I.
QUEENS & REGENTS IN RENAISSANCE & EARLY MODERN PERIOD
ISABELLA OF CASTILE 1451-1504
A. GENERAL REMARKS
1.
2.
3.
4.
MOVING SPIRIT IN UNIFICATION OF KINGDOM OF SPAIN
HER HUSBAND KING OF ARAGON
SHE SUCCESSFULLY GOVERNED CASTILE
EVEN ON BATTLEFIELD
5.
6.
7. a. b. c.
WORE ARMOR
LED TROOPS
FROM FIRST DURING CIVIL WAR
(1)
(2)
QUEEN RODE HUNDREDS OF MILES
PLEADING FOR SUPPORT, INVOKING LOYALTY
HER EARLY HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGES MUST BE ATTRIBUTED
TO THESE ORDEALS
FOUNDED FIRST MILITARY HOSPITAL IN EUROPE
ISABELLA DESCRIBED AS GREAT GENERAL BUT EVEN GREATER
QUARTERMASTER GENERAL a. QUEEN'S HOSPITAL b. 6 TENTS TRUNDLING FROM SIEGE TO SIEGE EQUIPPED
WITH BEDS, MEDICINES, BANDAGES
8.
9. c. ANTICIPATED NAPOLEON'S AMBULANCES BY MORE THAN
200 YRS.
ISABELLA TOOK ALONG HER 5 CHILDREN EVERYWHERE
IT IS VERY TRUE THAT YOUR WAR IS A JUST ONE WROTE
ISABELLA TO FERDINAND OF HIS FRENCH INVOLVEMENTS
10. BUT MY WAR IS NOT ONLY A JUST ONE BUT A HOLY ONE
11. FROM LIPS OF HER SOLDIERS a. CASTILE, CASTILE, FOR OUR KING ISABELLA
12. HER BREADTH OF VISION LED TO COLUMBUS' EXPEDITION
13. UNDER HER FOUNDATION OF NEW UNIVERSITIES
14. SUBSIDY OF SCHOLARS
15. CODIFIED LAW
16. RESTORED CURRENCY
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
RID COUNTRY OF BRIGANDS
PERSUADED NOBLES TO GIVE UP SOME OF THEIR PRIVILEGES
INTRODUCED POLYPHONIC MUSIC
BROUGHT COURT PAINTERS FROM NETHERLANDS
EXPELLED JEWS & MOORS
EDUCATED HER DAUGHTERS & SONS a. a.
CATHERINE OF ARAGON
(1) WED HENRY VIII
HAD BIBLE TRANSLATED INTO
GREEK, HEBREW, LATIN ALL TOGETHER
24. SO STRENGTHENED CHURCH a. REFORMATION DID NOT GAIN FOOTHOLD IN SPAIN
25. ESTABLISHED INQUISITION IN SPAIN
26. WELL DESERVED TITLE a. ISABELLA THE CATHOLIC
27. POET MONTORO DECLARED QUEEN WORTHY TO HAVE GIVEN

2
28.
29.
BIRTH TO SON OF GOD
ISABELLA FREQUENTLY PICTURED AS SECOND VIRGIN MARY
FOLLOWING HER DEATH ATTEMPTS TO CANONIZE ISABELLA a. STILL UNDERWAY IN 20TH C.
II. ELIZABETH 1558-1603 REIGN
A. INTRODUCTION
1. WHILE ELIZABETH PROBABLY SENT MORE PEOPLE TO THEIR
2.
DEATH FOR HERESY a. OR AS SHE USUALLY TERMED IT - TREASON b. SHE NEVER RECEIVED SIMILAR EPITHET TO MARY TUDOR
SHE EARLY ON IN HER REIGN HAD LEARNED WHAT ASTUTE
RULERS HAVE LEARNED DOWN THROUGH AGES a. IMPRESS YOUR SUBJECTS WITH YOUR MAJESTY b. BY TAKING NUMEROUS SOJOURNS
(1) DRESSED IN YOUR FINERY
(2) & SMILE
(a) SUPPOSEDLY HERS WAS LIKE A LARGE RAY OF
SUNSHINE
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
PROBABLY ELIZABETH MOST POPULAR MONARCH IN ENGLISH
HISTORY & 1 OF MOST CAPABLE
ENGLAND BEGAN ITS 400 YEAR RUN AS A GREAT POWER DURING
HER REIGN
ELIZABETHANS MARCHED FORWARD ON ALL FRONTS a. DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH - SPANISH ARMADA b. c.
SETTLING OF AMERICA
SHAKESPEARE & HIS PLAYS
MAN WAS THE MEASURE OF ALL THINGS a. & ENGLAND A MIGHTY EXAMPLE
ENGLISH RENAISSANCE DID NOT FULLY FLOWER UNTIL
ELIZABETHAN AGE,
8. BUT LED ALL NATIONS IN QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF ITS POETS
AND DRAMATISTS
WHY WOULD RENAISSANCE COME TO ENGLAND DURING 9.
10.
ELIZABETHAN AGE?
LOOKING AT ELIZABETH HERSELF- GIVES PART OF ANSWER
B. EARLY LIFE & EDUCATION
1.
2.
BORN 1533 AT OLD GREENWICH PALACE IN LONDON a. NEW ONE BUILT BY JAMES I b. a.
NEAR SPOT WHERE SIR WALTER RALEIGH IS SAID TO HAVE
SPREAD HIS CLOAK IN MUD FOR ELIZABETH
THROUGHOUT HER EARLY LIFE UNTIL BECOMING QUEEN AT 25
SHE RODE A CONTINUAL ROLLER-COASTER AS TO HER
ACCEPTANCE OR DISMISSAL b. c.
WHEN SISTER MARY AS QUEEN TRIED TO FORCE ELIZ TO
ATTEND MASS
& IMPRISONED HER ON SUSPICION OF ENCOURAGING A
PROTESTANT REVOLT d. THESE DANGEROUS YEARS TURNED YOUNG PRINCESS
INTO AN EXPERT DIPLOMAT

3
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. e. & AT SAME TIME A WAVERER WHO DITHERED BEFORE
REACHING DECISIONS
ALSO MADE CHILDLESS ELIZ RELUCTANT TO NAME HEIR WHILE
SHE QUEEN
SHE DID NOT WANT ANYONE TO PLAY PART WITH HER THAT SHE
HAD PLAYED W/MARY
EPITOME OF WELL-EDUCATED RENAISSANCE WOMAN
EARLIEST GOVERNESS TAUGHT HER LANGUAGES
TUTORED BY GREAT CAMBRIDGE HUMANIST SCHOLAR ROGER
ASCHAM
EXCERPT FROM HIS DESCRIPTION OF HER AS A STUDENT IN HER
16TH YEARS, a. WHICH IS PROBABLY ANALOGOUS TO A COLLEGE
FRESHMAN OF TODAY, b. c.
BECAUSE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS WOULD HAVE STARTED
SEVERAL YEARS YOUNGER THAN TODAY.
"THE CONSTITUTION OF HER MIND IS EXEMPT FROM
FEMALE WEAKNESS, AND SHE IS ENDOWED W/ A
MASCULINE POWER OF APPLICATION. NO APPREHENSION
CAN BE QUICKER THAN HERS, NO MEMORY MORE
RETENTIVE. FRENCH AND ITALIAN SHE SPEAKS LIKE
ENGLISH; LATIN, WITH FLUENCY, PROPRIETY, AND 3D; SHE
ALSO SPOKE GREEK WITH ME, FREQUENTLY, WILLINGLY ,
AND MODERATELY WELL. NOTHING CAN BE MORE
ELEGANT THAN HER HANDWRITING, WHETHER IN THE
GREEK OR ROMAN CHARACTERS...THE BEGINNING OF THE
DAY WAS ALWAYS DEVOTED BY HER TO THE NEW
TESTAMENT IN GREEK, AFTER WHICH SHE
READ...TRAGEDIES OF SOPHOCLES, WHICH I JUDGED BEST
ADAPTED TO SUPPLY HER TONGUE WITH THE PUREST
DICTION, HER MIND WITH THE MOST EXCELLENT
PRECEPTS AND HER EXALTED STATION WITH A DEFENSE
9.
AGAINST THE UTMOST POWER OF FORTUNE...
EXTREMELY WELL-READ
C. CHARACTER & PERSONALITY
1. DEFINITELY HER FATHER'S DAUGHTER a. ATHLETIC
2.
3. b. c. d. e. f.
RED-HAIRED
AUTOCRATIC
INORDINATELY VAIN
STATELY & MAJESTIC DEPORTMENT
VERY CHARISMATIC
4.
5.
SHE HERSELF SAID SHE HAD HEART & STOMACH OF A KING
DURING HER REIGN SPECTACULAR UPSURGE OF CULTURAL
ACTIVITY
FOR LIKE HER FATHER SHE WANTED HER COURT TO BECOME
GREAT CULTURAL CENTER a. PLACE WHERE SCHOLARS, MUSICIANS & ARTISTS COULD
FIND FELLOWSHIP & PATRONAGE
SHE ENJOYED WITTY CONVERSATIONS & JOKING WITH HER

4
6.
7.
8. f. c. d. e.
COURTIERS
BUT IF ANYONE WENT TOO FAR LAUGHING COUNTENANCE
FROZE a. & REGAL TUDOR SOVEREIGN TOOK OVER
SHE LOVED TO DANCE
NURSERY RHYME HEY DIDDLE CAT & THE FIDDLE a. b.
REFERRED TO ELIZABETH
KAT HER NICKNAME
SHE PLAYED VIOLIN OR FIDDLE
HEY DIDDLE LINE FROM ANCIENT PLAY
(1) IMPLIES TUNE FOR DANCING
COW JUMPING OVER MOON MAY HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED
WITH ELABORATE CHARADES PLAYED AT HER PALACES
LITTLE DOG
(1) ROBERT DUDLEY
(2) EARLY OF LEICESTER
(3) HANDSOME & SCHEMING g.
(4) ELIZABETH KNOWN TO HAVE SAID
(a) I CANNOT LIVE WITHOUT SEEING HIM EVERY
DAY. HE'S LIKE MY LITTLE LAP DOG
(5) IN FACT ON HER DEATH IN LITTLE BOX NEXT TO HER
BED
(a) HIS LAST LETTER TO HER BEFORE HIS DEATH
EVEN BEFORE HENRY VIII'S REIGN CUSTOMARY TO DUB
MEMBERS OF COURT WITH RIDICULOUS NAMES OFTEN OF h.
ANIMALS
(1) IE COW
DISH SUPPOSEDLY FORMAL TITLE GIVEN BEARER OF
SPECIAL GOLDEN DISHES CARRIED TO STATE DINING
ROOM
SPOON - BEAUTIFUL GIRL CHOSEN FROM COURT TO BE i.
9. j.
TASTER AT ROYAL MEALS
(1)
(1)
MAKING SURE DISHES NOT POISONED
ACCORDING TO LEGEND DISH ACTUALLY RAN AWAY WITH
SPOON
THEY ELOPED
SHE NEVER LOST HER IMPERIOUSNESS THOUGH
10. ON HER DEATHBED WHEN TOLD BY HER SECRETARY OF STATE
SHE SHOULD REST
11. SHE SPAT AT HIM a. LITTLE MAN, THE WORD MUST IS NOT USED WITH
PRINCESSES.
D. THOUGHTS ON WHY NEVER MARRIED
1. AS VIRGIN QUEEN OUR STATE OF VIRGINIA NAMED AFTER
2.
3.
ELIZABETH
SHE USED MARRIAGE POSSIBILITY TO HER AS WEAPON TO KEEP
FRIENDS & ENEMIES AT BAY
SHE RECEIVED MANY OFFERS OF MARRIAGE a. FROM CROWNED HEADS OF COUNTRIES
(1) SPAIN, SWEDEN, ETC.

5
4.
5.
E. RELIGIOUS SETTLEMENT
1. MOST URGENT PROBLEM & ONE SHE HANDLED BEST
2. a. b.
RELIGIOUS SETTLEMENT
KNOWN AS ELIZABETHAN COMPROMISE
FROM BEGINNING SHE DETERMINED TO AVOID EXTREMES OF
BOTH HER BROTHER & SISTER'S REIGNS,
3.
4.
SO THAT HER PEOPLE COULD LIVE TOGETHER IN UNITY
HERS VIA MEDIA a. b.
SHE WOULD NOT "OPEN WINDOWS IN MEN'S SOULS.
OUTWARD CONFORMITY BY ATTENDANCE AT CHURCH ON
5.
6.
7.
SUNDAY ENOUGH
IF MEN CHOSE ALSO TO HEAR THE ROMAN MASS PRIVATELY
OR TO ATTEND A SECTARIAN MEETING THERE WOULD BE NO
HARM DONE
CONSEQUENCES a. NONCONFORMITY WOULD COME TO BE INTERPRETED AS
DISLOYALTY b. PURITAN WING OF PROTESTANTISM CAME TO UNDERMINE
ROYAL AUTHORITY
8. b. c. d. e.
(2) PHILIP II, HER BROTHER-IN-LAW
FOREIGN AMBASSADOR HAD THIS TO SAY ABOUT ELIZABETH a. YE THINK THAT IF YE WERE MARRIED, YE WOULD BE BUT
QUEEN OF ENGLAND AND NOW YE ARE KING AND QUEEN
BOTH - YE MAY NOT SUFFER A COMMANDER
MAYBE HER EXPERIENCED WITH DUDLEY PREVENTED HER
MARRYING a. HIS WIFE FELL DOWN STEPS & DIED f.
IT WAS RUMORED HE POISONED HIS WIFE
CORONER SAID AN ACCIDENT
SERVANTS SAID IT WAS SUICIDE
TERRIBLE RUMORS ABOUNDED THROUGHOUT EUROPE
REGARDING INCIDENT
PARISIANS ASKED
(1) WHAT RELIGION IS THIS, THAT A SUBJECT SHALL
KILL HIS WIFE, AND THE PRINCESS NOT ONLY BEAR
WITHAL BUT MARRY WITH HIM?
9. c. BUT SHE ABHORRED PERSECUTION AND EXTREMISTS
PEACE EXCEPT FOR WAR WITH SPAIN OVER INTERFERENCE IN
NETHERLANDS' REVOLT a. & CONSEQUENTLY FOUGHT WITH SPAIN
(1) WITH ENGLAND DEFEATING SPANISH ARMADA
STORY TO ILLUSTRATE 4 RELIGIONS IN 4 DECADES a. b.
& CONFUSION THAT REIGNED
UNDER VI - ITALIAN PROTESTANT THEOLOGIAN PETER
MARTYR APPOINTED CANON OF CHRIST'S CHURCH AT
OXFORD c. d.
WHEN HIS WIFE DIED SHE WAS BURIED IN CATHEDRAL
ON QUEEN MARY;S SUCCESSION, MRS. MARTYR'S REMAINS
CAST OUT UPON DUNGHILL IN BACK GARDEN
(1) REMEMBER CLERGY NOT ALLOWED TO MARRY IF

6 e. f.
CATHOLIC
WHEN MARY DIED CANONS EAGER TO RESTORE MRS.
MARTYR TO HER TOMB
BUT WERE FILLED WITH INDECISION WHEN THEY
DISCOVERED ON SAME DUNGHILL BONES OF ST.
FRIDESWIDE
(1) PATRON SAINT OF OXFORD
(2) WHO HAD BEEN DISCARDED EARLIER DURING g.
PROTESTANT REIGN OF EDWARD VI
CANONS WROTE TO ELIZABETH ASKING WHICH SET OF h.
BONES SHOULD BE HONORED
THERE IS A LEGEND THAT SHE ANSWERED i.
(1) MIX THEM
SO ELABORATE FUNERAL ARRANGED
(1) CATHOLIC SAINT & PROTESTANT MRS. MARTYR
BURIED TOGETHER
F. PROBLEM WITH MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS
1. 1 OF HER MAIN PROBLEMS a. MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS b.
(1) WHO WANTED TO BE QUEEN OF ENGLAND
& USED FRANCE'S AID IN IT
2.
3.
MARY DESCENDED FROM A SISTER OF HENRY VIII
AFTER 19 YRS EXECUTED IN 1587 BECAUSE OF A BLATANT PLOT
AGAINST ELIZABETH
G. CONCLUDING REMARKS
1. WHEN IT WAS NOT KNOWN FOR SURE IF THE ARMADA HAD
REALLY BEEN SCATTERED AND ENGLAND SUCCESSFUL
2. ELIZABETH RODE DOWN TO INSPECT HER TROOPS a. b. c.
6000 OF THEM
IS 1 OF THE MORE MEMORABLE SPEECHES IN BRITAIN'S
HISTORY:
I AM COME AMONGST YOU...BEING RESOLVED, IN THE
MIDST AND HEAT OF THE BATTLE, TO LIVE OR DIE
AMONGST YOU ALL, AND TO LAY DOWN FOR MY GOD AND
3.
4.
5.
6.
FOR MY KINGDOM AND FOR MY PEOPLE, MY HONOR AND
MY BLOOD, EVEN IN THE DUST. I KNOW I HAVE THE BODY
OF A WEAK AND FEEBLE WOMAN, BUT I HAVE THE HEART
AND STOMACH OF A KING, AND A KING OF ENGLAND TOO...
GAINING OF WIDE INTERNATIONAL RESPECT
ELIZABETH PROVED THAT ENGLAND HAD FOR ONCE FOUND A
MONARCH a. WHO FULLY MATCHED & COMPLEMENTED ITS AGE a. b. c.
SHE WAS DAZZLING, ENERGETIC, DARING & INCREASINGLY
POWERFUL a. & SO WAS ELIZABETHAN ENGLAND
FLOWERING OF CULTURE NOT DISTINCT FROM ELIZABETH,
BUT AN INTIMATE PART OF HER COURT.
HER LEARNING
HER APPRECIATION OF
(1) POETRY AND MUSIC,

I.
7
7.
8.
9.
(2) OF PAINTING AND ARCHITECTURE
(3) AS ACUTE AS ANY OF HER COURTIERS.
ENGLISHMEN IN GENERAL EXPERIENCED A LONG PERIOD OF
PROSPERITY UNDER ELIZABETH a. AS A RESULT OF NEW BUSINESS VENTURE, GOVERNMENT
REFORMS AND GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE
ELIZABETH IN EVERY SENSE a. PRINCESS OF RENAISSANCE
SHE BECAME A LEGEND IN HER OWN LIFETIME a. ADULATED BY HER COURTIERS, b. c. d.
VENERATED BY HER PARLIAMENTS,
RESPECTED BY HER BITTEREST ENEMIES.
AND FOR 16TH C THAT A MERE WOMAN SHOULD TRIUMPH
SO BORDERED ON MIRACULOUS
10. GLORIANA - AS ELIZABETH KNOWN a. QUOTE FROM EDMUND SPENSER IN HIS FAERIE QUEENE -
1590
(1) MIRROUR OF GRACE AND MAJESTIE DIVINE...WHOSE
LIGHT LIKE PHOEBUS LAMPE THROUGHOUT THE
WORLD DOTH SHINE, SHED THY FAIRE BEAMES...
MARY STUART, QUEEN OF SCOTS 1542-1587
A. INTRODUCTION
1. SEVERAL NURSERY RHYMES ATTEST TO UNHAPPY LIFE & HER
ROLE IN MACHINATIONS OF FRANCE & ENGLAND
2. MARY QUITE CONTRARY a. b.
PRETTY MAIDS HER LADIES-IN-WAITING
SILVER BELLS REFERS TO CUSTOM OF HANGING SILVER
BELLS ON BRANCHES OF TREES TO RING SOFTLY c.
WHENEVER WIND BLEW
COCKLESHELLS DECORATIONS ON GOWN GIVEN TO HER
BY HER FIRST HUSBAND
(1) COCKLESHELLS - SEA MOLLUSKS PROVIDING RED
DYE
3. NURSERY RHYME LITTLE MISS MUFFET a. MARY STUART - LITTLE MISS MUFFET b. BIG SPIDER
(1) SHARP-TONGUED JOHN KNOX
(3)
HOLYROODHOUSE
ALL THE WHILE DEMANDING HER RECANTATION
B. EARLY LIFE
(4) KNOX BROUGHT CALVINISM TO SCOTLAND
(a) WHERE IT BECAME PRESBYTERIANISM
1. 9 MONTHS OLD WHEN HER FATHER KING JAMES V OF SCOTLAND
DIED
(a) WHO DENOUNCED HER AS FRIVOLOUS QUEEN
(2) JOHN KNOX ACTUALLY TRAVELLED TO
2. HER MOTHER MARIE DE LORRAINE a. HOPED TO SAFEGUARD CROWN b. DESPITE ENGLISH INVASION OF SOUTHERN SCOTLAND

8
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. c. d.
WAR DRAGGED ON FOR SEVERAL YRS
SO AT 5 MARY SENT TO JOIN HER FINANCE YOUNG
DAUPHIN OF FRANCE
SHE RECEIVED EXCELLENT RENAISSANCE EDUCATION a. LATIN, GREEK, MUSIC, POETRY
MARRIED AT 16 AT NOTRE DAME IN PARIS
BEFORE WEDDING SHE PERSUADED TO SIGN SECRET TREATY a. IF SHE DIED CHILDLESS b. SCOTTISH CROWN WOULD PASS TO FRENCH KING
WHEN HER COUSIN MARY TUDOR DIED
MARY STUART JOINED ENGLISH COAT OF ARMS TO HER OWN
IN EFFECT DECLARING HERSELF ITS NEW RULER
THIS ACT MADE HER FOCAL POINT FOR CONTINUAL CATHOLIC
REBELLION a. b.
AGAINST ELIZABETH
FOR CATHOLICS HAD NEVER RECOGNIZED HENRY VIII'S
DIVORCE FROM MARY TUDOR'S MOTHER c. d.
NOR HIS SUBSEQUENT MARRIAGE TO ANNE BOLEYN
TO THEM ELIZ BASTARD USURPER TO THRONE THAT WAS
MARY STUART'S
10. CATHOLIC FACTION PLAGUED ELIZABETH THROUGHOUT HER
REIGN
11. SHE NEVER FORGAVE MARY STUART FOR ADDING FUEL TO
THEIR FIRE
12. MARY'S FATHER IN LAW DIED 1559 a. b. c. d.
THRONE TO WEAK, SICKLY FRANCOIS, MARY'S HUSBAND
WITHIN 7 MONTHS HE DIED
CATHERINE DE MEDICI TOOK OVER AS REGENT OF FRANCE
MARY RETURNED TO SCOTLAND
(1) COUNTRY SHE BARELY REMEMBERED
13. MARY BACK IN SCOTLAND a. b. d.
HER MOTHER HAD DIED YEAR BEFORE
MARY'S ILLEGITIMATE HALF BROTHER JAMES STUART c. ESSENTIALLY BEING RULING SCOTLAND e.
PROTESTANT HE HAD CONVINCED SCOTTISH PARLIAMENT
TO ABOLISH CATHOLIC CHURCH
HE HAD CONSPIRED WITH ELIZ TO BRING JOHN KNOX ,
CALVINIST PREACHER & HIS REFORM TO SCOTLAND f. MARY HAD GREAT DIFFICULTY EVEN OBTAINING
PERMISSION TO ATTEND MASS IN HER PRIVATE CHAPEL
14. NEXT MARY REFUSED TO RATIFY TREATY OF EDINBURGH a. MADE WITH ENG b. MARY WANTED TO BE HEIR TO ELIZABETH
15. MARY INSTEAD OF MARRYING FAVORITE OF ENGLISH QUEEN
16. FELL IN LOVE WITH HER COUSIN HENRY STUART a. CATHOLIC b. c. d.
POTENTIAL CLAIMANT TO ELIZABETH'S THRONE
MARY WED HIM & STRENGTHENED HER CLAIM ON
ENGLISH CROWN
HER HUSBAND DRUNKEN WHO HAD HER SEC MURDERED

9 e. f. g. h. i.
VIOLENTLY BEFORE HER EYES WHEN 6 MONTHS
PREGNANT WITH HER SON
(1) *(FUTURE JAMES I OF ENG
HER HUSBAND SOON MURDERED (DARNLEY)
PROBABLY BY MARY'S NEW LOVER
NOW SCOTTISH NOBLES OUSTED MURDER &
FORCED MARY TO ABDICATE IN FAVOR OF HER SON
SHE IMPRISONED BY HER BROTHER JAMES
(1) WHO NAMED REGENT FOR HIS NEPHEW
17. NEXT MARY SOUGHT REFUGE WITH ELIZABETH
18. INSTEAD ELIZ LOCKED HER UP FOR 18 YRS
19. MARY MAINTAINED REGULAR COMMUNICATION WITH a. b. c. d.
POPE
CATHERINE DE MEDICI
HER MOTHER'S FAMILY
PHILIP II OF SPAIN
20. BUT THIS CONVINCED ELIZABETH MARY PLOTTING AGAINST HER
21. FOR AS LONG AS MARY STUART LIVED SHE GAVE HOPE TO
CATHOLICS THAT CATHOLICISM BACK TO ENGLAND
22. SHE NEVER MET ELIZ DURING HER 18 YRS PRISON
23. ABANDONED BY HER BROTHER, HER MINISTERS, HER FRIENDS &
HER SON SHE LIVED IN ISOLATION
24. HEALTH DETERIORATING IN DAMP COLD CASTLES
25. EVENTUALLY SHE MADE FINAL FATAL ERROR a. SHE ALLOWED HERSELF TO BE INVOLVED IN PLOT b. c.
AGAINST CROWN IN 1586
GUILTY OF TREASON & SHE KILLED
BEHEADED WITH AXE RATHER THAN SWORD
26. AFTER 19 YRS IN ENGLISH CAPTIVITY
IV. CATHERINE DE MEDICI 1519-89 - RULED 1560-89
A. EARLY LIFE
1.
2.
3.
BORN TO LORENZO II AND FRENCH PRINCESS
BORN INTO GREAT MEDICI FAMILY
HER MOTHER DIED JUST AFTER CHILDBIRTH & HER FATHER 4
MONTHS LATER
4. SENT TO CONVENT TO BE EDUCATED
B. MARRIAGE & LONG REIGN AS REGENT FOR HER 3 SONS
1. MARRIED AT 14 a. b. c.
DUKE OF ORLEANS, LATER HENRY II
FIRST 10 YRS NO CHILDREN
TALK OF ANNULMENT THEN SHE STARTED HAVING
2.
CHILDREN
CATHERINE HAD LITTLE INFLUENCE OVER HER HUSBAND a. AS HE COMPLETELY UNDER INFLUENCE OF HIS MISTRESS
DIANE DE POITEIRS
3.
4.
BECAME REGENT FOR HER SON WHEN HER HUSBAND DIED a. FRANCIS II b. HE MARRIED TO MARY STUART
WHEN FRANCIS DIED HER SON CHARLES IX

10
5.
6.
7.
8. a. SHE REGENT TOO
20 YRS REGENT FOR HER SONS
ALWAYS PROBLEMS WITH RELIGIOUS WARS a. HUGUENOTS & CATHOLICS
PROBLEMS REACHED BLOODIEST POINT IN 1572
WHEN CATHERINE PLOTTED TO HAVE MASSACRE OF
HUGUENOTS a. WHEN THEY CAME TO ATTEND WEDDING OF HER
9. b.
DAUGHTER
(1) MARGARET OF VALOIS
(2) TO HUGUENOT HENRY OF BOURBON, KING OF
NAVARRE
ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY MASSACRE
(1) 50,000 HUGUENOTS KILLED
AFTER HER SON'S CHARLES IX DIED
10. REGENT TO WHAT WAS PURPORTED TO BE HER FAVORITE SON a. HENRY III
C. CATHERINE'S ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. BROUGHT ITALIAN INFLUENCE OF RENAISSANCE
2. a. ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, CULTURE
INTRODUCTION OF PERFUME INDUSTRY TO FRANCE
II. CHRISTINE OF SWEDEN 1626-1689
A. GENERAL REMARKS
1. KNOWN AS MINERVA OF THE NORTH
2.
3.
4.
5.
10 YRS RULED SWEDEN
FOLLOWING HER FAMOUS DAD GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS a. b.
LION OF NORTH
LED HIS ARMIES TO MANY VICTORIES IN GERMANY c.
DURING 30 YRS WAR
MADE SWEDEN EUROPEAN POWER
SHE INHERITED THRONE NOT YET SIX
INTRODUCED IDEAS & VALUES OF EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE TO
SWEDEN
9.
8.
6.
7.
AS WELL EDUCATED & BRIGHT AS ELIZABETH I a. POLYGLOT
SHE PERSUADED MOST FAMOUS PHILOSOPHER OF DAY a. RENE DESCARTES
(1)
(2)
TO COME TO STOCKHOLM
INSISTED HE TUTOR HER AT 5 AM
(a) ONLY TIME SHE FREE
SCHOLARS, ARTISTS, CRAFTSMEN a. b. c. d.
CAME FROM ALL OVER TO STOCKHOLM AT HER BEHEST
NEW BLDGS
MUSICIANS
ACTORS e. f.
PAINTERS
EDUCATION EXPANDED ENORMOUSLY DURING HER REIGN
SHE TOOK HER PUBLIC DUTIES SERIOUSLY a. PRESIDED AT MEETINGS OF DIET

11 b. EXTRICATED HER COUNTRY FROM 30 YEARS WAR
(1) SHE REGARDED IT A DRAIN ON COUNTRY'S
RESOURCES
10. SHREWD POLITICIAN a. b. c.
EXTREMELY ADROIT AS USING COMPLAINTS OF POOR
AGAINST NOBILITY
LEVER TO GAIN NOBLES COOPERATION TO FURTHER HER
RULE
11. THEN TO UNIVERSAL ASTONISHMENT ABDICATED IN HER LATE
20'S
12. DESCARTES HAS CONVERTED HER
13. SHE GOT ANNUITY, CONTENTS OF HER PALACE, ETC.
14. HER FAMOUS WORDS a. AT LAST I AM FREE
15. LIVED IN ROME IN IMMENSE STYLE FOR 30 YRS a. b.
GREAT HOSTESS, PATRON
ANGLING OCCASIONALLY FOR RETURN TO POWER
(1) SWEDEN
(2) NAPLES
(3) POLAND
16. AT END FELL IN LOVE WITH CARDINAL a. b. c.
MASTER OF HER HOUSEHOLD
DIED AT AGE 62
(1) HE 2 MONTHS LATER
BECOME CATHOLIC & MOVE TO ITALY
17. SHE HAD MASCULINE UPBRINGING
18. GIVEN PRINCES'S EDUCATION
19. LEARNT TO RIDE LIKE BOY
20. AS WOMAN SHE LOVED TO DRESS AS MAN