHT DIFFERENTLY
O.PAYING LOWER WAGES TO WOMEN MEANT COMPANIES MADE MORE
PROFITS
P.& GOVERNMENT ABLE TO BUY MORE WAR MATERIAL
Q.MANY UNIONS DID SUPPORT EQUAL PAY FOR WOMEN
R.BUT WERE NOT ALWAYS SUCCESSFUL IN OBTAIN IT
7.CHANGES IN CLOTHING & OTHER FEMALE CUSTOMS
A.UNTIL 1914 WOMEN'S SKIRTS ANKLE-LENGTH
a.SAME FOR 800 YEARS
(1)SINCE 12TH CENTURY
B.SKIRTS BEGAN TO RISE AS EARLY AS DECEMBER 1914
C.BY WINTER OF 1915-6
a.10 INCHES OFF GROUND
D.WOMEN HAVE NEVER RETURNED SINCE TO ANKLE-LENGTH
E.PRESS FULL OF REMARKS ABOUT SHOCKING ASPECT OF ANKLES &
FEMALE LEG
F.UNDERCLOTHES ALSO CHANGED
a.IDEAL SHAPE HAD BEEN HOUR=GLASS
(1)TIGHT CORSET
(a)EVEN WORN BY WORKING CLASS WOMEN
b. NOW LOOSE CHEMISE OR BRASSIERE
c.IN 1920'S BRA ITSELF TEMPORARILY DISCARDED FOR
FLATTENING BREAST BAND
d.BUT THIS STYLE ONLY LASTED ABOUT 5 YEARS
G.SLIMNESS RATHER THAN JUST TINY WAIST
a.NEW IDEAL
H.FASHIONABLE WOMEN BEGAN TO DIET & WATCH THEIR WEIGHT
I.WOMEN MODIFIED THEIR CLOTHING TO FIT NEW JOBS
J.THEY WORE OVERALLS
K.ALSO WOMEN BEGAN TO BOB THEIR HAIR
a.BEFORE THIS MOST WOMEN NEVER CUT THEIR HAIR
(1)HAIR - WOMAN'S CROWNING GLORY
b.NOW NOT ONLY CUT BUT CUT IT IN BOB FASHION
L.LONG HAIR CAME CLOSE TO EVEN BEING CONSIDERED UNPATRIOTIC
M.SINCE WOMEN IN FACTORIES, & NURSES NOT ALLOWED TO WEAR
LONG HAIR
N.AFTER DURING WAR WOMEN BEGAN TO USE COSMETICS
O.AFTER WAR MORE COMMON
P.UNTIL WAR MAKEUP CONSIDERED WORKING CLASS & OTHER
CLASSES
a.WOMAN'S SIGNAL SHE SEXUALLY AVAILABLE
b.ASSOCIATED WITH PROSTITUTES
Q.BY MID 20'S STANDARD PRACTICE FOR WOMEN TO USE
6
a.BRIGHT RED LIPSTICK, POWDER, ROUGE, MASCARA, EYE
SHADOW, FINGER NAIL POLISH
b.INFLUENCED BY HOLLYWOOD MOVIES
c.NOW WOMEN PUT ON THEIR FACE BEFORE WENT OUT
R.SUCH DEVIATIONS IN DRESS & HAIR MADE THEM CONSPICUOUS
S.REMARKS IN ENGLISH PAPER
a.WOMEN COMING TO LOOK LIKE CHARACTERS IN A COMIC
OPERA
8.PROPAGANDA OF COUNTRIES INVOLVING WOMEN
A.PROPAGANDA OF EACH COUNTRY USED VIOLENCE, ETC. AGAINST
WOMEN AS WAY TO INFUSE HATRED OF ENEMY
B.& KEEP PEOPLE SACRIFICING FOR WAR CAUSE
C.FRENCH ANTI-GERMAN PR HOW WOMEN WERE BEING VIOLATED
SEXUALLY IN FRONT OF THEIR CHILDREN
D.RUMANIAN NEWSPAPERS REPORTED GERMAN WOMEN WORE
GOUGED OUT EYES OF WOUNDED FRENCHMEN AS NECKLACES
9.CONCLUSIONS RE WAR
A.BY END OF WAR, EUROPEANS AGREED THAT OLD WAY OF LIVING &
THINKING HAD BEEN DESTROYED
B.MANY CHANGES FOR WOMEN
C.WILL DISCUSS NEXT LECTURE
II.RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ERA 1900-1925
1.WHAT WAS RUSSIAN LIKE PRECEDING RUSSIAN REVOLUTION?
A.85% OF RUSSIANS PEASANTS C. 1917 ERA
1.1.1STRUCTURE OF PEASANT SOCIETY
1.1.1.1PATRIARCHAL
1.1.2PEASANT LAW DID NOT CONSIDER WOMEN LEGAL MEMBERS OF
HOUSEHOLD
1.1.3WOMEN DID NOT HOLD PROPERTY RIGHTS IF MALE MEMBERS OF
FAMILY LIVED
1.1.3.1LAND INHERITED VIA MALE LINE
1.1.4WOMEN HAD RIGHTS ONLY OVER THEIR DOWRIES
1.1.4.1CONSISTED PRIMARILY OF CLOTHING, KITCHEN UTENSILS
1.1.4.2OCCASIONALLY SHEEP OR COW
1.1.5IF HER HUSBAND DIED SHE USUALLY NOT WELCOME BACK TO HER
BIRTH FAMILY
1.1.5.1HER SONS NOT ACCEPTED BY THEM EITHER AS HAVING
ANY VALUE
1.1.6CONSTRUCT OF FAMILY
1.1.6.1MULTIPLE-FAMILY HOUSEHOLD
1.1.6.1.1AS LARGE AS 4 SONS & THEIR FAMILIES
1.1.6.1.2SO 25-30 PEOPLE WITHIN THIS MULTIPLE-FAMILY
1.1.6.2VERSUS NUCLEAR OF WEST
1.1.7PATRIARCH'S AUTHORITY OVER HOUSEHOLD'S LIFE
1.1.7.1INCLUDED SMALLEST DETAIL
1.1.7.2RIGHT TO HAVE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH DAUGHTERSIN-LAW
1.1.7.3PRACTICE SUFFICIENTLY COMMON TO MERIT SPECIAL
WORD IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
1.1.7.3.1SNOKHACHESTVO
1.1.8ADULT SONS HAD CONSULTATIVE VOICE IN FAMILY MATTERS
7
1.1.8.1& DOMINANCE OVER THEIR WIVES
1.1.9WOMEN DID NOT PARTICIPATE IN GOVERNANCE OF HOUSEHOLD
1.1.10RIGID PATRIARCHY OF PEASANT SOCIETY HARDLY UNIQUE TO
RUSSIA
1.1.11BUT RUSSIAN WOMEN MORE SUBORDINATE THAN OTHER
NATIONALITIES
1.1.12AS SHE NOT ONLY SUBORDINATE TO HUSBAND & FATHER
1.1.13BUT TO ENTIRE MALE COMMUNITY
1.1.14PEASANT HOUSEHOLDS ORGANIZED INTO COMMUNES
1.1.14.1GOVERNED BY ELDERS, MALE HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS
1.1.15PEASANT COURTS
1.1.15.1COURTS OF ORIGINAL & FINAL JURISDICTION OVER ALL
CIVIL & SOME CRIMINAL DISPUTES BETWEEN PEASANTS
1.1.15.2ONLY MALES JUDGES & JURIES
1.1.16WOMEN THUS MUTE & POWERLESS
1.1.17BEST EXPRESSED IN PEASANT PROVERB
1.1.17.1A HEN IS NOT A BIRD, A WOMAN IS NOT A PERSON
1.1.18YET WOMEN'S ENDLESS LABOR ESSENTIAL TO FAMILY SURVIVAL
1.1.19WHILE WOMEN'S LABOR VALUED BY PEASANTS
1.1.20MEN'S LABOR VALUED MORE
1.1.21WOMAN TAUGHT FROM CHILDHOOD TO SUBMIT TO POWER OF
MEN
1.1.22TO ACCEPT THEIR RIGHT TO COMMAND OBEDIENCE AS HEADS OF
FAMILY & LEADERS OF FAMILY COMMUNES
1.1.23IT WAS GOD'S WILL THAT SHE DO SO SHE WAS TOLD
1.1.24JUST AS IT WAS GOD'S WILL THAT SHE ENDURE PRIVATIONS OF
HER LIFE
1.1.25BUT WIFE OF MALE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD RULED PROSCRIBED
DUTIES OF OTHER WOMEN IN HOUSE
1.1.25.1SO MOTHER-IN-LAW'S POWER & ABUSE OF POWER OVER
THEIR SONS' WIVES NOTORIOUS
1.1.26ANOTHER POPULAR EXPRESSION
1.1.26.1AND WHO CARRIES THE WATER? THE DAUGHTER-IN-LAW.
AND WHO IS BEATEN? THE DAUGHTER-IN-LAW. AND WHY
IS SHE BEATEN? BECAUSE SHE IS THE DAUGHTER-IN-LAW
1.2DUTIES OF PEASANT WOMEN
1.2.1CLEANING & MAINTENANCE OF HOME
1.2.2GRINDING GRAIN
1.2.3PREPARING & PRESERVING FOOD
1.2.4TOOK CARE OF LIVESTOCK, GARDENS, DAIRY WORK
1.2.5PROVIDED CLOTHING
1.2.6PEASANT WOMAN'S RESPONSIBILITIES NOT JUST TO HOME & ITS
ENVIRONS
1.2.7BUT SURVIVAL OF HOUSEHOLD DEPENDED ON HER LABOR IN
FIELDS TOO
1.2.8BY TRADITION FIELDWORK GENDER DIVIDED
1.2.8.1MEN
1.2.8.1.1KEPT BEES, SHEEP
1.2.8.1.2PLOUGHED & SOWED LAND
1.2.8.2WOMEN
1.2.8.2.1FERTILIZED, WEEDED
8
1.2.8.2.2DURING HARVEST THEY MOVED HAY
1.2.8.2.3STACKED IT
1.2.8.2.4BURNED & BOUND SHEAVES
1.2.9IN SOME PLACES MOWING DIVIDED BY SEX
1.2.9.1WOMEN MOVED HAY WITH SICKLE
1.2.9.2MEN WITH SCYTHE
1.2.10IN THIS PERIOD RUSSIAN AGRICULTURE SUFFERED FROM SERIOUS
UNDERPRODUCTION
1.2.11LAND WAS EXHAUSTED BY CENTURIES OF PRIMITIVE
CULTIVATION
1.2.12& UNABLE TO SUPPORT RAPIDLY GROWING POPULATION
1.2.13THUS BY 1880'S PEASANT HOUSEHOLD RARELY SELF-SUFFICIENT
1.2.14LAND PROVIDED NEITHER SURPLUS NECESSARY FOR PAYMENT
OF TAXES
1.2.15NOR FOOD FOR PEASANTS
1.2.16SO PEASANTS FORCED TO BUY GOODS THEY HAD ONCE
PRODUCED THEMSELVES
1.2.17WAGE LABOR BECAME NECESSITY
1.2.18& DIRECTLY INFLUENCED POSITION & ROLE OF PEASANT WOMAN
IN HOUSEHOLD & LARGER ECONOMY
1.2.19SO HOUSEHOLDS STARTED TO BE SPLIT UP TO SURVIVE
ECONOMICALLY
1.2.19.1MORE TOWARDS NUCLEAR STRUCTURE OF WEST
1.2.20& SOURCES SEEM TO INDICATE WOMEN HAD LESS WORK &
RESPONSIBILITIES ONCE THIS MULTIPLE-FAMILY STRUCTURE
DECREASED
1.2.21BUT AS ECONOMY MOVED MORE TOWARDS INDUSTRIALIZATION
1.2.22& MEN LEFT TO SEEK EMPLOYMENT
1.2.23THEN WOMAN'S SHARE OF FIELD LABOR & RESPONSIBILITIES ON
FARM INCREASED
1.2.23.1NOW WOMEN WILL DO PLOUGHING, ROAD REPAIRS, ETC.
1.2.24MEN LEFT LAND FIRST BECAUSE THEY COULD EARN MORE THAN
WOMEN
1.2.25BUT WOMEN ON FARMS FORCED TO SUPPLEMENT EARNINGS TOO
1.2.26EACH REGION WOMEN IN RUSSIA HAD DIFFERENT EXPERIENCES
REGARDING EARNING EXTRA MONEY TO SURVIVE
1.2.27IN MOST HEAVILY INDUSTRIALIZED AREAS OF RUSSIA
1.2.27.1CENTRAL PART
1.2.28FACTORIES IN COUNTRYSIDE AS WELL AS MOSCOW
1.2.29HERE WOMEN INVOLVED IN PUTTING-OUT SYSTEM
1.2.30LATE 19TH C. GREATEST NUMBER OF WOMEN
1.2.30.1KNITTED WOOLEN GLOVES & STOCKINGS
1.2.30.2YOU WILL SEE ROW UPON ROW OF WAGONS LOADED
DOWN WITH GRASS, HAY, WOOD, POTATOES, ETC. &
DRIVING OR WALKING BESIDE THEM WOMEN TALKING
AMONG THEMSELVES AS THEIR HANDS KNITTING
STOCKINGS
1.2.30.3OR AS WOMEN CARRYING SACKS WITH JUGS FULL OF
MILK AND CREAM, KNITTING AS THEY WALKED
1.2.31BUT AS FACTORIES PRODUCED STOCKINGS & GLOVES
9
1.2.32BY 1900 WOMEN NO LONGER INVOLVED IN COTTAGE INDUSTRIES
1.2.33IN DIFFERENT NOT SO POPULATED AREA OF ST. PETERSBURG
1.2.34WOMEN INVOLVED IN SALE OF AGRICULTURAL & DAIRY
PRODUCTS
1.2.35WOMEN GREW, RAISED, & TRANSPORTED ITEMS TO MARKET
1.2.36ALSO AS TOURIST ARE, WOMEN EARNED EXTRA MONEY RENTING
SUMMER ACCOMMODATIONS
1.2.36.1PLUS INVOLVEMENT IN ANCILLARY SERVICES
1.2.37IN SO CALLED BLACK EARTH PROVINCES
1.2.38LITTLE INDUSTRY
1.2.39SO WOMEN'S WORK LARGELY ON LAND
1.2.40BUT WOMEN STILL WOVE CLOTH, ETC. FOR THEIR OWN
HOUSEHOLDS
1.3CONCLUSIONS
1.3.1SO BETWEEN 1880'S & 1914 OF WWI
1.3.2WOMEN INCREASING RESPONSIBLE FOR WORKING LAND TO FREE
MEN FOR OUTSIDE WAGE WORK
1.3.3WOMEN STILL HAD TO DO OTHER WORK TO SUPPLEMENT FAMILY'S
INCOME
1.3.4& IT VARIED ACCORDING TO LOCATION
1.3.5BUT WOMEN'S WAGES ALWAYS CONSIDERABLE LESS THAN MENS'
1.3.6& WHERE WOMEN & MEN HELD SAME OCCUPATION, DIFFERENCE
IN PAY
1.3.6.1WOMEN EARNED FROM 1/5 TO 2/3 MEN'S WAGES
DEPENDING ON REGION
1.3.7BUT AS FACTORIES TOOK OVER COTTAGE INDUSTRIES WHERE
NUMEROUS WOMEN WORKED
1.3.8THEN WOMEN TOO FORCED TO GO TO WORK IN FACTORIES
1.4WHY DID THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OCCUR?
1.4.1MANY REASONS
1.4.1.1CONDITIONS OF PEASANTS
1.4.1.2IDEAS OF SOCIALISTS
1.4.1.2.1& TRADITION OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN IT
1.4.1.3TSARIST REGIME OUTDATED
1.4.1.4ECONOMIC CONDITIONS DEMONSTRATIONS BY WOMEN
FOR FOOD
1.4.2REVOLUTION BREWING FOR LONG TIME
1.4.3MANY HISTORIANS CREDIT TRADITION OF WOMEN'S RADICALISM
PROVIDED IMPULSE TO REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA
1.4.4OLDER & MORE POWERFUL THAN ANYWHERE ELSE IN EUROPE
1.4.5AFTER SOPHIA PEROVSKAYA'S ASSASSINATION OF CZAR IN 1881
1.4.6WOMEN REMAINED PROMINENT IN RADICAL MOVEMENT
THROUGH EARLY 20TH CENTURY
1.4.6.1AS TERRORISTS
1.4.6.2ORGANIZES OF PEASANTRY & WORKERS
1.4.7ONE OF MOST PROMINENT ALEXANDRA KOLLONTAI 1872-1952
1.4.8PART OF SOCIALIST MOVEMENT THAT INCLUDED LENIN, ETC.
1.4.9WHEN WWI BROKE OUT KOLLONTAI SWITCHED FROM WOMEN TO
PEACE
1.4.9.1BY POINTING TO WAR'S CAPITALIST INSPIRATION &
PROFITS
10
1.4.10WHEN REVOLUTION BEGAN IN 1917 KOLLONTAI RETURNED TO
RUSSIA TO BRING WOMEN AROUND TO SOCIALIST VIEWPOINT
1.4.11FROM THIS HISTORY LENIN HIMSELF HAD DRAWN CONCLUSION
THAT WOMEN;S ROLE IN REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY WOULD BE
CRUCIAL
1.4.12ON EVE OF WWI LENIN'S WIFE NADEZHDA KRUPSKAYA & HIS
SISTER ANNA, HIS DEVOTED FRIEND INESSA & OTHER WOMEN
PUBLISHED 7 ISSUES OF THE WOMAN WORKER
1.4.12.1AS WAY OF INTRODUCING TO WOMEN BOLSHEVIK BRAND
OF SOCIALISM
1.4.13MEANWHILE RIVAL SOCIAL REVOLUTIONARY GROUP ORGANIZED
WOMEN SCHOOL TEACHERS
1.4.14& MANY OTHER RADICALS RECRUITED ACTIVISTS FROM UPPER
CLASSES
1.4.15TERRORIST ACTS DIED DOWN BEFORE WWI BECAUSE CZARISTS
GOVT HAD BY THEN INCARCERATED OR EXILED MOST OF
PROMINENT WOMEN RADICALS
1.4.16HOWEVER THEIR COLLECTIVE ACTIVITY CONTINUED IN WAVES
OF
1.4.16.1STRIKES
1.4.17WHEN WWI BROKE OUT IN 1914
1.4.18SUCH ACTIVITY ABATED DUE TO PATRIOTISM
1.4.19BUT ONLY FOR A FEW YEARS
1.4.20IN WINTER WORKERS PETITIONED CZAR NICHOLAS II FOR HELP
1.4.21ALWAYS IDEA THAT IF CZAR BECAME KNOWLEDGEABLE ABOUT
HORRIBLE CONDITIONS OF PEASANTS HE WOULD HELP THEM
1.4.21.1BUT HE DECLINED
1.4.21.2THEN ENSUING OUTCRY
1.4.22FORCED CZAR TO CREATE DUMA
1.4.22.1PARLIAMENTARY TYPE BODY
1.4.23RUSSIAN LEADERSHIP HAD TROUBLE SHARING POWER
1.4.24SO REPRESENTATIVES IN DUMA REPEATEDLY SENT HOME
1.4.25WWI PRODUCED MORE INTENSE DIFFICULTIES
1.4.26TO COMPENSATE FOR THEIR LACK OF MODERN WEAPONS
RUSSIAN LEADERS SENT THEIR TROOPS INTO BATTLE IN
MASSIVE NUMBERS
1.4.27AS WWI BASED ON NEW WEAPONS WWI GAVE BLOODY EVIDENCE
OF HOW BACKWARD RUSSIA WAS
1.4.28NOT ONLY DID WOMEN GO TO WORK IN FACTORIES
1.4.29DID OTHER WORK LIKE IN REST OF EUROPE
1.4.30ALSO MANY RUSSIAN WOMEN BECAME SOLDIERS
1.4.30.1MOST FAMOUS MARIYA BOCHKAREVA
1.4.30.2WHILE DECORATED FOR HER BRAVERY
1.4.30.3THOUSANDS OF WOMEN FOUGHT ON BATTLEFIELDS
1.4.31FINALLY MASSIVE NUMBERS OF RUSSIAN SOLDIERS DYING
1.4.32& BEGAN TO DESERT
1.4.33WORKERS & MIDDLE CLASS HAD RECOGNIZED BACKWARDNESS
OF RUSSIA IN
1.4.33.1TECHNOLOGY
1.4.33.2CULTURAL
1.4.33.3POLITICS
11
1.4.34THUS BY MARCH OF 1917 WHEN WOMEN BEGAN DEMONSTRATING
FOR BETTER FOOD SUPPLIES
1.4.35REVOLUTION THAT ERUPTED INVOLVED MANY CLASSES
1.4.36INCLUDING MEMBERS OF ARMED FORCES
1.4.37ALL WANTED NEW RUSSIA
1.4.38BREAD RATIONING BECAME NECESSARY IN PETROGRAD
1.4.39POUND OF RYE BREAD IN 1913 - 3 KOPEKS
1.4.39.1BY 1916 18 KOPEKS
1.4.39.2WOMEN WHO STOOD IN BREAD LINES
1.4.39.3MANY AFTER WORKING 12 HOUR DAYS IN FACTORIES
1.4.40 BREAD LINES BECAME ONLY WAY TO FEED THEIR FAMILIES
1.4.41MEN CONSIDER IT BETTER TO DIE OF HUNGER THAN TO STAND IN
LINE; A MOTHER CAN'T ACT THAT WAY BECAUSE SHE IS THE
MOTHER OF HER CHILDREN AND SHE NEEDS TO FEED THEM
1.4.41.1ONE PETROGRAD WOMAN REMARKS
1.4.42DOCUMENTS ATTEST THAT GOVERNMENT AWARE OF PROBLEM
1.4.43POLICE REPORT OF JANUARY 1917: MOTHERS OF FAMILIES,
EXHAUSTED BY ENDLESS STANDING IN LINE AT STORES,
DISTRAUGHT OVER THEIR HALF-STARVING AND SICK CHILDREN,
ARE TODAY PERHAPS CLOSER TO REVOLUTION THAN [LIBERAL
OPPOSITION LEADERS] AND OF COURSE THEY ARE A GREAT
DEAL MORE DANGEROUS BECAUSE THEY ARE THE
COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL FOR WHICH ONLY A SINGLE SPARK IS
NEEDED TO BURST INTO FLAME
1.4.44WOMEN IN PETROGRAD OR ST. PETERSBURG BEGAN
DEMONSTRATING AFTER WAITING HOURS IN FOOD LINES
1.4.45WOMEN THEN TURNED TO PILLAGING & GENERAL DESTRUCTION
1.4.46ON INTERNATIONAL WOMEN;S DAY IN 1917
1.4.46.1EVEN THOUGH MALE POLITICAL LEADERS OF ALL PARTIES
HAD TOLD THEM NOT TO
1.4.46.2ABOUT 10,000 RUSSIAN WOMEN
1.4.46.3CARRIED BANNERS READING
1.4.46.3.1DOWN WITH AUTOCRACY
1.4.46.3.2DOWN WITH WAR;
1.4.46.3.3OUR HUSBANDS MUST RETURN FROM FRONT
1.4.46.3.4PEACE & BREAD
1.4.47MILITARY REFUSED TO FIRE ON WOMEN & OTHERS WHO HAD
JOINED THEM
1.4.47.1PUT DOWN YOUR BAYONETS - JOIN US
1.4.48WOMEN ALSO SPONTANEOUSLY COORDINATED SERIES OF
PROTESTS
1.4.49SEIZING STREETCARS & CONFISCATING FOOD FROM STORES
1.4.50HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF WOMEN FILLED STREETS
1.4.51IN OUTBURST OF DISOBEDIENCE
1.4.51.1GOVERNMENT COULD NOT CONTROL
1.4.52WITH THOSE PROTESTS RUSSIAN REVOLUTION BEGAN
1.4.53SPREAD TO OTHER CITIES & CZAR ABDICATED
1.4.54THUS WHILE WORKING CLASS WOMEN MADE THEIR PRESENCE
FELT IN MANY NATIONS DURING WWI
1.4.55IN RUSSIA THEY HELPED TO CHANGE HISTORY
1.4.56FOR IT WAS IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA THAT WOMEN;S
12
DEMONSTRATION BECAME A REVOLUTION
1.5RESULTS OF RUSSIAN REVOLUTION FOR WOMEN
1.5.1WOMEN CONTINUED TO TAKE ACTIVE ROLE AFTER REVOLUTION
1.5.2IN CITIES, WORKING CLASS WOMEN RESPONDED TO REVOLUTION
DIFFERENTLY
1.5.3AT ONE POINT 40,000 PETROGRAD WOMEN MARCHED, DEMANDING
1.5.3.1VOTE
1.5.3.2BANNER - THE WOMAN'S PLACE - IS IN THE CONSTITUENT
ASSEMBLY
1.5.4OTHER WOMEN PROTESTED WAR
1.5.5ALL POLITICAL PARTIES COMPETED FOR WOMEN'S SUPPORT
1.5.6& APPOINTED PROMINENT WOMEN TO THEIR CENTRAL
COMMITTEES
1.5.7PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT INCLUDED 2 WOMEN
1.5.7.1ARIADNA TYRKOVA & COUNTESSSOFYA PANINA
1.5.7.2FEW WOMEN RAN SUCCESSFUL FOR SEATS IN MOSCOW &
PETROGRAD ASSEMBLIES
1.5.8WOMEN GOT VOTE IN 1917
1.5.8.1FIRST EUROPEAN NATION OUTSIDE SCANDINAVIA TO
ENFRANCHISE WOMEN
1.5.8.2& ARRAY OF CIVIL RIGHTS
1.5.8.2.1INCLUDING RIGHT TO EQUAL PAY
1.5.9UNDER BANNER OF BREAD & PEACE EXILED RADICALS INCLUDING
1.5.9.1LENIN, & HIS WIFE KRUPSKAYA & OTHERS
1.5.9.2RETURNED TO RUSSIA TO PUSH REVOLUTION LEFTWARD
1.5.10AFTER SERIES OF MANEUVERS & BATTLES
1.5.11BOLSHEVIKS CONSOLIDATED THEIR POWER
1.5.12& TOOK CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT
1.5.13THEIR POSITION DID NOT BECOME SECURE FOR SEVERAL YEARS
1.5.14MEANWHILE BOLSHEVIKS ATTEMPTED SERIES OF REFORMS
1.5.14.1ABOLITION OF PRIVATE PROPERTY
1.5.14.2DEMOCRATIZATION OF PRODUCTION & POLITICS
1.5.15WOMEN PARTICIPATED IN EVERY STEP OF RADICALIZATION OF
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
1.5.16BUT SMALL GROUP GUIDED BOLSHEVIK PROGRAM ABOUT
WOMEN, FAMILY, MARRIAGE, CHILDREN, ETC.
1.5.17IN VANGUARD
1.5.17.1ALEXANDRA KOLLONTAI 1872-1952
1.5.17.2BECAME POLYGLOT
1.5.17.3ENABLED HER TO TRAVEL AROUND EUROPE & U.S. ON
BEHALF OF REVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISM
1.5.17.4SHE DEVELOPED THEORETICAL & PRACTICAL INTEREST IN
WOMAN QUESTION
1.5.18EXTREMELY BACKWARD CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH RUSSIAN
WOMEN LIVED MADE K0LLONTAI
1.5.19FEAR THEIR POTENTIALLY REACTIONARY ROLE IF SOCIALISTS DID
NOT PROVIDE THEM A POLITICAL EDUCATION
1.5.20BUT BOLSHEVIKS DID NOT HAVE SUCCESS WITH PEASANTS THEY
HAD WITH OTHERS
1.5.21WHEN REVOLUTION BROKE OUT PEASANTS SEIZED LANDLORD'S
PROPERTY
13
1.5.22PEASANTS REMOVED LANDLORDS WHO OPPRESSED THEM
1.5.23BUT WE FIND THAT MOST PEASANT WOMEN PREFERRED TO CLING
TO PATRIARCHAL FORMS OF FAMILY & VILLAGE
1.5.24BECAUSE FOR PEASANTS BOLSHEVIKS CITY PEOPLE
1.5.24.1SAID WOMEN WERE LOOSE-LIVING ATHEISTS
1.5.24.2WOMEN BOBBED THEIR HAIR & SMOKED CIGARETTES
1.5.24.3SAID BOLSHEVIK WOMEN HAD SEXUAL DESIGNS ON
MARRIED MEN OF VILLAGE
1.5.24.4SOME PEASANTS EVEN CHARGED BOLSHEVIKS TRYING TO
DESTROY MARRIAGE ITSELF
1.5.24.5& STRUCTURE OF FAMILY
1.5.24.6ACTUALLY BOLSHEVIKS AT LEAST ON PAPER COMMITTED
TO DESTRUCTION OF PATRIARCHAL STRUCTURE ,
ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY & PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP
1.5.24.7IN SHORT ABOLITION OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGE]
1.5.25& IF PEASANT WOMEN HAD ANY THING TO DO WITH BOLSHEVIKS
REFORMS
1.5.26THEN WOMEN BEATEN OR EVEN EXPELLED FROM THEIR HOMES
BY HUSBANDS & FATHERS
1.6REFORMS AFFECTING WOMEN
1.6.1MARRIAGE BECAME CIVIL NOT RELIGIOUS
1.6.2DIVORCE OBTAINABLE UPON REQUEST BY BOTH PARTNERS
1.6.31920 ABORTION LEGAL IN HOSPITALS
1.6.3.1FIRST TIME IN MODERN EUROPE
1.6.3.2ALTHOUGH CALLED ABORTION ITSELF "AN EVIL"
1.6.4WOMEN GAINED LEGAL RIGHTS OVER THEIR CHILDREN
1.6.5EQUALITY IN COURTS
1.6.6ALL RUSSIANS TO WORK AS DUTY OF CITIZENSHIP
1.6.7SINCE MOST WOMEN HAD ALWAYS WORKED
1.6.8THIS PROVISION HARDLY NEW
1.6.9BUT IT GAVE LEGITIMACY TO WOMEN;S WORKING FOR PAY
1.6.10& MOTHERS BEGAN TO BENEFIT FROM SERIES OF SUPPORTIVE
MEASURES
1.6.10.1PRENATAL EDUCATION
1.6.10.2FREE MATERNITY HOSPITAL CARE
1.6.11BOLSHEVIKS RECOGNIZED
1.6.11.1WORK OF MOTHERHOOD EVERY BIT AS IMPORTANT AS
THAT OF ENGINEER WHO CONSTRUCTS ROADS
1.6.12STARTED CAMPAIGN TO EDUCATE WOMEN
1.6.12.1AT TIME 85% OF WOMEN ILLITERATE
1.6.12.2EDUCATION WOULD INCLUDE
1.6.12.2.1ENGINEERING
1.6.12.2.2VETERINARY MEDICINE
1.6.13EVEN SET UP WOMEN'S BUREAU
1.6.13.1ZHENOTDEL
1.6.13.2TO HELP WOMEN DEAL WITH PATRIARCHAL RUSSIAN
FAMILY STRUCTURE
1.6.13.2.1EDUCATED WOMEN IN THEIR RIGHTS
1.6.13.2.2TAUGHT THEM VARIETY OF LIBERATING SKILLS
SUCH AS
1.6.13.2.2.1HOW TO ORGANIZE DAY-CARE CENTERS
14
1.6.13.3THIS ZHENOTDEL ATTRACTED ATTENTION &
DUPLICATION EFFORTS IN OTHER AREAS
1.6.13.4BUT IN FAR EAST ZHENOTDEL WORKERS HACKED TO
DEATH, TONED, & BEATEN FOR ENCOURAGING WOMEN TO
TAKE OFF THEIR VEILS & CHALLENGE TRIBAL CUSTOMS
1.6.14ONCE LENIN DIED & KOLLONTAI FELL FROM FAVOR
1.6.15GOVERNMENT;S PRIORITY HAD BECOME PRODUCTIVITY &
INDUSTRIALIZATION
1.6.16INDEPENDENT WOMEN;S ORGANIZATIONS ABOLISHED
1.6.17INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S SECRETARIAT IN 1926
1.6.18ZHENODTEL ITSELF IN 1930
1.6.19WOMEN REMOVED FROM POSITIONS IN RED ARMY & REPLACED
BY MEN
1.6.20SO MAJOR GAINS FOR WOMEN EDUCATIONAL
1.6.20.1MATERNITY CENTERS OPENED
1.6.21BUT AIDED BY PROTECTION LAWS, MATERNITY BENEFITS &
INCREASE IN STANDARD OF LIVING
1.6.22RUSSIAN WOMEN BEGAN TO LEAVE LABOR FORCE
1.6.23BY 1928 ONLY 24% WORKED OUTSIDE HOME
1.6.24FIGURE LOWER THAN IN OTHER NATIONS
1.6.25BIRTH RATE FELL CONTINUOUSLY
1.6.26BUT LITERACY ROSE ESPECIALLY AMONG WOMEN
1.6.27BY END OF 1920'S SOVIET WORKING CLASS WOMEN HAD
ACHIEVED MIXTURE OF PROGRESS & TRADITION SIMILAR TO
THAT OF WOMEN IN CAPITALIST SOCIETIES
1.6.28BY 1930 GOVERNMENT STOPPED THIS PROGRAM & OTHERS
1.6.29FOR LEADERS, SOCIAL STABILITY & ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY
TOOK PRECEDENCE OVER WOMEN;S RIGHTS
1.6.30DEMISE OF ZHENOTDEL ONLY ONE EVENT IN NARROWING OF
SOCIAL GOALS THAT TOOK PLACE IN SOVIET UNION
1.6.31REMINISCENT OF FATE OF SOCIAL REFORM DURING FRENCH
REVOLUTION