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January 2006
FELLOWSHIP GUIDELINES
VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY
1. ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS OF CANDIDATE
1. The candidate shall meet the eligibility prerequisites for Fellowship outlined in the Blue Book
2. Membership of the College must be achieved prior to Fellowship examination.
3. Membership must be in a medical or surgical discipline eg Canine Medicine, Canine Surgery,
Feline Medicine, Small Animal Medicine, Small Animal Surgery, Equine Medicine, Equine
Surgery
2. OBJECTIVES
To demonstrate that the candidate has sufficient training, experience, knowledge and accomplishment in
Veterinary Ophthalmology to meet the criteria for registration as a specialist in this field..
3. LEARNING OUTCOMES
The candidate will be expected to have:
(i)
A sound knowledge of ophthalmology as a comparative science, including the general anatomy,
histology, biochemistry and physiology of the vertebrate eye, with particular reference to all
domestic animals, major wildlife species, birds, fish and reptiles.
(ii)
A detailed knowledge of the principles of ophthalmic pharmacology, therapeutics, ophthalmic
diagnostic procedures and techniques, medicine and surgery of the eye and neuro-ophthalmology.
(iii)
A detailed knowledge of the aetiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, diagnosis, differential
diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases in all domestic animal and major wildlife species.
(iv)
A sound knowledge of comparative ocular pathology.
(v)
A sound understanding of the systemic diseases which have ocular signs.
(vii)
A sound knowledge of aspects of human eye research and clinical ophthalmology that have
relevance to ophthalmology of domestic animal species.
4. EXAMINATIONS
Refer to the Blue Book.
The examinations are designed to evaluate the candidate's knowledge of both the current literature and
comparative basic science information relevant to veterinary ophthalmology. In particular the candidate
should be familiar with relevant published clinical, pathologic and practical research material found
within scientific publications from the 7 year period preceding the examination. The term "comparative"
refers to a comparison across species. The examinations may include questions on material found in the
list of classic papers as amended in March 1999 by the American College of Veterinary
Ophthalmologists.
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Written Paper 1: Basic Science & Principles
(Paper of 3 hours duration)
This written examination will test the candidate's knowledge of the basic science and principles of
Veterinary Ophthalmology, and to evaluate a candidate’s knowledge of current scientific literature
relevant to the structure and function of the eye. This paper may include, but will not necessarily be
limited to questions on the ocular embryology, ocular macro anatomy, ocular micro anatomy, ocular
neuroanatomy, ocular physiology, ocular pharmacology, optics pertaining to veterinary science and
comparative ocular structure and function. All species will be included.
Format will be 20 short answer questions (no choice) to be answered in an hour and 4 essay questions
(choose 4 from 5) to be answered in 2 hours on topics appropriate to basic science and principles of
veterinary ophthalmology.
Written Paper 2: Clinical Practice & Applications
(Paper of 3 hours duration)
This paper is constructed to evaluate the candidate's knowledge of and proficiency in items considered
relevant and important to a Veterinary Ophthalmologist, and to evaluate the candidate’s knowledge of the
current scientific literature relevant to clinical Veterinary Ophthalmology. Candidates will be expected to
be able to discuss in detail any aspect of Veterinary Ophthalmology. This paper may include, but will not
necessarily be limited to, questions on areas of applied clinical ophthalmology in all species, including
applied pharmacology and therapeutics, diagnostic techniques, clinical medical and surgical
ophthalmology, comparative ocular pathology and applied veterinary optics.
Format will be 20 short answer (no choice) questions to be answered in an hour and 4 essay questions
(choose 4 from 5) to be answered in 2 hours on topics appropriate to clinical practice and application of
veterinary ophthalmology.
Practical
The practical is designed to evaluate proficiency in ophthalmic examination and surgical techniques. The
duration of the Practical (Parts 1 and 2 combined) must be a minimum of 1 hour and a maximum of 3
hours. Note that the Practical will not involve the use of live animals or cadavers.
Practical Part 1: Ophthalmic Examination and Diagnostic Technique (approximately 1 hour)
The candidate may be required to demonstrate and discuss examination, observation and
diagnostic skills pertaining to commonly encountered species. The candidate may also be
expected to critically examine and discuss the pathological changes in histological sections of
ocular tissue.
Practical Part 2: Surgical Technique (approximately 1 hour)
The candidate may be required to demonstrate and discuss preoperative surgical preparation;
surgical knowledge and techniques pertaining to the adnexa, eyelids, anterior and posterior
segment; choice of suture materials; and postoperative management
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Oral
Duration: minimum 1 hour, maximum 2 hours
The oral will consist principally of a 35mm slide session. The major demands of the slide recognition
exam include identification, assessment and problem solving of information presented on the 35 mm
slides. The slides used in this part of the exam will include clinical photographs of the eye of a patient,
fundus photographs, gonio photographs, photographs of imaging techniques, special diagnostic
techniques, slit lamp photographs, cytologic specimens and gross and microscopic pathology specimens.
Questions typically include listing lesions or abnormalities, discussing a differential diagnosis list for the
specific disease process, stating the most likely aetiologic diagnosis(es) and pathogenesis, listing
morphologic diagnosis, listing appropriate therapy for the condition, or identifying species on the slide.
5. TRAINING PROGRAM
Refer to the Blue Book
1.
The residency program should provide intensive training in Veterinary Ophthalmology.
2.
The candidate should acquire a sound general knowledge of ocular anatomy and physiology and
a comprehensive knowledge of the underlying principles of ophthalmology.
3. The candidate should acquire a detailed knowledge of the aetiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology,
diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases in all common domestic species and is
expected to have some knowledge of eye diseases in exotic species such as fish and reptiles. Such
knowledge may be obtained from case management, directed study, interaction with other specialists
and clinical seminars.
4.
The candidate should be actively involved in the diagnosis, pre-operative, operative and postoperative management of clinical cases involving the eye and related organ systems and acquire an
understanding of relevant diagnostic procedures including gonioscopy, tonometry, cytology,
ultrasound, computerised tomography (CT scanning) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The
candidate should acquire a sound knowledge of clinical ophthalmic pathology, immunology and
oncology.
5.
In addition to directly supervised patient care, the candidate should also be involved in patientorientated teaching rounds and formal teaching conferences such as clinicopathologic conferences,
wet workshops, resident seminars, rounds and basic science courses. Clinically relevant didactic
lectures or continuing education courses should also be attended where appropriate. The candidate is
encouraged to participate in regional, national and international meetings.
6.
The candidate must have given at least one oral or poster presentation at a scientific meeting
prior to examination. The presentation should be to peers in the discipline of ophthalmology at
an international or national meeting.
7.
Exposure to human ophthalmology rounds and training may be recognized as training in the
primary discipline.
6. TRAINING IN RELATED DISCIPLINES
Refer to the Blue Book
Candidates for Fellowship in veterinary ophthalmology should spend time as stipulated by the Blue
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Book in any or all of the following related disciplines: internal medicine, anaesthesia, neurology,
oncology, diagnostic imaging, toxicology (lab animal monitoring for effects of drugs on the eye),
pathology and surgery of the head and neck.
1 out of 4 weeks of the Basic Sciences course may be classified as Related Discipline Training.
Exposure to human ophthalmology rounds and training may be recognized as training in the primary
discipline.
College requirements regarding externships and training in related disciplines can be found in the
Blue Book Sections 4.3.1 and 4.3.2
7. ACTIVITY LOG CATEGORIES
The Activity Log should be recorded using the suggested proforma in Blue Book Appendix 8.5.
The Activity Log Summary should be divided by SPECIES using the example in Blue Book
Appendix 8.7.
No case number thresholds are prescribed for individual species, however, where the activity log
shows that minimal numbers of a particular species have been seen, the examination process may be
used to further determine the candidate’s knowledge about eye conditions in that species.
8. RECOMMENDED READING LIST
The candidate is expected to research the depth and breadth of the knowledge of the discipline. This list
is intended to guide the candidate to some core references and source material. The list is not
comprehensive and is not intended as an indicator of the content of the examination.
Anatomy, Histology, Embryology
Prince. Comparative Anatomy of the Eye. CC Thomas, 1956 (recommend review of the rabbit, pig,
ruminant sections, other species covered in more contemporary text).
Hogan, Alvarado, and Weddell. Histology of the Human Eye. W B Saunders Co, 1971 (review
normal histology of the eye).
Evans and Christensen. Miller's Anatomy of the Dog, Ocular and Orbital Sections. WB Saunders Co,
1992 (chapters on eye, orbit, and cranial nerves).
Hudson, L. Atlas of Clinical Anatomy of the Cat. WB Saunders, 1993 (special senses chapter).
Cook CS, Ozanics V, Jakobiec FA: Prenatal development of the eye and its adnexa. In: Tasman W,
Jaeger EA: Duane's Foundations of Clinical Ophthalmology. Lippincott, 1998. Volume 1, Chapter 2, pp
1-93.
Comparative, laboratory and exotic animal ophthalmology
Duke-Elder. System of Ophthalmology, Vol 1, The Eye in Evolution. CV Mosby Co, 1958
(especially important are chapters on exotic and domestic species).
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Dawson. The Eye, Vol 5, Comparative Physiology. Academic Press, 1974
Tabbara and Cello. Animal models of Ocular Disease. CC Thomas, 1983
Walls. The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation. Hafner Publishing Co, 1967
Millichamp NJ. Species Specificity: Factors Affecting the Interpretation of Species Differences in
Toxic Responses of Ocular Tissues. In Chious G, Ophthalmic Toxicology, Ravens Press, New York,
1992.
Wilkie DA, and Wyman M. Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammalian Eye. In
Hobson DW, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Fl, 1991.
Physiology
Hart. Adler's Physiology of the Eye. CV Mosby Co, Ninth edition 1992
Pharmacology
Havener’s Ocular Pharmacology. CV Mosby Co, Sixth edition 1994
Bartlett, J. Clinical Ocular Pharmacology. (2nd ed) Butter-worths1989
Ophthalmic Drug Facts and Comparison, Wolters Kluwer Co., St Louis,1993
Pathology, Immunology
Yanoff and Fine Ocular Pathology. A Text and Atlas. JB Lippincot, 1989
Peiffer. Comparative Ophthalmic Pathology. CC Thomas, 1988
Saunders and Rubin. Ophthalmic Pathology of Animals. S Harger, 1975
Jubb and Kennedy, Pathology of Domestic Animals, 3rd ed., 1993 (eye chapter only).
Tomson’s R. Special Veterinary Pathology. CV Mosby, 2001, (chapter by Render only).
Spencer. Ophthalmology Pathology: Atlas and Text (Vol I, II, III) WB Saunders Co. 1985-86.
Moulton. Tumors of Domestic Animals, 1991, (review tumors of adnexa and ocular tissues)
Neuro-ophthalmology
Gelatt K. Veterinary Ophthalmology, Editions 1 (chapter by Kay), 2 (chapter by Scagliotti), 3
(chapter by Scagliotti)
Miller's Anatomy of the Dog (cranial nerve section).
Oliver and Lorenz. Handbook of Veterinary Neurologic Diagnosis, WB Saunders, 1993,
(chapter on Blindness, Anisocoria, and Abnormal Eye Movements).
DeLahaunta. Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology, 1985, WB Saunders (chapters
relevant to the eye only).
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Surgery
Eisner. Eye Surgery. Springer-Verlag, 1990
Slatter. Textbook of Veterinary Surgery, WB Saunders, 1993, (Ocular Surgery Sections).
Bojrab. Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. Lea and Febiger, 1991 (Ocular Surgery
sections).
Spaeth GL. Ophthalmic Surgery: Principles and Practice, WB Saunders, 1990 (suture material
chapters only).
Jaffee NS. Cataract Surgery and its Complications, 5th ed, CV Mosby, 1990.
Maloney and Grindle. Textbook of Phacoemulsification. Lasenda Publishers, 1988.
Obstbaum SA. Cataract and Intraocular Lens Surgery. In Ophthalmology Clinics of North
America, 4: 2, 1991.
Seibel. Phacodynamics: Mastering the Tools & Techniques of Phacoemulsification Surgery. Second
edition Slack, 1995
Veterinary Clinics of North America : Surgical Management of Ocular Disease. Saunders Sept 1997
Vol 27:5
Gelatt. Handbook of Small Animal Ophthalmic Surgery Pergamon 1994
Volume 1: Extraocular procedures
Volume 2: Corneal and Intraocular procedures
Clinical Ophthalmology
Gelatt. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 3rd Edition Lippincott 1999
Gelatt. Essentials of Veterinary Ophthalmology Lippincott 2000
Gelatt. Color Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmology Lippincott 2001
Slatter. Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 3rd Edition WB Saunders Co. 2001
Rubin. Inherited Eye Diseases in Purebred Dogs. William and Wilkins, 1989 (out of print but
available)
Walde et al. Atlas of Ophthalmology in Dogs and Cats. BC Decker Inc, 1990
Lavach. Large Animal Ophthalmology, CV Mosby 1990.
Rubin, Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmoscopy, Lea and Febiger, 1974, (though this text is out of
print it is still available in most veterinary school libraries and is essential reading).
Bamett KC. Color Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmology, Williams and Wilkins, 1990.
Barnett KC. Color Atlas and Text of Equine Ophthalmology, CV Mosby/Wolf 1995
Kettring K and Glaze M. Atlas of Feline Ophthalmology. Veterinary Learning Systems 1994
Kettring K and Glaze M. Atlas of Breed-Related Canine Ocular Disorders. Veterinary Learning
Systems 1998
Peiffer & Peterson-Jones. Small Animal Ophthalmology. A Problem Oriented Approach 3rd
Edition, Saunders 2001
ACVO Genetics Committee Text on Ocular Disease Suspected or Proven to be Inherited in Purebred
Dogs 1999 (residents should familiarize themselves with this book, but not memorize all specific
diseases)
Veterinary Clinics of North America
Large Animal Practice: Large Animal Ophthalmology Nov1984 Vol 6:3
Small Animal Practice: Small Animal Ophthalmology May 1990 Vol 20:3
Equine Practice: Equine Ophthalmology Dec 1992 Vol 8:3
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Small Animal Practice: Infectious Disease and the Eye Sept 2000 Vol 30:5
Journals
(Note: articles from these veterinary journals should be reviewed for any situation or disease which
involves ocular, periocular, or neuro-ophthalmic structures or systemic conditions relevant to ocular
disease. Note also that some of these journals may be no longer published. It is recommended that the
candidate be at least familiar with articles which have appeared in the last 7 years)
American Journal of Veterinary Research
Australian Veterinary Journal
Australian Veterinary Practitioner
Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian
Equine Veterinary Journal
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
Journal of Small Animal Practice
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association
New Zealand Veterinary Journal
Problems in Veterinary Medicine
Cornell Veterinarian
Progress in Veterinary and Comparative Ophthalmology (to 1997) replaced by
Veterinary Ophthalmology (from 1998)
Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small & Large Animal Clinics
Veterinary Internal Medicine
Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary Pathology
Veterinary Record
Veterinary Surgery
Other Journals
(Note: Review of basic science and human clinical journals should be limited to those articles dealing
with situations or diseases directly applicable to veterinary ophthalmology, or one where a common
domestic animal is used as an animal model. Reviews of human clinical conditions or basic science
articles unrelated to veterinary ophthalmology are not necessary for exam preparation. Note also that
some of these journals are no longer published or have been amalgamated with other journals and
renamed)
American Journal of Ophthalmology
Annals of Ophthalmology
Archives of Ophthalmology
British Journal of Ophthalmology
Cornea
Current Eye Research
Experimental Eye Research
Glaucoma
Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science
Journal of Comparative Pathology
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Journal of Ocular Pharmacology
Journal of Laboratory Animal Science
Laboratory Animal Science
Ophthalmology
Ophthalmic Research
Retina
Science
Survey of Ophthalmology
Vision Research
Other resource material
AAO Basic and Clinical Science Course (Vol l, II)
AAO Manuals
ACVO Magrane Basic Sciences in Veterinary Ophthalmology Course Notes 1996, 1998, 2000
Current Topics in Eye Research, Academic Press
International Ophthalmology Clinics. Little, Brown
AAHA Self Study Courses in Ophthalmology Kerry Ketring. The Retina Parts I and II
ACVO Histology Teaching Set
Supplemental "Classic" Journal Article list
A copy of some of the "classic" papers in Veterinary Ophthalmology is attached. This list has been
revised in March 1999 by the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists
1. Acland, G.M., and Aguirre, G.D.: Retinal degenerations in the dog: IV. Early retinal degeneration
(erd) in Norwegian Elkhounds. Exp. Eye Res., 44:491, 1987.
2. Aguirre, G.D., and Acland, G.M.: Variations in retinal degeneration phenotype inherited at the
prcd. locus. Exp. Eye. Res. 46:663,1988.
3. Aguirre, G.D., and Laties, A.: Pigment epithelial dystrophy in the dog. Exp. Eye. Res., 23:247,
1976.
4. Aguirre, G.D., and Rubin, L.F.: Progressive retinal atrophy in the Miniature Poodle: An
electrophysiologic study. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 160:191,1972.
5. Aguirre, G.D., and O'Brien, P.: Morphological and biochemical studies of canine progressive
rod-cone degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 27:635, 1986.
6. Aguirre, G.D., et al.: Rod-cone dysplasia in Irish Setters: A defect in cyclic GMP metabolism in
visual cells. Science, 201:1133, 1978.
7. Aguirre, G.D.: Electroretinography in veterinary ophthalmology. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc.,
9:234, 1973.
8. Aguirre, G.D.: Retinal degeneration in the dog. I. Rod dysplasia. Exp. Eye Res., 26:233, 1977.
9. Albert, D.M., et al.: Retinal neoplasia and dysplasia. I. Induction by feline leukemia virus. Invest.
Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 16:325, 1977.
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10. Albert, D.M., et al: Canine herpes-induced retinal dysplasia and associated ocular anomalies.
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 15:267, 1976.
11. Anderson: Morphologic recovery in the reattached retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
27(2):168-183, 1986.
12. Bellhorn, R.W., and Bellhorn, M.S.: The avian pecten. I. Fluorescein permeability. Ophthalmol.
Res., 7:1, 1975.
13. Bellhorn, R.W., Aguirre, G.D., and Bellhorn, M.B.: Feline central retinal degeneration. Invest.
Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 13:608, 1974.
14. Bellhorn, R.W.: A survey of ocular findings in 16-to-24-week-old beagles. J. Am. Vet. Med.
Assoc., 162:139, 1973.
15. Bellhorn, R.W.; Fluorescein fundus photography in veterinary ophthalmology. J. Am. Anim.
Hosp. Assoc., 9:227, 1973.
16. Bergsma, D.R., and Brown, K.S.: White fur, blue eyes and deafness in the domestic cat. J.
Hered., 62:171, 1971.
17. Berson, E.L., et al.: Retinal degeneration in cats fed casein. II. Supplementation with methionine,
cysteine, or taurine. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 15:52, 1976.
18. Bill, A.: Formation and drainage of aqueous humor in cats. Exp. Eye Res., 5:185, 1966.
19. Bistner, S.I., Rubin, L.F., and Saunders, L.Z.: The ocular lesions of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal
disease. Vet. Pathology, 7:272, 1970.
20. Bito, L.Z.: Species differences in the responses of the eye to irritation and trauma: A hypothesis
of divergence in ocular defense mechanisms, and the choice of experimental animals for eye
research. Exp. Eye Res., 39:807, 1984.
21. Blair, N.P., Dodge, J.T., and Schmidt, G.M.: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Labrador
Retrievers. I. Development of retinal tears and detachment. Arch. Ophthalmol., 103:842, 1985.
22. Blair, N.P., Dodge, J.T., and Schmidt, G.M.: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Labrador
Retrievers. II. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol., 103:848, 1985.
23. Bok: Retinal photoreceptor-pigment epithelium interactions. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
26(11):1659-1694, 1985.
24. Buyukmihci, N.C., Aguirre, G., and Marshall, J.: Retinal degenerations in the dog. II.
Development of the retina in rod-cone dysplasia. Exp. Eye Res., 30:575, 1980.
25. Buyukmihci, N.C.: Photic retinopathy in the dog. Exp. Eye. Res., 33:95, 1981.
26. Carmichael, L.E.: The pathogenesis of ocular lesions of infectious canine hepatitis I. Pathology
and virological observations. Pathol. Vet., 1:73, 1964.
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27. Carmichael, L.E.: The pathogenesis of ocular lesions of infectious canine hepatitis II.
Experimental ocular hypersensitivity produced by the virus. Pathol. Vet., 2:344, 1965.
28. Chase, J.,: The evolution of retinal vascularization in mammals. Ophthalmology, 89:1518-1525,
1982.
29. Donovan, A.: The postnatal development of the cat retina. Exp. Eye Res., 5:249, 1966
30. Engerman, R.L., Molitor, D.L., and Bloodworth, J.M.B.: Vascular system of the dog retina: Light
and electron microscopic studies. Exp. Eye Res., 5:296, 1966.
31. Gelatt, K.N. et al.: Animal models for inherited cataracts: A review. Curr. Eye Res.,
3(5):765-778, 1984.
32. Gelatt, K.N., Henderson, S.F., and Steffen, G.R.: Fluorescein angiography of the normal and
diseased ocular fundi of the laboratory dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 169:980, 1976.
33. Gum, G.C., et al.: Maturation of the retina of the canine neonate as determined by
electroretinography and histology. Am. J. Vet. Res., 45:1166, 1984.
34. Gwin, R.M., Lerner, I., Warren, K., and Gum, G.: Decrease in canine corneal endothelial cell
density and corneal thickness as a function of age. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 22:267, 1982.
35. Hayes, K.C., Nielson, S.W., and Eaton, H.D.: Pathogenesis of the optic nerve lesion in vitamin A
deficient calves. Arch. Ophthalmol., 80:777, 1968.
36. Henkind, P.: The retinal vascular system of the domestic cat. Exp. Eye Res., 5:10, 1966.
37. Johnston, M.C., et al.: Origins of avian ocular and periocular tissues. Exp. Eye Res., 29:27-43.
1979.
38. Jubb, K.V., Saunders, L.Z., and Coates, H.V.: The intraocular lesions of canine distemper. J.
Comp. Pathol., 67:21, 1957.
39. Kaswan, R.L., Martin, C.L., and Chapman, W.L.: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca: Histopathologic
study of nictitating membrane and lacrimal gland from 28 dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45(1): 112-118,
1984.
40. Martin, C.L., and Chambreau, T.: Cataract production in experimentally orphaned puppies fed a
commercial replacement for bitch's milk. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 18:115, 1982.
41. Martin, C.L.: Development of pectinate ligament structure of the dog: Study by scanning electron
microscopy. Am. J. Vet. Res., 35:1433, 1974.
42. Martin, C.L.: Gonioscopy and anatomical correlations of the drainage angle of the dog. J. Small
Anim. Prac., 10:171, 1969.
43. Martin, C.L.: Scanning electron microscopic examination of selected canine iridocorneal angle
abnormalities. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 11:300, 1975.
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44. Martin, C.L.: Slit lamp examination of the normal canine anterior ocular segment. Part I:
Introduction and technique. J. Small Anim. Pract., 10:143, 1969.
45. Martin, C.L.: Slit lamp examination of the normal canine anterior ocular segment. Part II:
Description. J. Small Anim. Pract., 10:151, 1969.
46. Martin, C.L.: Slit lamp examination of the normal canine anterior ocular segment. Part III:
Description and summary. J. Small Anim. Pract. 10:163, 1969.
47. Martin, C.L.: The normal canine iridocorneal angle as viewed with the scanning electron
microscope. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 11:180, 1975.
48. Mutlu, F., and Leopold, I.H.: Structure of the retinal vascular system of the dog, monkey, rat,
mouse, and cow. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 58:261, 1964.
49. Morrison, J.C., Defrank, M.P., and Van Buskirk, E.M.: Comparative microvascular anatomy of
mammalian ciliary processes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 28:1325, 1987.
50. Murphy, C.J., and Howland, H.C.: The optics of comparative ophthalmology. Vision Res.,
27:599, 1987.
51. Narfstrom, K.: Progressive retinal atrophy in the Abyssinian cat: Clinical characteristics. Invest.
Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 26:193, 1985.
52. Pedler, C.: The fine structure of the tapetum cellulosum. Exp. Eye Res., 2:189, 1963.
53. Peiffer, R.L., Jr., Gelatt, K.N., and Gum, G.C.: Determination of facility of outflow in the dog
comparing in vivo and in vitro tonographic and constant pressure perfusion techniques. Am. J. Vet.
Res., 37:1473, 1976.
54. Percy, D.H., Scott, F.W., and Albert, D.M.: Retinal dysplasia due to feline panleukopenia virus
infection. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 167:935, 1975.
55. Priester, W.A.: Congenital ocular defects in cattle, horses, cats, and dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med.
Assoc., 160:1504-1511, 1972.
56. Roberts, S.R., and Dellaporta, A., and Winter, F.C.: The collie ectasia syndrome. Pathology of the
eyes of young and adult dogs. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 62:728, 1966.
57. Roberts, S.R., Dellaporta, A., and Winter, F.C.: The collie ectasia syndrome. Pathologic
alterations of the eyes of pups one to fourteen days of age. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 61:1458, 1966.
58. Roberts, S.R.: The Collie eye anomaly. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 155:859, 1969.
59. Rodriquez-Peralta, L.: The blood aqueous barrier in five species. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 80:713,
1975.
60. Sandberg, M.A. et al.: Full field electroretinograms in miniature poodles with progressive
rod-cone degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 27:1179, 1986.
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61. Schmidt, S.Y., Berson, E.L., and Hayes, K.C.: Retinal degeneration in cats fed casein. I. Taurine
deficiency. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 15:47, 1976.
62. Schmidt, S.Y., et al.: Retinal degeneration in cats fed casein. III. Taurine deficiency and ERG
amplitudes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 16:673, 1977.
63. Sharpnack, et al.: Vascular pathways of the anterior segment of the canine eye. Am. J. Vet. Res.,
45(7):1287-1294, 1984.
64. Shatz, C.J., and Levay, S.: Siamese cat: Altered connections of visual cortex. Science, 204:328,
1979.
65. Shively, J.N., and Epling, G.: Fine structure of the canine eye: cornea. Am. J. Vet. Res., 13:713,
1970.
66. Shively, J.N., and Epling, G.P.: Fine structure of the canine eye: Iris. Am. J. Vet. Res., 30:219,
1969.
67. Shively, J.N., Epling, G.P., and Jensen, R.: Fine structure of the postnatal development of the
canine retina. Am. J. Vet. Res., 32:283, 1971.
68. Shively, J.N., Epling, G.P., and Jenson, R.: Fine structure of the canine eye: Retina. Am. J. Vet.
Res., 31:1339, 1970.
69. Silverstein, A.M.: The pathogenesis of retinal dysplasia. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 72:13-21, 1971.
70. Stryer, L. The molecules of visual excitation. Sci. American, 257(1), 42-50, 1987.
71. Tripathi, R.C., and Tripathi, B.J.: The mechanisms of aqueous outflow in primates, lower
mammals and birds. A comparative study. Exp. Eye Res., 17:393, 1973.
72. Tripathi, R.C.: Ultrastructure of the exit pathway of the aqueous in lower mammals. Exp. Eye
Res., 12:311, 1971.
73. Van Buskirk, E.M.: The canine eye: The vessels of aqueous drainage. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis.
Sci., 18:223, 1979.
74. Wen, et al.: A comparative study of tapetum, retina, and skull of ferret, dog, and cat. Lab Anim.
Sci., 35(3):200-210, 1985.
75. Whiteley, H.E., et al.: Ocular lesions of bovine malignant catarrhal fever. Vet. Pathol., 22:219,
1985.
76. Wilcock, B.P., and Peiffer, R.L.: Morphology and behavior of primary ocular melanomas in 91
dogs. Vet. Pathol., 23:418, 1986.
77. Wilcock, B.P., and Peiffer, R.L.: The pathology of lens-induced uveitis in dogs. Vet. Pathol.,
24:549, 1987.
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78. Witzel, D.A., et al.: Congenital stationary night blindness: An animal model. Invest. Ophthalmol.
Vis. Sci., 17:788-796, 1978.
79. Wong, et al.: Vasculature of cat eye. Arch. Ophthalmol., 72:351-358, 1964.