CHAPTER 23
Nation Building and Economic Transformation
in the Americas, 1800–1890
Use the following to answer questions 1-15:
Key Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Simón Bolívar
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
José María Morelos
Confederation of 1867
personalist leaders
Andrew Jackson
José Antonio Páez
Benito Juárez
Tecumseh
Caste War
abolitionists
acculturation
Women's Rights Convention
development
underdevelopment
To what extent did the independence movements in Latin America draw inspiration from, and ultimately
come to resemble, the American and French Revolutions? What, on the other hand, were the factors that
were unique to these colonies and that ensured that their revolutions followed their own distinct trajectories?
Ans: The revolutions in Latin America took to heart much of the Enlightenment literature, as well as the
positive examples of the United States and France in overthrowing absolutist monarchies. Subsequently the
perceived abuses by Napoleon's empire building and the placement of his family on thrones in Spain and
elsewhere in Europe caused uprisings by Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America. These colonies
had already been chaffing under the viceroy system and the lack of social mobility of the encomienda
system; the favoritism for European-born elites over western born or indigenous populations; and the
economic monopoly of Spain and Portugal on products from the “colonies.” With the removal of the socalled legitimate monarch during the European wars, a number of areas took advantage of the opportunity
to claim a junta in Spanish territories, reportedly to hold the throne in lieu of a monarch until the overthrow
of the usurper (Bonaparte's brother). This in turn led to revolutions in Venezuela, Mexico, and Bolivia to
overthrow Spanish rule; while these initial revolts failed and Spanish authorities repressed them, other
revolutions soon followed, particularly those led by Simon Bolívar and the revolution of the United
Provinces of the Rio de la Plata. While local versus traditional political traditions argued over the
legitimacy of these territories, regional rivalries made it impossible to form a unified revolutionary
opposition, and so the revolutions seen in Latin America were piecemeal and individual, relying on heroic
figures and local radicals, often martyred, to push the independence movements forward.
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206
Chapter 23: Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800–1890
17.
Compare and contrast the revolutionary movements in Venezuela, Mexico, and Brazil.
Ans: Venezuelan independence was initiated by creoles (colonial-born whites), who were large landowners
seeking to hold on to their power and wealth. They wanted to retain slavery and keep power from the black
and mixed-race populace. Their narrow aims angered most Venezuelans, who broadened the movement,
unifying behind Simón Bolívar. Although defeated on many occasions, Bolívar successfully adapted his
objectives and policies to attract new allies and build coalitions. Although initially opposed to the abolition
of slavery, he agreed to support emancipation in order to draw slaves and freemen to his cause and to gain
supplies from Haiti. Bolívar made astute adjustments in his political and military goals and won
independence. Mexico was much more conservative and wealthy than other Spanish colonies and also had
a higher percentage of Spanish-born settlers. On hearing of Napoleon's invasion of Spain, the wealthiest
Spaniards in Mexico feared that the local viceroy would be too sympathetic to the creoles, and so they
overthrew him. Establishing a precedent of undermining the colonial government, the revolution spread to
the rural and urban poor. It was the news of a military revolt in Spain in 1820 that shattered the
conservative coalition. In 1821, Colonel Agustin de Iturbide and other loyalist commanders forged an
alliance and declared Mexico's independence. However, this transition to independence was conservative
and highlighted by the decision to create a monarchial form of government and crown Iturbide emperor. In
1823, Mexico became a republic. The situation in Brazil was different mainly because of its Portuguese
affiliation. When Napoleon invaded Portugal, the Portuguese royal family fled into exile in Brazil. Even
after the French in Portugal were defeated, the royal family remained in America. The king returned to
Portugal only when a liberal revolt threatened the Iberian government. His son Pedro declared Brazilian
independence in 1822 and established a constitutional monarchy with himself as its head.
18.
Problems associated with regionalism were important in shaping Latin American nations as well as the
United States. Compare and contrast the significance of regionalism throughout the Americas.
Ans: Regionalism in Latin America was very divisive, often splitting nations into competing factions. On a
larger scale, it ensured the failure of all attempts at creating federations of states. Students should identify
Bolívar's failed attempt at creating Gran Colombia as one example. Within nations, the wealthy jealously
guarded their positions and often instigated civil wars or secession movements to safeguard them. This
caused more localized divisions, which threatened to split countries apart. Dictators often arose in attempts
to unify regions under stronger centralized control. By 1900, every Latin American country had undergone
at least one dictatorship. On the other hand, the United States, with a longer British and colonial history of
constitutional and representative government, never experienced a violent usurpation of power or rejection
of an election. Still, the United States Constitution did specifically try to address regional problems and
concerns, which included sanctioning slavery. The problems of regionalism and internal differences were
significant enough that they led to the Civil War in 1861.
19.
What was the effect of independence and the end of colonialism on Amerindians? Consider former British,
Spanish, and Portuguese colonies.
Ans: Toward the end of the colonial era, European nations strove to control the expansion of their peoples
in an effort to end the perpetual fighting with Amerindians. Independence removed that check on expansion,
but at the same time the revolutionary struggles for freedom weakened newly independent peoples.
Amerindians took advantage of that temporary weakness to push back Euro-American advances.
Amerindians continued to resist expansion, adapting in unique ways to new technologies and opportunities,
such as horses and firearms. Euro-American setbacks were only temporary, however. In places such as the
United States, military efforts led by the national government forcibly removed Amerindians to more remote
and less viable reservations. In Argentina, powerful Amerindian groups were kept at peace only through an
elaborate system of gift giving and prisoner exchanges. Ultimately, however, Amerindians lost their land.
Increases in population and new technologies enabled their opponents to overwhelm them.
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Chapter 23: Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800–1890
207
20.
Discuss the significance of railroads in transforming the Western Hemisphere. How did railroads affect
Latin America, the United States, and Canada?
Ans: By improving transportation, railroads increased trade and connected the center and peripheral
regions of each territory. Initially governments financed railroads, thus demonstrating how new economic
planning could transform the countryside and, as the text notes, “affect national histories.” Centralized,
urbanized areas were connected to more rural, isolated, and indigenous regions that could not be exploited
as extensively before. As a result, wealthier classes made large profits and seized the lands of Amerindians
and Native Americans, who were displaced in favor of commercial development. The subsequent financing
of railroads by foreign investments led to the further exploitation and development of “Third World”
economic territories as “First World” nations were able to exploit resources using technology
improvements and industrial growth. In the end railroads helped develop a global market economy.
21.
Discuss the process of abolishing slavery in the Americas. Did the movement for abolition of slavery differ
in the United States, Latin America, and the Caribbean?
Ans: Students should recognize that during the movements for independence in all three places there were
strong antislavery sentiments. The ideas of the Enlightenment, which provided an ideological foundation for
independence, also addressed the evils of slavery. In regions where plantation economies were most
prevalent, abolition met with the most resistance; however, slave revolts and resistance persisted in all of
these areas. Both women and African Americans were active in the abolitionist movement in the United
States. As the debate over slavery in the new territories boiled over, the Confederacy seceded from the
Union. In 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which ended slavery in the
Union states, and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution ended it for good in 1865. Slavery persisted
for twenty more years in Brazil, where it was finally abolished in 1888. In the Caribbean, slave revolts and
resistance weakened European imperial commitment to slavery, and the decreased profitability of sugar
plantations convinced the British to push for the abolition of slavery there as well. The remaining Spanish
colonies, Puerto Rico and Cuba, were the last to free the slaves.
22.
Define and discuss the patterns of economic development and underdevelopment in the Americas. What
regions enjoyed economic development during the nineteenth century, and what were the major components
of that development? What regions remained underdeveloped, and why?
Ans: Students should recognize that all Western Hemisphere economies grew between 1800 and 1900. The
growth of markets, technology, and population caused increases in wealth; however, growing economic
interdependence and increased competition also caused structural problems. Two distinct tracks of
development evolved: development and underdevelopment. Development included industrial development
and prosperity, and underdevelopment included continued colonial dependence on exports of raw materials
and low-wage industries. Students should be aware of the effects of world markets on these economies and
know which economies were in North America and which were in South America.
23.
What was the nature of immigration to the Americas in the nineteenth century? What were some of the
problems and contributions of immigration?
Ans: As the African slave trade came to an end, the nature, sources, and numbers of immigrants to the
Americas changed dramatically. For instance, hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese immigrants
came to North and South America. Still, discrimination against Asian immigrants meant that most free
immigrants came from Europe, particularly those immigrating to the United States, Canada, Argentina, and
other nations of southern South America. Students should identify the various countries from which
Europeans came, as well as their numbers. While this influx of people contributed to the Industrial
Revolution in the Americas by supplying the labor for new factories and agriculture, workers in the
Americas viewed immigrants as a threat—pawns used by capitalists to lower wages and degrade working
conditions. Native-born Americans blamed the immigrants' cultures for these immigration-related
problems. However, aside from the previously mentioned economic benefits, immigrants made many
significant contributions in food, music, literature, and folklore to their new countries. Schools attempted to
assimilate immigrants through acculturation, using patriotic songs, symbols, and history lessons to this end.
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208
Chapter 23: Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800–1890
24.
What factors led to the alteration of the American environment? How was the environment altered?
Ans: Population growth, economic expansion, new technologies, and the introduction of plants and
animals to new regions dramatically altered the American environment. Many of Cuba's forests were cut to
expand sugar production. The expansion of livestock raising put a heavy burden on fragile environments in
Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil, and the southwestern United States. Commercial agriculture, such as
intensive cotton production, led to soil exhaustion and erosion. The use of plows on the North American
prairies and the Argentine pampa eliminated many native grasses and increased the threat of soil erosion.
Coffee planters in Brazil exhausted soil fertility with a destructive cycle of overplanting. In addition, rapid
urbanization put heavy pressure on the environment. New York, Chicago, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and
Mexico City were among the fastest-growing cities. Governments strained to keep up with the need for
sewers, clean water, and garbage disposal. The rising demand for building materials led to the spread of
the timber industry. Mining also advanced into Nevada, Montana, and California after 1860, resulting in
erosion and pollution. Efforts to meet the increasing domestic demand for food and housing and to satisfy
foreign demands for exports led to environmental degradation but also contributed to the world economy
and regional prosperity. By the end of the nineteenth century, small-scale conservation efforts were under
way in many nations.
25.
The military campaigns of what European leader pushed the colonies of South America toward
independence?
Ans: Napoleon
26.
The Junta Central was a political body established
A) to organize the overthrow of colonial powers.
B) in Mexico to maintain European domination.
C) to coordinate many diverse revolutionary groups.
D) to rule during the French occupation of Spain.
E)
to organize armed revolution in the United States.
Ans: D
Page: 647
27.
The overthrow of the Venezuelan, Mexican, and Bolivian colonial governments was initially led by
A) the uneducated peasantry.
B) landowning creoles.
C) local church leaders.
D) slaves.
E)
the merchant class.
Ans: B
Page: 648
28.
Who objected to the Junta Central in Spanish America?
A) Loyalists to the king
B) Loyalists to the nation of Spain
C) Poor farmers
D) Officials in the Catholic Church
E)
Indigenous workers
Ans: A
Page: 647-648
29.
Simón Bolívar created Gran Colombia, which unified
A) the peoples of all Spanish-speaking America.
B) the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking territories.
C) Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador into one nation.
D) Central and South America into one coalition.
E)
Haiti, Antigua, and Brazil into one nation.
Ans: C
Page: 648
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Chapter 23: Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800–1890
209
30.
After awaiting the return of the Spanish king, Ferdinand IV, to the throne, loyalists were disappointed when
he
A) condemned the revolts in the colonies and reinstated the viceroy system.
B) rewarded nobility from Spain with more land grants in Latin America.
C) agreed to accept a constitution that was seen as “too liberal.”
D) agreed to stop supporting Catholic missions in Latin America.
E)
enforced lapsed taxes against the colonists.
Ans: C
Page: 648
31.
Jose de San Martin's most effective troops were
A) Spanish ex-patriots.
B) former American convicts.
C) former American cowboys.
D) former Portuguese soldiers.
E)
former slaves.
Ans: E
Page: 650
32.
In 1810, Spain's richest and most populous American colony was
A) Venezuela.
B) Brazil.
C) Peru.
D) Mexico.
E)
Bolivia.
Ans: D
Page: 650
33.
When Napoleon Bonaparte deposed Spain's King Ferdinand IV, the colonial administrator in Mexico was
overthrown because
A) local radicals perceived him as being part of a tainted political system.
B) local conservatives feared he would support the localist faction of American-born elites.
C) there was tremendous disagreement on the form the junta should take.
D) the viceroy declared himself dictator by authority of Napoleon.
E)
there was a slave revolt supported by Hidalgo.
Ans: B
Page: 648
34.
The Mexican revolutionaries José María Morelos and Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla were
A) lawyers.
B) priests.
C) military officers.
D) labor union organizers.
E)
physicians.
Ans: B
Page: 650-651
35.
Morales, Hidalgo, and Iturbide were all radicals in the independence movements. All of them were
A) elected to serve as officials in the new republic.
B) outlaws who had to run to Boliva to avoid arrest.
C) supported by loyalist factions of local elites.
D) executed.
E)
commended by Ferdinand IV.
Ans: D
Page: 651
36.
Emperor Pedro I of Brazil published an article in which he called slavery
A) our “peculiar institution.”
B) a “gift from God.”
C) the “soft underbelly of Latin America.”
D) the economic basis of the Brazilian nation.
E)
a “cancer eating away at Brazil.”
Ans: E
Page: 651
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210
Chapter 23: Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800–1890
37.
Independence in Brazil first occurred when
A) Bolivar overthrew the reign of King John VI after his return to Portugal.
B) Emperor Pedro I declared Brazil a constitutional monarchy.
C) juntas turned Brazil into a constitutional republic.
D) the armies of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata freed the slaves, breaking the economic
stronghold of Portugal.
E)
Francisco Garibaldi was elected as the president of Brazil in 1831.
Ans: B
Page: 651
38.
Personalist leaders relied on
A) constitutions.
B) national laws.
C) the support of titled elites.
D) their ability to mobilize the masses.
E)
the support of foreign interests.
Ans: D
Page: 655
39.
In Latin America, leaders who were called caudillos
A) were those most sympathetic to the old regimes.
B) ruled without the cooperation of the church.
C) were personalist leaders who held power without constitutional sanction.
D) were chosen by popular election.
E)
were the sons of rich industrialists.
Ans: C
Page: 656
40.
Which of the following was not among the similarities shared by Venezuelan leader José Antonio Páez and
American Andrew Jackson?
A) They both rejected slavery as a socioeconomic system.
B) They both had uneducated and poor beginnings.
C) They both challenged constitutional limits to their power.
D) They both were personalist leaders.
E)
They were both successful military leaders.
Ans: A
Page: 656
41.
The Confederation of 1867
A) recognized that Britain had lost Canada in the War of 1812 with the United States, and they were
forced to withdraw.
B) was an Irish nationalist group that staged an invasion of Canada in that year.
C) caused a split in political loyalty and a civil war between British and French Canadians.
D) was a political accord that was reached between Canadians and Pontiac Indians over use of the Great
Lakes (on the Canadian side).
E)
created the Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa.
Ans: E
Page: 671
42.
The unity of the United States was threatened by rivalries over issues such as
A) narrow- or standard-gauge railroad tracks.
B) the right to bear arms.
C) women's suffrage.
D) the mandatory draft laws.
E)
slavery.
Ans: E
Page: 657
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Chapter 23: Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800–1890
211
43.
Which of the following was not a reason for the Civil War in the United States in 1861-1865?
A) Slavery
B) Secession by the Confederate States
C) Trade tariffs with Britain that favored the northern industrialist economy
D) The election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency in 1860
E)
The dispute between abolitionists and pro-slave factions over whether new states from the Louisiana
Purchase should be free or slave
Ans: C
Page: 657, 659
44.
In the nineteenth century, Mexico lost all but which of the following?
A) Texas to the United States
B) Arizona to the United States
C) New Mexico to the United States
D) California to the United States
E)
Florida to the United States
Ans: E
Page: 659
45.
To settle Texas in northeastern Mexico, the Mexican government
A) built a railroad to access the area.
B) gave the land free to all its citizens.
C) first moved out all Spanish people.
D) invited Americans to come live there.
E)
abolished the tax on land for all residents.
Ans: D
Page: 659
46.
A French army was driven out of Mexico by
A) Benito Juarez.
B) Simón Bolívar.
C) Tupac Amaru II.
D) Emperor Maximilian.
E)
Aldo Suarez.
Ans: A
Page: 659
47.
With the end of colonialism in the Americas, Amerindians
A) were no longer exploited.
B) lost the protection of the colonial powers.
C) could once again settle on their own lands.
D) could control their own destinies.
E)
were deported from the continent.
Ans: B
Page: 660
48.
The Shawnee leader who created a large organized alliance of Amerindians of the Ohio River Valley and
Great Britain was
A) Pontiac.
B) Crazy Horse.
C) Tecumseh.
D) Wetamoo.
E)
LeDuc Tho.
Ans: C
Page: 661
49.
The Trail of Tears was the
A) massacre of the Powhatan tribes along the Appalachian Trail.
B) route of the slave trade from the Carolinas to Mississippi and Alabama.
C) southern name for the route of General Sherman in his destructive siege and burning of Charleston.
D) exile to Texas of settlers who left to establish the Republic.
E)
forced resettlement of Cherokee, Creek, and Choctaw peoples.
Ans: E
Page: 661
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212
Chapter 23: Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800–1890
50.
The Plains Indians successfully resisted U.S. expansion in part because they
A) had become skilled users of horses and firearms.
B) had resistance to diseases, which the settlers did not have.
C) used a legal system to their advantage.
D) were far superior warriors.
E)
had adopted the techniques of nonviolent resistance.
Ans: A
Page: 661-662
51.
Systematic resistance by Native Americans to U.S. government relocation is symbolized most by which
event?
A) Battle at the Alamo
B) Battle of Little Bighorn
C) Pottawatomie Creek Massacre
D) Battle of Poltava
E)
Harper's Ferry Raid
Ans: B
Page: 662
52.
One advantage that Amerindians in Argentina and Chile had in checking settlers' southern expansion was an
unlimited food supply from
A) guinea pigs.
B) herds of wild cattle.
C) buffalo.
D) the goats and sheep of the pampas.
E)
all of these.
Ans: B
Page: 662
53.
The Mapuche tribes were ultimately defeated in their attempt to resist the Chilean military campaigns
because
A) they practiced indigenous religion instead of converting to Catholicism.
B) they practiced human sacrifice, alienating potential supporters.
C) they were suspected of providing assistance in slave revolts, bringing down the wrath of both the
government and the landowners.
D) they could not withstand the superior modern weaponry imported from industrialized nations.
E)
they were on marginal lands that could not support the tribe, and the Chilean government starved
them out.
Ans: D
Page: 662
54.
People who wanted slavery to be outlawed were called
A) deconstructionists.
B) populists.
C) luddites.
D) libertarians.
E)
abolitionists.
Ans: E
Page: 663
55.
An argument to end slavery was that it was
A) cheaper to turn African-Americans into dependent sharecroppers.
B) immoral and violated universal human rights.
C) leading to the overpopulation of African Americans.
D) slowing down technological development.
E)
all of these.
Ans: B
Page: 663
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Chapter 23: Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800–1890
213
56.
Despite emancipation of slaves in the United States, African Americans lived under harsh conditions,
including
A) a mandatory seven-day workweek.
B) deportation to Liberia.
C) laws that prohibited African Americans from practicing Christianity.
D) “Jim Crow” laws that segregated public transportation, jobs, and schools.
E)
all of these.
Ans: D
Page: 664
57.
The Paraguayan War helped to end slavery in Brazil because large numbers of slaves
A) joined the Brazilian army in exchange for freedom.
B) were liberated by foreign armies.
C) temporarily controlled the Brazilian government.
D) petitioned the pope to mediate for them.
E)
fled the country.
Ans: A
Page: 663
58.
Caribbean settlers were not enthusiastic about independence from European imperial governments because
they
A) worried that disaster relief would not be provided.
B) feared slave revolts.
C) feared that trade would diminish.
D) felt vulnerable to economic takeover by the United States.
E)
feared the rise of Caribbean tourism.
Ans: B
Page: 664
59.
After the profitability of sugar plantations declined, the British
A) focused on rum production.
B) burned their crops to create an artificial shortage.
C) planted opium instead.
D) pushed for the end of slavery.
E)
None of these
Ans: D
Page: 665
60.
Slavery lasted longest on the Caribbean islands of
A) St. Lucia and Martinique.
B) Haiti and Dominica.
C) St. Barts and St. Croix.
D) Turks and Caicos.
E)
Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Ans: E
Page: 665
61.
France's support for slavery decreased after
A) the Haitian Revolution.
B) the writing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
C) Napoleon conscripted slaves to fight his wars against Britain, promising freedom in exchange for
military service.
D) sale of the Louisiana Territory reduced its need for plantation labor.
E)
the French economy focused more on wine production and handicrafts than industrialized
manufacture.
Ans: A
Page: 664
62.
Most of the immigrants from Asia after 1850 went to
A) Peru.
B) Canada.
C) Cuba.
D) the United States.
E)
Polynesia.
Ans: D
Page: 665
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214
Chapter 23: Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800–1890
63.
Canada decided to reduce Asian immigration in the 1880s by
A) signing the Chinese Exclusion Act.
B) enacting literacy and citizenship tests.
C) using a quota system.
D) imposing a head tax on Chinese immigrants.
E)
None of these
Ans: D
Page: 666
64.
U.S. efforts to assimilate immigrants included
A) complete relaxation of immigration laws.
B) the discovery of penicillin to cure immigrant diseases.
C) teaching patriotism and English in school.
D) the adoption of all Romance languages as the official language.
E)
forcing immigrants to wear badges of ethnicity.
Ans: C
Page: 666-667
65.
The modification of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of a group as a result of contact with
people from another culture is called
A) acculturation.
B) maturation.
C) revelation.
D) indoctrination.
E)
calcification.
Ans: A
Page: 667
66.
The Women's Rights Convention was held in
A) Paterson, New Jersey.
B) Seneca Falls, New York.
C) Toronto, Canada.
D) Washington, D.C.
E)
Boston, Massachusetts.
Ans: B
Page: 668
67.
Working-class women transformed gender relations by
A) becoming directly involved in reform movements.
B) working outside the home.
C) armed revolution.
D) copying the tactics of the Jacobins in the French Revolution.
E)
going on strike in the home.
Ans: B
Page: 668
68.
Because Canada did not allow women to enter medical school before 1895, that country’s first women
doctors received their degrees in
A) Europe.
B) Argentina.
C) Brazil.
D) the United States.
E)
Cuba.
Ans: D
Page: 668
69.
The Industrial Revolution created new demand for metals such as copper, zinc, and tin. This led to
A) the production of the supermetal titanium.
B) a mining boom in the United States, Chile, and Mexico.
C) a depression of the precious metals market.
D) widespread heavy metal poisoning.
E)
a metal shortage.
Ans: B
Page: 669
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Chapter 23: Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800–1890
215
70.
Which of the following technological improvements did not change the Argentine cattle industry at the end
of the nineteenth century?
A) Refrigeration
B) Antibiotics
C) The invention of barbed wire
D) Lowered freight costs
E)
The steamship
Ans: B
Page: 671
71.
The economic success of the United States in the nineteenth century was exemplified by the
A) telephone network.
B) rise of state and municipal governments.
C) increase in manpower of the United States army.
D) United States's railroad network.
E)
All of these
Ans: D
Page: 671
72.
Much of Cuba's dense forest was cut for
A) merchant and naval shipbuilding.
B) cattle-grazing land.
C) expanding sugar production.
D) charcoal for new industries.
E)
prevention of malaria.
Ans: C
Page: 672
73.
A naturalist who worked for environmental preservation was
A) Jane Goodall.
B) John de Bois.
C) John Adams.
D) John Locke.
E)
John Muir.
Ans: E
Page: 673
74.
When confronted with the choice of economic growth or environmental protection,
A) Western Hemisphere nations tried to adopt a balanced policy.
B) some nations chose growth over protection.
C) all nations chose environmental protection.
D) all nations chose economic growth.
E)
nations did not make a conscious choice between the two.
Ans: D
Page: 673
Use the following to answer questions 75-82:
Geography Questions
75.
Using Map 23.1, identify the new countries that emerged by 1840. In addition, locate the territories still
under the control of colonial powers in 1840.
Page: 649
76.
Using Map 23.1, locate the areas of the United States that belonged to Mexico, and explain how this
situation changed after 1848. Compare with Map 24.3 and discuss how this change fueled the U.S.
motivation for westward expansion..
Page: 649
77.
Using Map 23.2, discuss the Confederation of 1867 and how the borders of Canada were changed as a
result.
Page: 655
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216
Chapter 23: Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800–1890
78.
Refer to Map 23.3 and identify the largest territorial expansions during the period from 1800 to 1850. What
made this expansion possible?
Page: 658
79.
Refer to Maps 23.2 and 23.3 and discuss the effects of railroad building in North America. How did this
promote expansion?
Page: 655, 658
80.
Refer to Map 23.3 and show the European and American nations that were expelled from North America by
the United States. How was this expulsion accomplished?
Page: 658
81.
Refer to Map 23.3 and list the issues that arose as a result of territorial expansion.
Page: 658
82.
Refer to Map 23.4 and explain why railroad growth increased so much at the end of the nineteenth century
and the start of the twentieth century. Why does it seem so concentrated in the middle of the country?
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