Psychology 21 –Developmental Psychology: The Child
Dr. Kent T. Yamauchi
Chapter 7: The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development
(Berger, The Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence, 8th Edition)
OVERVIEW
Chapter 7 describes the emotional and social life of the developing person during infancy. It
begins with a description of the infant’s emerging emotions and how they reflect mobility and
social awareness. Two emotions, pleasure and pain, are apparent at birth and are soon joined by
anger and fear. As self-awareness develops, many new emotions emerge, including
embarrassment, shame, gilt, and pride.
The second section explores theories of infant psychosocial development. Theses include the
psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Erikson along with behaviorist, cognitive, epigenetic, and
sociocultural theories, which help us understand how the infant’s emotional and behavioral
responses begin to take on the various patterns that form personality. Temperament, which
affects later personality and is primarily inborn, is influenced by the individual’s interactions
with the environment.
The third section explores the social context in which emotions develop. Emotions and
relationships are then examined from the perspective of parent-infant interaction. Videotaped
sties of parents and infants, combined with laboratory studies of attachment, have greatly
expanded our understanding of psychosocial development. By referencing their caregivers’
signals, infants learn when and how to express their emotions. This section concludes by
exploring the impact of day care on infants.
Emotional Development
Table 7.1: At About This Time: Ages When Emotions Emerge
Infants’ Emotions
Smiling and Laughing
Anger and Sadness
Fear
Stranger Wariness
Separation Anxiety
Toddlers; Emotions
Self-Awareness
Mirror Recognition
Brain maturation and the Emotions
Synesthesia
Social Impulses
Stress
A Case of Abnormal Emotional Development
Theories of Infant Psychosocial Development
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud: the Oral and Anal Stages
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Erikson” Trust and Autonomy
A View From Science: Toilet Training: How and When?
Behaviorism
Cognitive Theory
Epigenetic Theory
Temperament
New York Longitudinal Study
The Big Five
Sociocultural Theory
Ethnotheories
Proximal and Distal Parenting
Table 7.2: Play Patterns in Rural Cameroon and Urban Greece
A Personal Perspective: “Let’s Go to Grandma’s”
The Development of Social Bonds
Variations Among Infants
Figure 7.1: Do Babies’ Temperament Change?
Goodness of Fit
It’s Not All Genetic
Synchrony
In the First Few Months
When Synchrony Disappears
Attachment
Table 7.3: At About This Time: Stages of Attachment
Secure and Insecure Attachment
Table 7.4: patterns of Infant Attachment
Measuring Attachment
Insecure Attachment and Social Setting
Table 7.5: Predictors of Attachment Type
Social Referencing
Fathers as Social Partners
Latino Fathers
Comparing Fathers and Mothers
Infant Day Care
International Comparisons
Types of Nonrelative Care
Table 7.6: High-Quality Day Care
Effects of Infant Day Care
Conclusions In Theory and in Practice
Table 7.7: At About This Time: Infancy
Summary
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